Wavelength beam combining of quantum cascade laser arrays

• US 9,246,310 B2
• Filed: 08/03/2011
• Issued: 01/26/2016
• Est. Priority Date: 08/03/2010
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: President and Fellows of Harvard College (Harvard Corporation), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: President and Fellows of Harvard College (Harvard Corporation), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Goyal, Anish, Lee, Benjamin G., Pfluegl, Christian, Diehl, Laurent, Belkin, Mikhail, Sanchez-Rubio, Antonio, Capasso, Federico
• Primary Examiner(s): Niu, Xinning
• Application Number:
  US13/197,058
• Publication Number:
  US 20120033697A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,637 Days
• Field of Search: 372/102
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 20/00 Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/0014 Measuring characteristics or properties thereof measuring techniques per se G01J, G01K, G01N, G01R
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/0071 for beam steering, e.g. using a mirror outside the cavity to change the beam direction
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/02415 by using a thermo-electric cooler [TEC], e.g. Peltier element
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/0261 Non-optical elements, e.g. laser driver components, heaters H01S5/0265 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/0287 Facet reflectivity
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/06837 Stabilising otherwise than by an applied electric field or current, e.g. by controlling the temperature
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/0687 Stabilising the frequency of the laser
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/12 the resonator having a periodic structure, e.g. in distributed feedback [DFB] lasers comprising a photonic bandgap structure H01S5/11; surface-emitting lasers H01S5/18
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/141 using a wavelength selective device, e.g. a grating or etalon H01S5/146 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/3402 intersubband lasers, e.g. transitions within the conduction or valence bands
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/4087 emitting more than one wavelength

Abstract

A laser source based on a quantum cascade laser array (QCL), wherein the outputs of at least two elements in the array are collimated and overlapped in the far field using an external diffraction grating and a transform lens.

Claims

1. A laser source comprising:

a multi-wavelength quantum cascade laser (QCL) array including a plurality of single mode distributed feedback (DFB) QCL elements each having a corresponding DFB grating and each configured to emit a laser beam having a different emission wavelength, the emission wavelength of each DFB element being determined at least in part by a grating period of the corresponding DFB grating;

a dispersive element external to the QCL array and configured to spatially overlap the laser beams from the plurality of DFB QCL elements in the far-field of the laser source to provide a single combined output beam, wherein the dispersive element does not substantially contribute to lasing and selection of the emission wavelength of the plurality of DFB QCL elements; and

transform optics positioned between the QCL array and the dispersive element and configured to overlap the laser beams in the near-field of the laser source and to direct the laser beams from the QCL array onto the dispersive element, the transform optics being further configured to transform a spatial position of each DFB QCL element in the QCL array into a corresponding angle of incidence of each corresponding laser beam on the dispersive element, the angles of incidence being different;

wherein the angles of incidence of the laser beams on the dispersive element and the emission wavelengths of the plurality of DFB QCL elements are selected to substantially match the angular dispersion of the dispersive element such that the dispersive element is configured to combine the laser beams into the single combined output beam, and

wherein the dispersive element is positioned approximately one focal length from the transform optics.

2. The laser source of claim 1, wherein the dispersive element is a diffraction grating.

3. The laser source of claim 1, wherein at least one DFB QCL element of the QCL array includes a monolithically integrated QCL amplifier section.

4. The laser source of claim 1, wherein a combination of spatial spacing and emission wavelength spacing between each of the plurality of DFB QCL elements of the QCL array is selected to compensate for nonlinearity of the angular dispersion of the dispersive element to provide the single combined output beam from the laser source.

5. The laser source of claim 1, wherein a spatial spacing between the plurality of DFB QCL, elements of the QCL array is selected to compensate for pointing error due to a mismatch between an emission wavelength of the DFB QCL elements in the QCL array and any nonlinearity of the dispersive element.

6. The laser source of claim 1, wherein a wavelength spacing between the plurality of DFB QCL elements of the QCL array is selected to compensate for pointing error due to a mismatch between a position of the plurality of DFB QCL elements in the array and any nonlinearity of the dispersive element.

7. The laser source of claim 1, further comprising:

a heat sink coupled to the QCL array; and

a controller configured to alter at least one of a temperature of the heat sink and a temperature of least one of the DFB QCL elements to tune an emission wavelength of the at least one DFB QCL element to correct pointing error of the laser beam emitted by the at least one DFB QCL element.

8. The laser source of claim 1, further comprising:

a heat sink coupled to the QCL array; and

a controller configured to alter at least one of a temperature of the heat sink and a temperature of least one of the DFB elements to tune an emission wavelength of the at least one DFB QCL element to control a pointing direction of the laser beam emitted by the at least one DFB QCL element.

9. The laser source of claim 1, wherein the DFB grating of at least one of the DFB QCL elements is a DFB grating of at least a second order.

10. The laser source of claim 1, wherein at least one DFB QCL element of the QCL array includes an anti-reflection coating covering the output facet of the at least one DFB QCL element.

11. The laser source of claim 1, wherein at least one DFB QCL element of the QCL array is operated in a pulsed mode.

12. The laser source of claim 1, wherein at least one DFB QCL element of the QCL array is operated in a continuous wave mode.

14. The laser source of claim 1, wherein at least two DFB QCL elements of the QCL array are turned on sequentially.

15. The laser source of claim 1, further comprising:

a microlens array positioned between the QCL array and the transform optics.

16. The laser source of claim 1, further comprising:

a half-wave plate positioned between the QCL array and the dispersive , the half-wave plate being configured to rotate a polarization of the laser beams.

17. The laser source of claim 1, wherein the dispersive element is a first dispersive element, and further comprising:

a second dispersive element optically coupled to the first dispersive element and configured to improve overlap in the far-field of the laser source.

18. The laser source of claim 1, wherein the dispersive element is a prism.

19. The laser source of claim 1, wherein the transform optics are positioned approximately one focal length from an output facet of the DFB QCL elements of the QCL array.

13. The laser source of claim wherein at least two DFB QCL elements of the QCL array are operated simultaneously.