Storage of intermittent renewable energy as fuel using carbon containing feedstock

• US 9,249,064 B2
• Filed: 11/22/2010
• Issued: 02/02/2016
• Est. Priority Date: 11/20/2009
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Ehf Cri
• Original Assignee: Ehf Cri
• Inventors: Kumar, Challapalli Naga Kiran, Tran, Kim-Chinh, Sigurbjornsson, Omar Freyr, Whitlow, Jonathan, Alexander, Kathleen
• Primary Examiner(s): PARSA, JAFAR F
• Application Number:
  US13/510,729
• Publication Number:
  US 20130137783A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,898 Days
• Field of Search: 518/700, 518/702
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/0233 the reforming step being a steam reforming step
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/025 containing a partial oxidation step
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/06 Integration with other chemical processes
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/1241 Natural gas or methane
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/84 Energy production
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/02 Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/36 using oxygen or mixtures containing oxygen as gasifying agents
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/382 Multi-step processes
• CPC Class Codes: C07C 1/02 from oxides of a carbon preparation of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition C10G2/00; of synthetic natural gas C10L3/06
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 2/00 Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 2/32 with the use of catalysts
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 2300/1003 Waste materials
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 2300/1014 of vegetal origin
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 2300/4043 Limiting CO2 emissions
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0916 Biomass
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0959 Oxygen
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0966 Hydrogen
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0969 Carbon dioxide
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/0976 as steam
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1284 by renewable energy, e.g. solar energy, photovoltaic cells, wind
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1612 : CO2-separation and sequestration, i.e. long time storage
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1643 : Conversion of synthesis gas to energy
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1646 : integrated with a fuel cell gasification of solids in fuel cells H01M8/0643
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1659 : to liquid hydrocarbons Fischer-Tropsch process C10G2/00
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1665 : to alcohols, e.g. methanol or ethanol preparation of alcohols in general C07C29/00
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1671 : with the production of electricity
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1684 : with electrolysis of water
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1693 : with storage facilities for intermediate, feed and/or product
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1815 : for carbon dioxide
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2300/1823 : for synthesis gas
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 3/00 : Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels destructive distillation processes C10B
• CPC Class Codes: C10K 1/005 : Carbon dioxide
• CPC Class Codes: C10K 3/06 : by mixing with gases
• CPC Class Codes: C25B 1/04 : by electrolysis of water
• CPC Class Codes: C25B 15/08 : Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/72 : Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 20/16 : Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 50/10 : Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 50/30 : Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/36 : Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 20/133 : Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 20/145 : the feedstock being materials of biological origin
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 30/00 : Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 30/20 : using bio-feedstock
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 30/40 : Ethylene production

Abstract

A method and system for converting intermittent renewable energy and renewable carbonaceous feedstock to non-intermittent renewable electrical and thermal energy, storing it as fuels and chemicals and using it to capture and re-use or dispose of CO₂ emissions. The system in a preferred embodiment is realized through the generation of non-intermittent renewable electricity utilizing intermittent renewable energy sources along with gaseous fuel from renewable carbonaceous feedstock, producing oxygen and hydrogen from non-intermittent renewable electricity and utilizing the oxygen and hydrogen as required for gasification of renewable carbonaceous feedstock to produce gaseous fuel stream and gaseous intermediate stream, utilizing the gaseous intermediate stream to produce renewable fuels and renewable chemicals, and utilizing oxygen for oxy-rich combustion for concentrating CO₂ emissions for easy processing, re-use and disposal.

Claims

1. A method for storing renewable energy and recycling carbon oxides as renewable fuel, the method comprising:

a. producing a gaseous fuel stream and a gaseous intermediates stream from a renewable carbonaceous feedstock and concentrated CO/CO₂ emissions;

b. generating a non-intermittent renewable electricity from energy from at least one intermittent renewable source and at least a part of said gaseous fuel stream;

c. producing an oxygen stream from at least a part of said non-intermittent renewable electricity;

d. producing said gaseous fuel stream and said gaseous intermediates stream from at least a part of said oxygen stream, and

e. producing a non-intermittent renewable fuel stream from at least a part of said gaseous intermediates stream.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising producing at least one renewable chemical from at least a part of said gaseous intermediates stream.

3. The method of claim 1 further comprising producing a hydrogen stream from at least a part of said non-intermittent renewable electricity.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprising producing at least a part of said concentrated CO/CO₂ emissions from at least a part of said oxygen stream.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein at least a part of said concentrated CO/CO₂ emissions is disposed of to prevent CO/CO₂ release into the atmosphere.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein said concentrated CO/CO₂ emissions are selected from the group consisting of (a) concentrated CO/CO₂ emissions from oxygen rich fuel combustion processes wherein at least a part of said oxygen stream is utilized in said combustion;

(b) concentrated CO/CO₂ emissions generated by at least one of production of said non-intermittent renewable electricity, production of said oxygen stream, production of said gaseous fuel stream, production of said gaseous intermediates stream, and production of said non-intermittent renewable fuel stream; and

(c) concentrated CO/CO₂ emissions from an external source, wherein the external source comprises geothermal power plants, natural springs, fermentation processes, chemical production processes, industrial production processes, and combinations thereof.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said concentrated CO/CO₂ emissions is stored before use.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein a combined concentration of CO and CO₂ in said CO/CO₂ emissions is at least 30% by volume.

9. The method of claim 5 wherein the concentration of CO₂ in said CO/CO₂ emissions for disposal is at least 90% by volume.

10. The method of claim 5 wherein CO₂ is disposed by a method selected from the group consisting of sequestration underground or underwater, conversion of CO₂ into stable solid, liquid or non-greenhouse gases, permanent storage of CO₂ in liquid, solid or gaseous form, and the reuse of CO₂ to products.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said gaseous fuel stream or at least a part of said non-intermittent renewable fuel stream is used for combustion in an oxygen rich fuel combustion process.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a part of said concentrated CO/CO₂ emissions is used in an oxygen rich fuel combustion process.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein said energy from said at least one intermittent renewable source is selected from the group consisting of wind and wind derived, solar and solar derived, aerothermal, tidal, off peak energy, waste thermal energy from industries and internal process exothermic reactions.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein said non-intermittent renewable electricity variations are within a range to maintain at least one of non-intermittent production of said oxygen stream, a hydrogen stream, said gaseous fuel stream, said gaseous intermediates stream, and said renewable fuel stream.

15. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said energy from intermittent renewable sources comprises energy from stranded sources where no alternative energy distribution infrastructure exists.

16. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said energy from intermittent renewable sources is stored before use.

17. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

a. obtaining a renewable thermal energy from at least a part of said energy from intermittent renewable sources or at least a part of said gaseous fuel stream from said renewable carbonaceous feedstock; and

b. producing said non-intermittent renewable fuel stream from at least a part of said renewable thermal energy.

18. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said energy from at least one intermittent renewable source is stabilized by combining said energy from at least one intermittent renewable source with at least a part of said energy from said gaseous fuel stream prior to the generation of said non-intermittent renewable electricity.

19. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said non-intermittent renewable electricity is generated by combining two or more independent intermittent renewable sources of energy.

20. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said intermittent energy and non-intermittent renewable electricity is stored before use.

21. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said non-intermittent renewable electricity is exchanged with an external electrical grid.

22. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of gaseous fuel from said gaseous fuel stream is stored before use.

23. The method of claim 1 wherein said oxygen stream is produced by at least one of a combination of oxygen separation from air and electrolysis of water.

24. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of oxygen from said oxygen stream is stored before use.

25. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said non-intermittent renewable electricity is produced from process heat.

26. The method of claim 3 wherein at least a part of hydrogen from said hydrogen stream is combined with a stream selected from the group consisting of said gaseous fuel stream and said gaseous intermediates stream to maintain sufficient hydrogen to carbon ratio and calorific value of said streams.

27. The method of claim 3 wherein hydrogen in the said hydrogen stream is produced by processes selected from the group consisting of electrochemical hydrogen production processes, dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons process, biochemical hydrogen production process, photochemical hydrogen production process, thermochemical hydrogen production process and combinations thereof.

28. The method of claim 3 wherein at least a part of hydrogen from said hydrogen stream is stored before use.

29. The method of claim 1 wherein said renewable carbonaceous feedstock comprises a biomass.

30. The method of claim 1 wherein said renewable carbonaceous feedstock comprises at least one of waste materials and chemicals comprising carbon.

31. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said gaseous intermediates stream and at least a part of said gaseous fuel stream comprise at least one of CO, CO₂, CH₄ and H₂.

32. The method of claim 1 wherein an adjustment to the gas composition of at least one of at least a part of said gaseous intermediates stream and at least a part of said gaseous fuel stream is done for efficient production of said non-intermittent fuel stream.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein said adjustment is achieved through at least one of processes comprising:

a. adjustment of hydrogen from a hydrogen stream;

b. adjustment of CO/CO₂ from said concentrated CO/CO₂ emissions;

c. adjustment of oxygen from said oxygen stream to the production of said gaseous intermediates stream;

d. adjustment of conditions in the production of said gaseous intermediates stream;

e. adjustment of said non-intermittent renewable electricity to the production of said gaseous intermediates stream;

f. adjustment of the composition of said renewable carbonaceous feedstock to the production of said gaseous intermediates stream; and

g. adjustment by carrying out chemical reactions selected from the group consisting of reversible water gas shift reaction, Boudouard reaction, dry reformation reaction and electrochemical reduction.

34. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of said renewable carbonaceous feedstock comprises of at least a part of said gaseous fuel stream.

35. The method of claim 1 wherein the conversion of said gaseous intermediates stream to said renewable fuels is carried out by at least one of thermochemical reactions, electrochemical reactions, photochemical reactions and biochemical reactions.

36. The method of claim 1 wherein said renewable fuel stream comprises at least one of hydrocarbons, alcohols and ethers.

37. The method of claim 1 wherein the concentration of oxygen in said gaseous fuel stream and said gaseous intermediates stream is adjusted by regulating inflow of oxygen into the production process of said gaseous fuel stream and said gaseous intermediates stream.

38. The method of claim 37 wherein the concentration of oxygen in said gaseous fuel stream and said gaseous intermediates stream is not greater than 5% by volume.

39. The method of claim 29, wherein said biomass is selected from the group consisting of timber harvesting residues, soft-wood chips, tree branches, tree stumps, leaves, bark, sawdust, paper pulp, corn stover, lignin, wheat straw, switch grass, lupine, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, miscanthus, grape pumice, almond shells, pecan shells, coconut shells, coffee grounds, grass pellets, and hay pellets.

40. The method of claim 30 wherein said waste materials and chemicals comprising carbon are selected from the group consisting of animal manure, municipal solid waste, municipal sewage, commercial waste, industrial chemical byproducts, glycerol from biodiesel production, used tires, card board, paper, plastic, rubber, black liquor, cloth, waste oil and biogas.

41. The method of claim 33, wherein said conditions comprise at least one of temperature and pressure.

42. The method of claim 36, wherein hydrocarbons, alcohols and ethers is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, higher alcohols, dimethyl ether, diesel, and other chemicals that are utilized as fuels or feedstock for chemical synthesis.

43. The method of claim 37, wherein the concentration of oxygen in said gaseous fuel stream and said gaseous intermediates stream is not greater than 2% by volume.