Sensor system and method for the panoramic standoff detection of chemical contaminants on terrestrial surfaces

• US 9,322,768 B1
• Filed: 03/12/2013
• Issued: 04/26/2016
• Est. Priority Date: 03/12/2013
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
• Original Assignee: The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
• Inventors: Carrieri, Arthur H., Buican, Tudor N., Roese, Erik S., Samuels, Alan C., Sutter, James
• Primary Examiner(s): Porta, David
• Assistant Examiner(s): Malevic, Djura
• Application Number:
  US13/796,166
• Time in Patent Office: 1,141 Days
• Field of Search: 250/338.1, 250/339.07, 250/339.08, 250/341.1, 250/341.6, 250/352, 250/339.12, 356/491, 356/451, 356/453, 356/365, 706/15, 706/25, 706/48, 706/20, 706/41, 706/52
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 9/02 Interferometers
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0205 Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0208 using focussing or collimating elements, e.g. lenses or mirrors; performing aberration correction
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0224 using polarising or depolarising elements
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0286 Constructional arrangements for compensating for fluctuations caused by temperature, humidity or pressure, or using cooling or temperature stabilization of parts of the device; Controlling the atmosphere inside a spectrometer, e.g. vacuum
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0291 Housings; Spectrometer accessories; Spatial arrangement of elements, e.g. folded path arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/447 Polarisation spectrometry
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/45 Interferometric spectrometry
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/453 by correlation of the amplitudes
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/4537 Devices with refractive scan
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/27 using photo-electric detection G01N21/31 takes precedence; circuits for computing concentration logarithmic circuits G06G7/24; photometric circuits in general G01J
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/31 Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry G01N21/72 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/71 thermally excited
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/94 Investigating contamination, e.g. dust G01N21/85 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2201/1296 using neural networks
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 13/027 using neural networks only

Abstract

A pseudo-active chemical imaging sensor including irradiative transient heating, temperature nonequilibrium thermal luminescence spectroscopy, differential hyperspectral imaging, and artificial neural network technologies integrated together. The sensor may be applied to the terrestrial chemical contamination problem, where the interstitial contaminant compounds of detection interest (analytes) comprise liquid chemical warfare agents, their various derivative condensed phase compounds, and other material of a life-threatening nature. The sensor measures and processes a dynamic pattern of absorptive-emissive middle infrared molecular signature spectra of subject analytes to perform its chemical imaging and standoff detection functions successfully.

Claims

1. A chemical imaging sensor for detecting and imaging chemical contaminants comprising analytes, said sensor comprising:

a first component that performs irradiative transient heating;

a second component that performs temperature nonequilibrium thermal luminescence spectroscopy, said second component comprising a spectroradiometer receiver, wherein said spectroradiometer receiver includes a collector optic component group comprising a plurality of hyperboloid mirrors, a Schwarzschild objective collimator optics component group comprising a plurality of spherical mirrors, and a stress-solid-state interferometer comprising front and back linear polarizers sandwiching a virtual stack phased-array (VSPA) bar photoelastic modulator (PEM), wherein said VSPA bar PEM comprises a single stress-birefringence ZnSe crystal having an array of ultrasonic-frequency piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) bonded across a length of the crystal, and wherein said VSPA bar PEM is activated by the PZTs generating interferograms at ultrahigh-speed on collimated panoramic field-of-view light incoming from said Schwarzschild objective collimator optics component group collected by said collector optic component group;

a third component that performs differential hyperspectral imaging; and

a fourth component that performs artificial neural networking,

wherein the first, second, third, and fourth components combine to measure and process a dynamic pattern of absorptive-emissive middle infrared molecular signature spectra of said analytes.

2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein:

said first component comprises a laser transmitter comprising a waveguide laser emitting a linearly-polarized continuous-wave (cw) beam in a stable transverse electromagnetic wave spatial mode comprising energy that is absorbing to said chemical contaminants and lies outside an optical bandwidth of said spectroradiometer receiver.

3. The sensor of claim 2, wherein said laser transmitter further comprises:

a stress-birefringence photoelastic modulator (PEM) aligned 45°

to said beam producing an incident polarization-modulation beam (iPM-beam); and

a beam expander (BE) that expands said iPM-beam and reduces a divergence of said iPM-beam.

4. The sensor of claim 3, wherein said laser transmitter further comprises:

a mirror;

a raster scanner assembly (SA) that drives said mirror in azimuth angles φ and

polar angles θ and

directs said iPM-beam onto suspect areas containing said chemical contaminants inside a panoramic field-of-view of said spectroradiometer receiver; and

a semi-shell entrance window that protects said waveguide laser, said PEM, said BE, said mirror, and said SA.

5. The sensor of claim 3, wherein an intensity of said iPM-beam is below a first threshold that causes charring of an irradiated surface comprising said chemical contaminants, and wherein said intensity of said iPM-beam is at or above a second threshold that is required to generate sufficient thermal luminescence fluxes.

6. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said spectroradiometer receiver further comprises:

an internal chamber;

an entrance window that seals and protects optic components within said internal chamber; and

a vacuum pump-down valve operatively connected to said internal chamber.

7. The sensor of claim 6, wherein said spectroradiometer receiver further comprises:

a liquid nitrogen Dewar cryostat; and

a focal-plane array detector housed inside said Dewar cryostat that produces interferogram waveforms of imaged panoramic field-of-view (PFOV) thermal luminescence flux rays.

8. The sensor of claim 7, wherein said spectroradiometer receiver further comprises a lens imager component group that images interferometrically-processed PFOV rays of object space from said VSPA bar PEM onto said focal plane array detector.

9. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said sensor is integrated on a robotic platform adapted to enable movement of said sensor for operational use.

10. A method of detecting and imaging chemical contaminants, said method comprising:

providing a sensor comprising a spectroradiometer receiver and a laser transmitter, wherein said spectroradiometer receiver includes a collector optic component group comprising a plurality of hyperboloid mirrors, a Schwarzschild objective collimator optics component group comprising a plurality of spherical mirrors, and a stress-solid-state interferometer comprising front and back linear polarizers sandwiching a virtual stack phased-array (VSPA) bar photoelastic modulator (PEM), wherein said VSPA bar PEM comprises a single stress-birefringence ZnSe crystal having an array of ultrasonic-frequency piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) bonded across a length of the crystal, and wherein said VSPA bar PEM is activated by the PZTs generating interferograms at ultrahigh-speed on collimated panoramic field-of-view light incoming from said Schwarzschild objective collimator optics component group collected by said collector optic component group;

emitting a linearly-polarized continuous-wave (cw) beam from said laser transmitter in a stable transverse electromagnetic wave spatial mode comprising energy that is absorbing to said chemical contaminants and lies outside an optical bandwidth of said spectroradiometer receiver;

producing an incident polarization-modulation beam (iPM-beam) using a stress-birefringence photoelastic modulator (PEM) aligned 45°

to said cw beam;

expanding said iPM-beam;

reducing a divergence of said iPM-beam; and

directing said iPM-beam onto suspect areas containing said chemical contaminants inside a panoramic field-of-view of said spectroradiometer receiver.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein an intensity of said iPM-beam is below a first threshold that causes charring of an irradiated surface comprising said chemical contaminants, and wherein said intensity of said iPM-beam is at or above a second threshold that is required to generate sufficient thermal luminescence fluxes.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein said spectroradiometer receiver further comprises:

an internal chamber;

an entrance window that seals and protects optic components within said internal chamber; and

a vacuum pump-down valve operatively connected to said internal chamber.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein said spectroradiometer receiver further comprises:

a liquid nitrogen Dewar cryostat; and

a focal-plane array detector housed inside said Dewar cryostat that produces interferogram waveforms of imaged panoramic field-of-view (PFOV) thermal luminescence flux rays.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein said spectroradiometer receiver further comprises a lens imager component group that images the PFOV rays of object space onto said focal plane array detector.

15. The method of claim 10, further comprising measuring and processing a dynamic pattern of absorptive-emissive middle infrared molecular signature spectra of analytes of said chemical contaminants.

16. The method of claim 10, further comprising performing a genetic algorithm optimization of said spectroradiometer receiver and said laser transmitter.