Methods for evaluating borehole volume changes while drilling

• US 9,404,327 B2
• Filed: 08/14/2012
• Issued: 08/02/2016
• Est. Priority Date: 08/26/2011
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Schlumberger Technology Corporation (SLB)
• Original Assignee: Schlumberger Technology Corporation (SLB)
• Inventors: Rasmus, John, Lesso, William, James, John
• Primary Examiner(s): Vargas, Manuel Rivera
• Application Number:
  US13/585,601
• Publication Number:
  US 20130090854A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,449 Days
• Field of Search: 702/9
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 21/08 Controlling or monitoring pressure or flow of drilling fluid, e.g. automatic filling of boreholes, automatic control of bottom pressure valve arrangements therefor E21B21/10
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 47/06 Measuring temperature or pressure
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 47/10 Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 49/005 Testing the nature of borehole walls or the formation by using drilling mud or cutting data
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 7/00 Special methods or apparatus for drilling
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 9/00 Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 15/00 Digital computers in general details G06F1/00 – G06F13/00; Data processing equipment in general

Abstract

A method identifying a wellbore volume change while drilling a subterranean wellbore includes acquiring first and second axially spaced pressure measurements in the wellbore. The wellbore volume change may include, for example, a borehole washout or a borehole pack-off. The pressure measurements may then be processed to obtain an interval density of drilling fluid between the measurement locations. A tool string including a large number of axially spaced pressure sensors (e.g., four or more or even six or more) electronically coupled with a surface processor via wired drill pipe may be used to obtain a plurality of interval densities corresponding to various wellbore intervals. The interval densities may be measured while drilling and may be further evaluated as an indicator of a wellbore volume change.

Claims

1. A method for identifying a borehole washout event while drilling a subterranean wellbore, the method comprising:

(a) pumping drilling fluid through a drill string located in a subterranean wellbore, the drill string including a plurality of axially spaced along string pressure sensors, said pumping operative to create a downstream flow rate in the drill string and an upstream flow rate in an annulus external to the drill string;

(b) rotating a drill bit deployed on an end of the drill string, said rotating operative to drill the subterranean wellbore;

(c) using the plurality of along string pressure sensors to make a corresponding plurality of subsurface annular pressure measurements at a corresponding plurality of measured depths while drilling in (a) and (b);

(d) transmitting the plurality of pressure measurements to a processor;

(e) causing the processor to process the plurality of measurements made in (c) to compute a plurality of annular interval densities;

(f) monitoring the plurality of annular interval densities computed in (e) with time while drilling in (a) and (b); and

(g) evaluating (i) a decrease in at least one of the annular interval densities and a substantially constant differential flow rate between the downstream and upstream flow rates as an indicator of the borehole washout and (ii) evaluating a decrease in a measured annular interval static density obtained by removing annular friction effects from the measured annular interval circulating density below a modeled annular interval static density as a further indicator of the borehole washout.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

(h) computing a new borehole diameter in the at least one depth interval such that the modeled annular interval circulating density is substantially equal to the measured annular interval circulating density.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein (g) further comprises evaluating a measured annular interval static density being substantially equal to a modeled annular interval static density as a further indicator of the borehole washout.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein:

(e) further comprises causing the processor to process the plurality of annular pressure measurements to compute a plurality of equivalent top of fluid levels;

(f) further comprises monitoring the equivalent top of fluid levels with time; and

(g) further comprises evaluating a decreasing circulating equivalent top of fluid level as a further indicator of the borehole washout.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein:

(e) further comprises causing the processor to process the plurality of annular pressure measurements to compute a plurality of annular surface back pressures;

(f) further comprises monitoring the annular surface back pressures with time; and

(g) further comprises evaluating an increasing circulating annular surface back pressure as a further indicator of the borehole washout.

6. A method for identifying a borehole pack-off while drilling a subterranean wellbore, the method comprising:

(a) pumping drilling fluid through a drill string located in a subterranean wellbore, the drill string including a plurality of axially spaced along string pressure sensors, said pumping operative to create a downstream flow rate in the drill string and an upstream flow rate in an annulus external to the drill string;

(b) rotating a drill bit deployed on an end of the drill string, said rotating operative to drill the subterranean wellbore;

(c) using the plurality of along string pressure sensors to make a corresponding plurality of subsurface annular pressure measurements at a corresponding plurality of measured depths while drilling in (a) and (b);

(d) transmitting the plurality of pressure measurements to a processor;

(e) causing the processor to process the plurality of measurements made in (c) to compute a plurality of annular interval densities;

(f) monitoring the plurality of annular interval densities computed in (e) with time while drilling in (a) and (b); and

(g) evaluating (i) an increase in at least one of the annular interval densities and a substantially constant differential flow rate between the downstream and upstream flow rates as an indicator of the borehole pack-off and (ii) evaluating an increase in a measured annular interval static density obtained by removing annular friction effects from the measured annular interval circulating density above a modeled annular interval static density as a further indicator of the borehole pack-off.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein (g) further comprises evaluating a measured annular interval static density being substantially equal to a modeled annular interval static density as a further indicator of the borehole pack-off.

8. The method according to claim 6, wherein:

(e) further comprises causing the processor to process the plurality of annular pressure measurements to compute a plurality of equivalent top of fluid levels;

(f) further comprises monitoring the equivalent top of fluid levels with time; and

(g) further comprises evaluating an increasing circulating equivalent top of fluid level as a further indicator of the borehole pack-off.

9. The method according to claim 6, wherein:

(e) further comprises causing the processor to process the plurality of annular pressure measurements to compute a plurality of annular surface back pressures;

(f) further comprises monitoring the annular surface back pressures with time; and

(g) further comprises evaluating a decreasing circulating annular surface back pressure as a further indicator of the borehole pack-off.

10. The method of claim 6, further comprising:

(h) evaluating a change in a measured annular interval circulating density to estimate an axial location of the borehole pack-off, the measured annular interval circulating density increasing above a modeled annular interval circulating density below the pack-off and being substantially equal to the modeled annular interval circulating density above the pack-off.

11. A method for identifying annular cuttings drop out while drilling a subterranean wellbore, the method comprising:

(a) pumping drilling fluid through a drill string located in a subterranean wellbore, the drill string including a plurality of axially spaced along string pressure sensors, said pumping operative to create a downstream flow rate in the drill string and an upstream flow rate in an annulus external to the drill string;

(b) rotating a drill bit deployed on an end of the drill string, said rotating operative to drill the subterranean wellbore;

(c) using the plurality of along string pressure sensors to make a corresponding plurality of subsurface annular pressure measurements at a corresponding plurality of measured depths while drilling in (a) and (b);

(d) transmitting the plurality of pressure measurements to a processor;

(e) causing the processor to process the plurality of measurements made in (c) to compute a plurality of measured annular interval densities and a plurality of measured annular interval circulating densities;

(f) monitoring the plurality of measured annular interval static densities and the measured annular interval circulating densities computed in (e) with time while drilling in (a) and (b);

(g) evaluating (i) a decrease in at least one of the measured annular interval static densities below a modeled annular interval static density, (ii) a decrease in at least one of the measured annular interval circulating densities below a modeled annular interval circulating density, and (iii) a substantially constant differential flow rate between the downstream flow rate and the upstream flow rate as an indicator of cuttings drop out; and

(h) initiating a process to re-suspend dropped out cuttings, the process including at least one (i) increasing a rotation rate of the drill string in (b), (ii) increasing a flow rate of drilling fluid in (a), and (iii) reducing a rate of penetration of drilling.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the measured annular interval static densities decreases to a value substantially equal to a modeled annular fluid interval static density.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the subterranean wellbore is drilled in (b) at an inclination in a range from about 40 to about 65 degrees.

14. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:

(i) causing the processor to process at least one of the measured annular interval static densities to compute a cuttings density; and

(j) evaluating a decrease in the computed cuttings density to a value substantially equal to a drilling fluid density as further indicator of cuttings drop out.

15. The method according to claim 11, wherein:

(e) further comprises causing the processor to process the plurality of annular pressure measurements to compute a plurality of equivalent top of fluid levels and a plurality of annular surface back pressures;

(f) further comprises monitoring the equivalent top of fluid levels and the annular surface back pressures with time; and

(g) further comprises evaluating a decreasing equivalent top of fluid level and an increasing annular surface back pressure as further indicators of cuttings drop out.

16. A method for identifying a borehole washout event while drilling a subterranean wellbore, the method comprising:

(a) pumping drilling fluid through a drill string located in a subterranean wellbore, the drill string including a plurality of axially spaced along string pressure sensors, said pumping operative to create a downstream flow rate in the drill string and an upstream flow rate in an annulus external to the drill string;

(b) rotating a drill bit deployed on an end of the drill string, said rotating operative to drill the subterranean wellbore;

(c) using the plurality of along string pressure sensors to make a corresponding plurality of subsurface annular pressure measurements at a corresponding plurality of measured depths while drilling in (a);

(d) transmitting the plurality of pressure measurements to a processor;

(e) causing the processor to process the plurality of measurements made in (c) to compute a plurality of annular interval densities and at least one of (i) a plurality of equivalent top of fluid levels and (ii) a plurality of annular surface back pressures;

(f) monitoring the plurality of annular interval densities and the at least one of (i) a plurality of equivalent top of fluid levels and (ii) a plurality of annular surface back pressures computed in (e) with time while drilling in (a); and

(g) evaluating a decrease in at least one of the annular interval densities, a substantially constant differential flow rate between the downstream and upstream flow rates, and at least one of a decreasing circulating equivalent top of fluid level and an increasing circulating annular surface back pressure as an indicator of the borehole washout.

17. A method for identifying a borehole pack-off while drilling a subterranean wellbore, the method comprising:

(a) pumping drilling fluid through a drill string located in a subterranean wellbore, the drill string including a plurality of axially spaced along string pressure sensors, said pumping operative to create a downstream flow rate in the drill string and an upstream flow rate in an annulus external to the drill string;

(b) rotating a drill bit deployed on an end of the drill string, said rotating operative to drill the subterranean wellbore;

(c) using the plurality of along string pressure sensors to make a corresponding plurality of subsurface annular pressure measurements at a corresponding plurality of measured depths while drilling in (a) and (b);

(d) transmitting the plurality of pressure measurements to a processor;

(e) causing the processor to process the plurality of measurements made in (c) to compute a plurality of annular interval densities and at least one of (i) a plurality of equivalent top of fluid levels and (ii) a plurality of surface annular back pressures;

(f) monitoring the plurality of annular interval densities and the at least one of (i) a plurality of equivalent top of fluid levels and (ii) a plurality of surface annular back pressures computed in (e) with time while drilling in (a) and (b); and

(g) evaluating an increase in at least one of the annular interval densities, a substantially constant differential flow rate between the downstream and upstream flow rates and at least one of an increasing circulating equivalent top of fluid level and a decreasing circulating annular surface back pressure as an indicator of the borehole pack-off.

18. A method for identifying a borehole pack-off while drilling a subterranean wellbore, the method comprising:

(a) pumping drilling fluid through a drill string located in a subterranean wellbore, the drill string including a plurality of axially spaced along string pressure sensors, said pumping operative to create a downstream flow rate in the drill string and an upstream flow rate in an annulus external to the drill string;

(b) rotating a drill bit deployed on an end of the drill string, said rotating operative to drill the subterranean wellbore;

(c) using the plurality of along string pressure sensors to make a corresponding plurality of subsurface annular pressure measurements at a corresponding plurality of measured depths while drilling in (a) and (b);

(d) transmitting the plurality of pressure measurements to a processor;

(e) causing the processor to process the plurality of measurements made in (c) to compute a plurality of annular interval densities;

(f) monitoring the plurality of annular interval densities computed in (e) with time while drilling in (a) and (b);

(g) evaluating an increase in at least one of the annular interval densities and a substantially constant differential flow rate between the downstream and upstream flow rates as an indicator of the borehole pack-off; and

(h) evaluating a change in a measured annular interval circulating density to estimate an axial location of the borehole pack-off, the measured annular interval circulating density increasing above a modeled annular interval circulating density below the pack-off and being substantially equal to the modeled annular interval circulating density above the pack-off.

19. A method for identifying annular cuttings drop out while drilling a subterranean wellbore, the method comprising:

(a) pumping drilling fluid through a drill string located in a subterranean wellbore, the drill string including a plurality of axially spaced along string pressure sensors, said pumping operative to create a downstream flow rate in the drill string and an upstream flow rate in an annulus external to the drill string;

(b) rotating a drill bit deployed on an end of the drill string, said rotating operative to drill the subterranean wellbore;

(c) using the plurality of along string pressure sensors to make a corresponding plurality of subsurface annular pressure measurements at a corresponding plurality of measured depths while drilling in (a) and (b);

(d) transmitting the plurality of pressure measurements to a processor;

(e) causing the processor to process the plurality of measurements made in (c) to compute a plurality of measured annular interval densities and a plurality of measured annular interval circulating densities;

(f) monitoring the plurality of measured annular interval static densities and the measured annular interval circulating densities computed in (e) with time while drilling in (a) and (b);

(g) evaluating (i) a decrease in at least one of the measured annular interval static densities below a modeled annular interval static density, (ii) a decrease in at least one of the measured annular interval circulating densities below a modeled annular interval circulating density, and (iii) a substantially constant differential flow rate between the downstream flow rate and the upstream flow rate as an indicator of cuttings drop out; and

(h) causing the processor to process at least one of the measured annular interval static densities to compute a cuttings density; and

(i) evaluating a decrease in the computed cuttings density to a value substantially equal to a drilling fluid density as a further indicator of cuttings drop out.

20. A method for identifying annular cuttings drop out while drilling a subterranean wellbore, the method comprising:

(a) pumping drilling fluid through a drill string located in a subterranean wellbore, the drill string including a plurality of axially spaced along string pressure sensors, said pumping operative to create a downstream flow rate in the drill string and an upstream flow rate in an annulus external to the drill string;

(b) rotating a drill bit deployed on an end of the drill string, said rotating operative to drill the subterranean wellbore;

(c) using the plurality of along string pressure sensors to make a corresponding plurality of subsurface annular pressure measurements at a corresponding plurality of measured depths while drilling in (a) and (b);

(d) transmitting the plurality of pressure measurements to a processor;

(e) causing the processor to process the plurality of measurements made in (c) to compute a plurality of measured annular interval densities, a plurality of measured annular interval circulating densities, a plurality of equivalent top of fluid levels, and a plurality of annular surface back pressures;

(f) monitoring the plurality of measured annular interval static densities, the measured annular interval circulating densities, the equivalent top of fluid levels, and the annular surface back pressures computed in (e) with time while drilling in (a) and (b);

(g) evaluating (i) a decrease in at least one of the measured annular interval static densities below a modeled annular interval static density, (ii) a decrease in at least one of the measured annular interval circulating densities below a modeled annular interval circulating density, (iii) a substantially constant differential flow rate between the downstream flow rate and the upstream flow rate and (iv) a decreasing equivalent top of fluid level and an increasing annular surface back pressure as an indicator of cuttings drop out.