Hazard mitigation through gas flow communication between battery packs

• US 9,548,616 B2
• Filed: 02/14/2011
• Issued: 01/17/2017
• Est. Priority Date: 08/10/2010
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Tesla Inc.
• Original Assignee: Tesla Motors Incorporated (Tesla Inc.)
• Inventors: Hermann, Weston Arthur
• Primary Examiner(s): Ruddock, Ula C.
• Assistant Examiner(s): CHERNOW, FRANK A
• Application Number:
  US13/027,018
• Publication Number:
  US 20120040255A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,164 Days
• Field of Search: 429/9, 429/61, 429/62
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 1/003 to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 1/02 to electric heating circuits
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2210/30 AC to DC converters
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/12 Speed
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/14 Acceleration
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/36 Temperature of vehicle components or parts
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/421 Speed
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/545 Temperature
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/547 Voltage
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/662 Temperature
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2250/12 by confirmation, e.g. of the input
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 3/003 relating to inverters
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 3/0046 relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 3/0061 relating to electrical machines
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 50/51 characterised by AC-motors
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 50/64 Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/14 Conductive energy transfer
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/65 involving identification of vehicles or their battery types
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/12 responding to state of charge [SoC]
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/16 responding to battery ageing, e.g. to the number of charging cycles or the state of health [SoH]
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/20 : having different nominal voltages
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/21 : having the same nominal voltage
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/24 : for controlling the temperature of batteries
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/26 : by cooling
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/27 : by heating
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/0525 : Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/30 : Nickel accumulators H01M10/34 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/32 : Silver accumulators H01M10/34 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/345 : Gastight metal hydride accumulators
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/443 : in response to temperature
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/486 : for measuring temperature
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/613 : Cooling or keeping cold
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/633 : characterised by algorithms, flow charts, software details or the like
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/6561 : Gases
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/6567 : Liquids
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 12/06 : with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 12/08 : composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 16/00 : Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 16/006 : of fuel cells with rechargeable batteries
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2200/10 : Temperature sensitive devices
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2200/20 : Pressure-sensitive devices
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2220/20 : Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/204 : Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/253 : adapted for specific cells, e.g. electrochemical cells operating at high temperature
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/317 : Re-sealable arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/375 : Vent means sensitive to or responsive to temperature
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/0029 : with safety or protection devices or circuits
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/14 : for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 : Energy storage using batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 : Fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/64 : Electric machine technologies in electromobility
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 : Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/7072 : Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/72 : Electric energy management in electromobility
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/12 : Electric charging stations
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/14 : Plug-in electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/16 : Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/167 : Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles, i.e. smartgrids as interface for battery charging of electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 30/14 : Details associated with the interoperability, e.g. vehicle recognition, authentication, identification or billing

Abstract

A system and method for mitigating the effects of a thermal event within a non-metal-air battery pack is provided in which the hot gas and material generated during the event is directed into the metal-air cells of a metal-air battery pack. The metal-air cells provide a large thermal mass for absorbing at least a portion of the thermal energy generated during the event before it is released to the ambient environment. As a result, the risks to vehicle passengers, bystanders, first responders and property are limited.

Claims

1. A hazard mitigation system, comprising:

a power source, comprising;

a first battery pack contained within a first battery pack enclosure and comprised of a plurality of metal-air cells, said first battery pack enclosure further comprised of at least a first air inlet, an air outlet, and a second air inlet;

a second battery pack contained within a second battery pack enclosure and comprised of a plurality of non-metal-air cells, said second battery pack enclosure further comprised of a hot gas outlet;

an air passageway coupling said hot gas outlet of said second battery pack enclosure to said second air inlet of said first battery pack enclosure; and

a first valve for controlling air flow out of said second battery pack enclosure and through said hot gas outlet and through said air passageway and through said second air inlet and through at least a portion of said plurality of metal-air cells within said first battery pack enclosure prior to being expelled out of said first battery pack enclosure via said air outlet, said first valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein during normal operation of said power source said first valve is in said second position, and wherein said first valve is configured to switch from said second position to said first position upon the occurrence of a thermal event within said second battery pack to permit effluent generated during said thermal event to pass through said hot gas outlet and through said air passageway and through said second air inlet and through at least a portion of said plurality of metal-air cells prior to being expelled out of said first battery pack enclosure via said air outlet.

2. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, wherein said first valve switches from said second position to said first position at a preset temperature within said second battery pack enclosure, wherein said preset temperature corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

3. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, further comprising a system controller coupled to said first valve and to at least one temperature sensor within said second battery pack enclosure, wherein said system controller switches said first valve from said second position to said first position when a temperature monitored by said at least one temperature sensor exceeds a preset temperature, wherein said preset temperature corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

4. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, wherein said first valve switches from said second position to said first position at a preset pressure within said second battery pack, wherein said preset pressure corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

5. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, further comprising a system controller coupled to said first valve and to at least one pressure sensor within said second battery pack, wherein said system controller switches said first valve from said second position to said first position when a pressure monitored by said at least one pressure sensor exceeds a preset pressure, wherein said preset pressure corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

6. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, further comprising a second valve controlling air flow through said first air inlet of said first battery pack enclosure, said second valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, and wherein said second valve is configured to switch to said second position upon the occurrence of said thermal event within said second battery pack.

7. The hazard mitigation system of claim 6, wherein said first valve switches from said second position to said first position at a preset temperature within said second battery pack enclosure, wherein said second valve switches to said second position at said preset temperature, and wherein said preset temperature corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

8. The hazard mitigation system of claim 6, further comprising a system controller coupled to said first valve, said second valve, and to at least one temperature sensor within said second battery pack enclosure, wherein said system controller switches said first valve from said second position to said first position and switches said second valve to said second position when a temperature monitored by said at least one temperature sensor exceeds a preset temperature, and wherein said preset temperature corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

9. The hazard mitigation system of claim 6, wherein said first valve switches from said second position to said first position at a preset pressure within said second battery pack, wherein said second valve switches to said second position at said preset pressure, and wherein said preset pressure corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

10. The hazard mitigation system of claim 6, further comprising a system controller coupled to said first valve, said second valve, and to at least one pressure sensor within said second battery pack, wherein said system controller switches said first valve from said second position to said first position and switches said second valve to said second position when a pressure monitored by said at least one pressure sensor exceeds a preset pressure, and wherein said preset pressure corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

11. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, further comprising:

a second valve controlling air flow through said first air inlet of said first battery pack enclosure, said second valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein said second valve is configured to switch to said second position upon the occurrence of said thermal event within said second battery pack;

a third valve controlling air flow through said air outlet of said first battery pack enclosure, said third valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow;

at least a first temperature sensor within said first battery pack enclosure and at least a second temperature sensor within said second battery pack enclosure; and

a system controller coupled to said first valve, said second valve, said third valve, said first temperature sensor and said second temperature sensor, wherein said system controller switches said first valve from said second position to said first position and switches said second valve to said second position when a second battery pack temperature monitored by said second temperature sensor exceeds a first preset temperature, wherein said first preset temperature corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway, wherein said system controller maintains said third valve in said second position when said second battery pack temperature monitored by said second temperature sensor exceeds said first preset temperature and said first battery pack temperature monitored by said first temperature sensor is less than a second preset temperature, and wherein said system controller maintains said third valve in said first position when said second battery pack temperature monitored by said second temperature sensor exceeds said first preset temperature and said first battery pack temperature monitored by said first temperature sensor exceeds said second preset temperature.

12. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, further comprising:

a second valve corresponding to said first air passageway of said first battery pack, said second valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein said second valve is configured to switch to said second position upon the occurrence of a thermal event within said second battery pack;

a third valve corresponding to said second air passageway of said first battery pack, said third valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow;

at least a first pressure sensor within said first battery pack and at least a second pressure sensor within said second battery pack; and

a system controller coupled to said first valve, said second valve, said third valve, said first pressure sensor and said second pressure sensor, wherein said system controller switches said first valve from said second position to said first position and switches said second valve to said second position when a second battery pack pressure monitored by said second pressure sensor exceeds a first preset pressure, wherein said first preset pressure corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway, wherein said system controller maintains said third valve in said second position when said second battery pack pressure monitored by said second pressure sensor exceeds said first preset pressure and said first battery pack pressure monitored by said first pressure sensor is less than a second preset pressure, and wherein said system controller maintains said third valve in said first position when said second battery pack pressure monitored by said second pressure sensor exceeds said first preset pressure and said first battery pack pressure monitored by said first pressure sensor exceeds said second preset pressure.

13. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, further comprising:

a second valve corresponding to said first air passageway of said first battery pack, said second valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein said second valve is configured to switch to said second position upon the occurrence of a thermal event within said second battery pack;

a third valve corresponding to said second air passageway of said first battery pack, said third valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow;

at least a first temperature sensor within said first battery pack and at least a first pressure sensor within said second battery pack; and

a system controller coupled to said first valve, said second valve, said third valve, said first temperature sensor and said first pressure sensor, wherein said system controller switches said first valve from said second position to said first position and switches said second valve to said second position when a second battery pack pressure monitored by said first pressure sensor exceeds a first preset pressure, wherein said first preset pressure corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway, wherein said system controller maintains said third valve in said second position when said second battery pack pressure monitored by said first pressure sensor exceeds said first preset pressure and said first battery pack temperature monitored by said first temperature sensor is less than a first preset temperature, and wherein said system controller maintains said third valve in said first position when said second battery pack pressure monitored by said first pressure sensor exceeds said first preset pressure and said first battery pack temperature monitored by said first temperature sensor exceeds said first preset temperature.

14. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, further comprising:

a second valve corresponding to said first air passageway of said first battery pack, said second valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein said second valve is configured to switch to said second position upon the occurrence of a thermal event within said second battery pack;

a third valve corresponding to said second air passageway of said first battery pack, said third valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow;

at least a first pressure sensor within said first battery pack and at least a first temperature sensor within said second battery pack; and

a system controller coupled to said first valve, said second valve, said third valve, said first pressure sensor and said first temperature sensor, wherein said system controller switches said first valve from said second position to said first position and switches said second valve to said second position when a second battery pack temperature monitored by said first temperature sensor exceeds a first preset temperature, wherein said first preset temperature corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway, wherein said system controller maintains said third valve in said second position when said second battery pack temperature monitored by said first temperature sensor exceeds said first preset temperature and said first battery pack pressure monitored by said first pressure sensor is less than a first preset pressure, and wherein said system controller maintains said third valve in said first position when said second battery pack temperature monitored by said first temperature sensor exceeds said first preset temperature and said first battery pack pressure monitored by said first pressure sensor exceeds said first preset pressure.

15. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, said hazard mitigation system further comprising:

a second valve controlling air flow through said first air inlet of said first battery pack enclosure, said second valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, and wherein said second valve is configured to switch to said second position upon the occurrence of said thermal event within said second battery pack; and

a third valve controlling air flow through said second air inlet of said first battery pack enclosure, said third valve controlling air flow from said hot gas outlet and through said air passageway and through at least a portion of said plurality of metal-air cells within said first battery pack enclosure prior to being expelled out of said first battery pack enclosure via said air outlet, said third valve having at least a first position that permits air flow and a second position that prevents air flow, wherein during normal operation of said power source said third valve is in said second position, and wherein said third valve is configured to switch from said second position to said first position upon the occurrence of said thermal event within said second battery pack.

16. The hazard mitigation system of claim 15, wherein said first valve switches from said second position to said first position at a preset temperature within said second battery pack enclosure, wherein said third valve switches from said second position to said first position at said preset temperature, wherein said second valve switches to said second position at said preset temperature, and wherein said preset temperature corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

17. The hazard mitigation system of claim 15, further comprising a system controller coupled to said first valve, said second valve, said third valve, and to at least one temperature sensor within said second battery pack enclosure, wherein said system controller switches said first valve from said second position to said first position and switches said third valve from said second position to said first position and switches said second valve to said second position when a temperature monitored by said at least one temperature sensor exceeds a preset temperature, and wherein said preset temperature corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

18. The hazard mitigation system of claim 15, wherein said first valve switches from said second position to said first position at a preset pressure within said second battery pack, wherein said third valve switches from said second position to said first position at said preset pressure, wherein said second valve switches to said second position at said preset pressure, and wherein said preset pressure corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

19. The hazard mitigation system of claim 15, further comprising a system controller coupled to said first valve, said second valve, said third valve, and to at least one pressure sensor within said second battery pack, wherein said system controller switches said first valve from said second position to said first position and switches said third valve from said second position to said first position and switches said second valve to said second position when a pressure monitored by said at least one pressure sensor exceeds a preset pressure, and wherein said preset pressure corresponds to at least one of said plurality of non-metal-air cells entering into thermal runaway.

20. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, said first battery pack further comprising a plenum, said plenum directing air flow from said first and second air inlets through said plurality of metal-air cells.

21. The hazard mitigation system of claim 1, said second battery pack enclosure further comprising a high pressure relief valve.