Time-warped background signal for sequencing-by-synthesis operations
First Claim
1. A method of sequencing a polynucleotide strand using a sequencing apparatus and reactor array adapted to perform sequencing-by-synthesis operations, comprising:
- flowing a series of nucleotide reagents onto a reactor array from an inlet to an outlet, wherein the reactor array has multiple reaction confinement regions having different signal responses due to their different locations along a flow path of the nucleotide reagents from the inlet to the outlet, wherein the polynucleotide strand is located in a loaded reaction confinement region of the reactor array;
receiving signal data relating to chemical reactions resulting from the flowing of the series of nucleotide reagents onto the reactor array having multiple reaction confinement regions, wherein the signal data include an output signal of an empty reaction confinement region and an output signal of the loaded reaction confinement region;
determining an empty reaction confinement region function that models the output signal of a representative empty reaction confinement region;
determining a time-warped empty reaction confinement region function by applying a time transformation to the empty reaction confinement region function, wherein the time transformation changes a time scale of the empty reaction confinement region function thereby adjusting for systematic time lag differences due to the location of the representative empty reaction confinement region along the flow path of the nucleotide reagents from the inlet to the outlet;
applying the time-warped empty reaction confinement region function to the output signal of the loaded reaction confinement region detected during the flowing to generate a corrected output signal; and
analyzing the corrected output signal to estimate a number of nucleotide incorporations having occurred for the polynucleotide strand located in the loaded reaction confinement region in response to the flowed nucleotide reagents.
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Abstract
Methods for analyzing signal data generated by sequencing of a polynucleotide strand using a pH-based method of detecting nucleotide incorporation(s). In an embodiment, the method comprises formulating a function that models the output signal of a representative empty well of a reactor array. A time transformation is applied to the empty well function to obtain a time-warped empty well function. The time-warped empty well function is fitted to an output signal from the loaded well representative of a flow that results in a non-incorporation event in the loaded well. The fitted time-warped empty well function can then be used to analyze output signals from the loaded well for other flows.
107 Citations
25 Claims
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1. A method of sequencing a polynucleotide strand using a sequencing apparatus and reactor array adapted to perform sequencing-by-synthesis operations, comprising:
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flowing a series of nucleotide reagents onto a reactor array from an inlet to an outlet, wherein the reactor array has multiple reaction confinement regions having different signal responses due to their different locations along a flow path of the nucleotide reagents from the inlet to the outlet, wherein the polynucleotide strand is located in a loaded reaction confinement region of the reactor array; receiving signal data relating to chemical reactions resulting from the flowing of the series of nucleotide reagents onto the reactor array having multiple reaction confinement regions, wherein the signal data include an output signal of an empty reaction confinement region and an output signal of the loaded reaction confinement region; determining an empty reaction confinement region function that models the output signal of a representative empty reaction confinement region; determining a time-warped empty reaction confinement region function by applying a time transformation to the empty reaction confinement region function, wherein the time transformation changes a time scale of the empty reaction confinement region function thereby adjusting for systematic time lag differences due to the location of the representative empty reaction confinement region along the flow path of the nucleotide reagents from the inlet to the outlet; applying the time-warped empty reaction confinement region function to the output signal of the loaded reaction confinement region detected during the flowing to generate a corrected output signal; and analyzing the corrected output signal to estimate a number of nucleotide incorporations having occurred for the polynucleotide strand located in the loaded reaction confinement region in response to the flowed nucleotide reagents. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25)
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23. A sequencing apparatus for sequencing a polynucleotide strand using sequencing-by-synthesis, comprising:
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a reactor array having multiple reaction confinement regions; a fluidic interface configured to flow nucleotide reagents onto the reactor array from an inlet to an outlet along a flow path, wherein the multiple reaction confinement regions have different signal responses due to their different locations along the flow path; a machine-readable memory; and a processor configured to execute machine-readable instructions, said instructions which when executed cause the sequencing apparatus to; flow a series of nucleotide reagents onto the reactor array from the inlet to the outlet, wherein the polynucleotide strand is located in a loaded reaction confinement region of the reactor array, resulting in one or more nucleotide incorporations in the polynucleotide strand; receive signal data relating to chemical reactions resulting from the flow of the series of nucleotide reagents onto the reactor array having multiple reaction confinement regions, wherein the signal data include an output signal of an empty reaction confinement region and an output signal of the loaded reaction confinement region; determine an empty reaction confinement region function that models the output signal of a representative empty reaction confinement region, wherein the empty reaction confinement region function is stored in a computer memory; determine a time-warped empty reaction confinement region function by applying a time transformation to the empty reaction confinement region function, wherein the time transformation changes a time scale of the empty reaction confinement region function, thereby adjusting for systematic time lag differences due to the location of the representative empty reaction confinement region along the flow path of the nucleotide reagents from the inlet to the outlet; apply the time-warped empty reaction confinement region function to the output signal of the loaded reaction confinement region detected during the flow to generate a corrected output signal; analyze the corrected output signal to estimate a number of nucleotide incorporations having occurred for the polynucleotide strand located in the loaded reaction confinement region in response to flowed nucleotide reagents; and store the estimated number of nucleotide incorporations in the computer memory.
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24. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor with a sequencing apparatus and reactor array adapted to perform sequencing-by-synthesis operations, cause the processor and sequencing apparatus to sequence a polynucleotide strand using sequencing-by-synthesis by performing the following steps:
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flow a series of nucleotide reagents onto the reactor array from an inlet to an outlet, wherein the reactor array has multiple reaction confinement regions having different signal responses due to their different locations along a flow path of the nucleotide reagents from the inlet to the outlet, wherein the polynucleotide strand is located in a loaded reaction confinement region of the reactor array; receive signal data relating to chemical reactions resulting from the flow of the series of nucleotide reagents onto the reactor array having multiple reaction confinement regions, wherein the signal data include an output signal of an empty reaction confinement region and an output signal of the loaded reaction confinement region; determine an empty reaction confinement region function that models the output signal of a representative empty reaction confinement region, wherein the empty reaction confinement region function is stored in a computer memory; determine a time-warped empty reaction confinement region function by applying a time transformation to the empty reaction confinement region function, wherein the time transformation changes a time scale of the empty reaction confinement region function, thereby adjusting for systematic time lag differences due to the location of the representative empty reaction confinement region along the flow path of the nucleotide reagents from the inlet to the outlet; apply the time-warped empty reaction confinement region function to the output signal of the loaded reaction confinement region detected during the flow to generate a corrected output signal; analyze the corrected output signal to estimate a number of nucleotide incorporations having occurred for the polynucleotide strand located in the loaded reaction confinement region in response to flowed nucleotide reagents; and store the estimated number of nucleotide incorporations in the computer memory.
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Specification