Lightning protection and detection system

• US 9,708,075 B2
• Filed: 04/23/2012
• Issued: 07/18/2017
• Est. Priority Date: 04/21/2011
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
• Original Assignee: United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
• Inventors: Mielnik, John J., Dudley, Kenneth L., Szatkowski, George N., Nguyen, Truong X., Ely, Jay J., Koppen, Sandra V., Smith, Laura J., Woodard, Marie, Wang, Chuantong
• Primary Examiner(s): Phan, Huy Q
• Assistant Examiner(s): Russo, Raul Rios
• Application Number:
  US13/453,717
• Publication Number:
  US 20120271564A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,912 Days
• Field of Search: 324 72, 324 725, 361 39, 361 40, 361 79- 90, 361117, 702 1, 702 33, 702 34, 702 85, 702105, 702108, 702113, 702127
• CPC Class Codes: B64D 45/02 Lightning protectors; Static dischargers in general H01T
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 19/08 Detecting presence of flaws or irregularities
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 29/0814 Field measurements related to measuring influence on or from apparatus, components or humans EMC, EMI and similar testing in general G01R31/001, e.g. in ESD, EMI, EMC, EMP testing, measuring radiation leakage; detecting presence of micro- or radiowave emitters; dosimetry; testing shielding; measurements related to lightning
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 29/0842 Measurements related to lightning, e.g. measuring electric disturbances, warning systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/2642 Testing semiconductor operation lifetime or reliability, e.g. by accelerated life tests

Abstract

A lightning protection and detection system includes a non-conductive substrate material of an apparatus; a sensor formed of a conductive material and deposited on the non-conductive substrate material of the apparatus. The sensor includes a conductive trace formed in a continuous spiral winding starting at a first end at a center region of the sensor and ending at a second end at an outer corner region of the sensor, the first and second ends being open and unconnected. An electrical measurement system is in communication with the sensor and receives a resonant response from the sensor, to perform detection, in real-time, of lightning strike occurrences and damage therefrom to the sensor and the non-conductive substrate material.

Claims

1. A lightning protection and detection system for an apparatus, comprising:

a substrate material of the apparatus;

a sensor formed of a conductive material and deposited on the substrate material of the apparatus, the sensor including a conductive trace formed in a continuous spiral winding starting at a first end at a center region of the sensor and ending at a second end at an outer corner region of the sensor, the first and second ends being open and unconnected; and

an electrical measurement system in communication with the sensor and configured to receive a resonant response from the sensor,

wherein the sensor is configured to propagate a lightning current resulting from a lightning strike occurrence along the conductive trace, and

wherein the electrical measurement system is configured to detect, in real-time, a change in the resonant response, said change in resonant response indicative of the lightning strike occurrence and damage therefrom to the sensor and the substrate material.

2. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is an aircraft or an aerospace vehicle.

3. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 1, wherein the substrate material is non-conductive and the conductive trace is formed of a thin film conductive material.

4. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 3, wherein the thin film conductive material is copper.

5. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 1, wherein the sensor is energized by an electromagnetic field generated remotely from the sensor and is configured to generate the resonant response when electrically stimulated.

6. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 1, wherein the resonant response includes at least one of frequency, amplitude, bandwidth, phase and harmonics corresponding to the sensor.

7. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 1, wherein the electrical measurement system comprises:

an antenna configured to transmit to and receive signals from the sensor, including the resonant response; and

a processor and analyzer in communication with the antenna and configured to detect and analyze the signals received from the sensor to detect lightning strike occurrences and damage due to the lightning strike occurrence.

8. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 5, wherein the electrical measurement system is configured to establish a baseline resonant response for the sensor while undamaged wherein changes from the baseline resonant response indicate damage to the sensor.

9. The lightning protection and. detection system of claim 1, wherein the sensor is formed in a shape of at least one of a square, triangle, hexagon or circle.

10. The lightning protection and detect on system of claim 9, wherein the resonant response varies based on the Shape of the sensor.

11. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 9, wherein a resistance and capacitance of the sensor is based on the shape of the conductive trace, wherein the resistance is determined based on overall dimensions of the conductive trace and the capacitance is determined based on a width between the conductive trace and the substrate material.

12. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 1 wherein the substrate material is conductive, further comprising:

a high permeable or conductive layer formed between the substrate material and the sensor and configured to control a coupling between the sensor and the substrate material,

wherein the high permeable or conductive layer is formed of at least one covered region and at least one non-covered region, to cover greater than 0% and up to 100% of the substrate material.

13. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 2, wherein the sensor is located in a predetermined lightning zone location of the aircraft or the aerospace vehicle.

14. A lightning protection and detection system for an apparatus, comprising:

a substrate material of the apparatus;

a sensor array comprising a plurality of sensors coupled together in series, each sensor formed of a conductive material and the sensor array being deposited on the substrate material, each sensor including a conductive trace funned in a continuous spiral winding starting at a first end at a center region of the sensor and ending at a second end at an outer corner region of the sensor, the first and second ends being open and unconnected; and

an electrical measurement system in communication with the sensors and configured to receive a resonant response from the sensors,

wherein each of the plurality of sensors is configured to propagate a lightning current resulting from a lightning strike occurrence along an associated conductive trace, and

wherein the electrical measurement system is configured to detect, in real time, a change in the resonant response, said change in resonant response indicative of the lightning strike occurrence and damage therefrom to the sensor and the substrate material.

15. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 14, wherein the apparatus is an aircraft or an aerospace vehicle.

16. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 14, wherein the substrate material is non--conductive and the conductive trace is formed of a thin film conductive material.

17. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 16, wherein the thin film conductive material is copper.

18. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 14, wherein each sensor is energized by an electromagnetic field generated remotely from the sensor and is configured to generate the resonant response, when electrically stimulated.

19. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 14, wherein the resonant response includes at least one of frequency, amplitude, bandwidth, phase and harmonics corresponding to the sensor.

20. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 14, wherein the electrical measurement system comprises:

an antenna configured to transmit to and receive signals from the sel sors, including the resonant response; and

a processor and analyzer in communication with the antenna and configured to detect and analyze the signals received from the sensors to detect lightning strike occurrences and damage due to the lightning strike occurrence.

21. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 14, wherein the electrical measurement system is configured to establish a baseline resonant response for the sensor while undamaged wherein changes from the baseline resonant response indicate damage to the sensors.

22. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 14, wherein the sensor is formed in a shape of at least one of a square, triangle, hexagon or circle.

23. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 22, wherein the resonant response varies based on the shape of the sensors.

24. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 22, wherein a resistance and capacitance of the sensors is based on the shape of the conductive trace, wherein the resistance is determined based on overall dimensions of the conductive trace and the capacitance is determined based on a width between the conductive trace and the substrate material.

25. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 22, wherein an inductance of the sensors is equal to a sum of self and mutual inductances of trace interactions of the conductive traces of the sensors within the sensor array.

26. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 14, wherein the substrate material is conductive, further comprising:

a high permeable or conductive layer formed between the substrate material and the sensors of the sensor array and configured to control a coupling between the sensors and substrate material,

wherein the high permeable or conductive layer is formed of at least one covered region and at least one non-covered region, to cover greater than 0% and up to 100% of the substrate material.

27. The lightning protection and detection system of claim 15, wherein the sensor array is located in a predetermined lightning zone location of the aircraft or the aerospace vehicle.