Audio apparatus having dynamic ground break resistance

• US 9,729,964 B2
• Filed: 06/26/2014
• Issued: 08/08/2017
• Est. Priority Date: 06/26/2014
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Inventors: Johanningsmeier, Nathan A., Hogan, Roderick B., Jones, Girault W.
• Primary Examiner(s): Elahee, Md S
• Application Number:
  US14/315,863
• Publication Number:
  US 20150382104A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,139 Days
• Field of Search: 381 717, 381 74, 710 15
• CPC Class Codes: H04R 2420/09 Applications of special connectors, e.g. USB, XLR, in loudspeakers, microphones or headphones
• CPC Class Codes: H04R 2499/13 Acoustic transducers and sound field adaptation in vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: H04R 3/00 Circuits for transducers , loudspeakers or microphones

Abstract

A method for audio signal processing, where an audio amplifier drives a load through a connector, using 1) an input audio signal, and 2) a signal from a return pin of the connector. Output headroom of the audio amplifier is automatically detected, while the amplifier is driving the load. A variable resistor circuit that is coupled to provide variable resistance between the return pin of the connector and a ground plane, is automatically adjusted, in response to the detected output headroom of the amplifier. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Claims

1. An audio apparatus comprising:

an audio source;

a connector having a signal out pin and a return pin to be coupled to an external load;

a variable resistor circuit coupled to provide variable resistance between the return pin of the connector and a ground plane of the apparatus;

an audio amplifier having a first input coupled to the audio source, a second input coupled to the return pin of the connector, and an output that is coupled to the signal out pin of the connector;

an amplifier headroom detector to detect a measure of headroom of the audio amplifier, wherein headroom is a difference or ratio between (i) peak output voltage of the amplifier and (ii) a power supply voltage of the amplifier; and

a controller having an input coupled to an output of the headroom detector, the controller being to coupled to control the variable resistor circuit in response to the detected measure of headroom.

2. The audio apparatus of claim 1 wherein for a given sound volume setting received from a user interface, the audio amplifier responds to a constant magnitude audio signal, by producing an output signal whose magnitude varies so that a constant magnitude audio signal is produced across the external load despite changes in the variable resistance.

3. The audio apparatus of claim 1 wherein the amplifier comprises:

a summing circuit having first and second inputs that are coupled to receive the signals from the audio source and the return pin, respectively; and

an operational amplifier whose inputs are coupled to the summing circuit and is configured for closed loop amplification.

4. The audio apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a ground current detector coupled to detect ground current through the variable resistor circuit, wherein the controller has a further input coupled to an output of the detector and is to determine when the detected ground current crosses a zero threshold.

5. The audio apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a ground current detector that is coupled to sense ground current through a circuit path that dc couples the ground plane of the apparatus to the return pin through the variable resistor circuit, wherein the controller is to compute a measure of load current of the amplifier based on the sensed ground current.

6. The audio apparatus of claim 1 wherein the headroom detector computes a measure of headroom by analyzing 1) peaks of a digital audio input signal from the audio source, 2) a characteristic or behavioral model of the amplifier, 3) a value representing amplifier load impedance, and 4) a value representing power supply voltage of the amplifier.

7. The audio apparatus of claim 1 wherein the headroom detector senses output voltage of the amplifier and compares the sensed output voltage to a measure of power supply rail voltage of the amplifier.

8. The audio apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller, based on the detected measure of headroom, signals that the variable resistance cannot be made larger or signals that the variable resistance be decreased.

9. The audio apparatus of claim 1 wherein the headroom detector comprises a circuit that is built into the amplifier and that automatically asserts a low headroom alert signal, based on an internal state of the amplifier, and the controller responds to the low headroom alert signal by signaling that the variable resistance cannot be made larger or signals that the variable resistance be decreased.

10. A method for audio signal processing, comprising:

driving, by an audio amplifier, a load through a connector, using

     1) an input audio signal, and

     2) a signal from a return pin of a connector to which the amplifier is coupled for driving the load;

detecting a measure of output headroom of the audio amplifier while the amplifier is driving the load, wherein headroom is a difference or ratio between (i) peak output voltage of the amplifier and (ii) a power supply voltage of the amplifier; and

automatically adjusting a variable resistor circuit that is coupled to provide variable resistance between the return pin of the connector and a ground plane, in response to the detected measure of output headroom of the amplifier.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein when the input audio signal has fixed amplitude, the amplifier produces a voltage across the load that also has fixed amplitude, despite changes in the variable resistance.

12. The method of claim 10 further comprising detecting ground current through the variable resistor circuit, and looking for a zero current crossing by the detected ground current, based on which the variable resistor circuit is adjusted.

13. The method of claim 10 wherein detecting a measure of output headroom of the audio amplifier comprises:

analyzing

     1) a peak of the input audio signal,

     2) a characteristic or behavioral model of the amplifier,

     3) the amplifier'"'"'s load impedance, and

     4) power supply rail voltage of the amplifier.

14. The method of claim 10 wherein detecting a measure of output headroom of the audio amplifier comprises sensing output voltage of the amplifier, the method further comprising comparing the sensed output voltage to a value representing voltage of the amplifier'"'"'s power supply rail.

15. The method of claim 10 further comprising:

signaling that the variable resistance cannot be made larger, based on the detected measure of output headroom being a value that is smaller than a threshold.

16. The method of claim 10 further comprising:

lowering the variable resistance, based on the detected measure of output headroom being a value that is smaller than a threshold.

17. An audio apparatus comprising:

an audio source;

a connector having a signal out pin and a return pin;

a variable resistor circuit having a first node and a second node between which it provides variable resistance, the first node being directly coupled to the return pin of the connector and the second node being directly coupled to a ground plane of the apparatus;

an audio amplifier having a first input to receive an audio signal, a second input directly coupled to the return pin of the connector, and an output that is coupled to the signal out pin of the connector;

a detector to compare voltage of the output of the audio amplifier with voltage of the first node of the variable resistor circuit;

a controller coupled to control the variable resistor circuit in response to the detector'"'"'s comparison; and

a ground current detector coupled to detect ground current through the variable resistor circuit, wherein the controller is to signal the variable resistor circuit to change said variable resistance when the detected ground current crosses a zero threshold.

18. The audio apparatus of claim 17 wherein the controller no longer increases the variable resistance when the detector'"'"'s comparison indicates that the voltage of the first node of the variable resistor circuit relative to the amplifier output voltage has exceeded a threshold.

19. The audio apparatus of claim 17 wherein the controller signals the variable resistor circuit to lower the variable resistance, based on the detector'"'"'s comparison indicating that the voltage of the first node of the variable resistor circuit relative to the amplifier output voltage has exceeded a threshold.

20. The audio apparatus of claim 17 wherein the controller signals that the variable resistance not be made larger, based on the detector'"'"'s comparison indicating that the voltage of the first node of the variable resistor circuit relative to the amplifier output voltage has exceeded a threshold.