Method and circuit of an actively transmitting tag

• US 9,760,822 B2
• Filed: 01/14/2014
• Issued: 09/12/2017
• Est. Priority Date: 01/15/2013
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: STMicroelectronics International N.V. (STMicroelectronics NV)
• Original Assignee: STMicroelectronics International N.V. (STMicroelectronics NV)
• Inventors: Kunc, Vinko, Stiglic, Maksimiljan, Kovacic, Kosta, Pevec, Albin, Stern, Anton
• Primary Examiner(s): Bugg, George
• Assistant Examiner(s): Tran, Thang
• Application Number:
  US14/761,291
• Publication Number:
  US 20150347892A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,337 Days
• Field of Search: 340 101- 106, 3405721-5729
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/0701 at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/0705 the battery being connected to a power saving arrangement
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/0723 the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/0726 the arrangement including a circuit for tuning the resonance frequency of an antenna on the record carrier
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 7/10297 arrangements for handling protocols designed for non-contact record carriers such as RFIDs NFCs, e.g. ISO/IEC 14443 and 18092 cryptographic protocols H04L9/00; network security protocols H04L63/00; real-time communication protocols in data switching networks H04L65/00; network protocols for data switching network services H04L67/00
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 5/24 Inductive coupling
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 5/26 using coils
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 5/77 for interrogation

Abstract

An actively transmitting tag detects a shift of a phase of an antenna signal (as) with regard to a phase of a transmitted signal (ts) in time intervals with a length of one half-period of a subcarrier, in which time intervals it transmits high-frequency wave packets with their phase being inverted according to a communication protocol at the ends of said half-periods. Generation of said wave packets is controlled by said phase shift in a way that said phase shift retains its absolute value at transitions into subsequent half-periods. Synchronizing the tag'"'"'s transmission to a received interrogator signal carried out even during tag'"'"'s transmitting enables the tag to transmit according to protocol ISO 14443 B by inverting a phase at transitions between said half-periods. Said synchronizing is carried out although no time window without a tag transmitting exists within the transmitted data frame.

Claims

1. A method for high-frequency communication between an interrogator and an actively transmitting tag, which, before it starts transmitting a data frame, first observes a phase of an antenna signal due to an interrogator'"'"'s radiation field and then starts transmitting the data frame in the form of a sequence of high-frequency bursts by exciting, through a matching circuit, its own antenna with a transmitted signal initially having said observed phase of the antenna signal, wherein the actively transmitting tag transmits the data frame by transmitting the high-frequency bursts, each of them having a length of one subcarrier half-period of the transmitted signal and their phase being inverted according to a communication protocol each time at the end of the subcarrier half-period, wherein, in time intervals with the length of one subcarrier half-period during transmitting the data frame, the actively transmitting tag detects a shift of the phase of the antenna signal with regard to a phase of the transmitted signal, and wherein each time after transition into a subsequent subcarrier half-period, the actively transmitting tag controls generating the high-frequency burst according to said detected shift of the phase.

2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the actively transmitting tag controls generation of high-frequency bursts in a way that said shift of the phase retains a constant absolute value at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

3. The method as recited in claim 2, wherein said shift of the phase remains zero at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the actively transmitting tag calculates a difference between said shift of the phase for the current subcarrier half-period and said shift of the phase for the previous subcarrier half-period and wherein the actively transmitting tag controls generation of high-frequency bursts in a way that the difference between said shifts of the phase retains a constant absolute value at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein said difference between said shifts of the phase remains zero at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said communication protocol is any communication protocol, according to which the phase is inverted at the transitions between the subcarrier half-periods.

7. The method as recited in claim 6, wherein said communication protocol is a communication protocol ISO 14443 B, according to which the phase is inverted at the transitions between the subcarrier half-periods.

8. The method as recited in claim 6, wherein said communication protocol is a communication protocol ISO 14443 A, according to which the phase is inverted at the transitions between the subcarrier half-periods and bit rates for the transmission are 212 kb/s, 424 kb/s or 848 kb/s.

9. A circuit for high-frequency communication between an interrogator and an actively transmitting tag, whose antenna signal (as) is conducted from an antenna into a digitizer, whose output is connected to an input of a phase-frequency comparator, which, before the actively transmitting tag starts transmitting a data frame, first observes a phase of the antenna signal due to an interrogator'"'"'s radiation field in order that the actively transmitting tag starts transmitting the data frame in the form of a sequence of high-frequency bursts in a way that a voltage-controlled oscillator starts generating a transmitted signal initially having said observed phase of the antenna signal and in the form of said high-frequency bursts being conducted to the antenna through an output amplifier and a matching circuit, wherein the actively transmitting tag transmits the data frame by transmitting the high-frequency bursts each of them having a length of one subcarrier half-period of the transmitted signal and their phase being always inverted according to a communication protocol at the end of the subcarrier half-period, wherein an output of the digitizer and an output of the output amplifier are connected to input terminals of a phase-displacement detector, which, in time intervals with said length of one subcarrier half-period, detects a shift of the phase of the antenna signal with regard to a phase of the transmitted signal, and wherein a phase-displacement signal from an output of the phase-displacement detector is conducted to a regulator circuit, which, while the high-frequency bursts are transmitted, controls the voltage-controlled oscillator in order to generate the high-frequency bursts according to said detected shift of the phase.

10. The circuit as recited in claim 9, wherein a phase-inverting signal controls a controlled inverter stage in a way to invert the phase of the transmitted signal according to a communication protocol.

11. The circuit as recited in claim 9, wherein the phase-displacement detector is a mixing circuit.

12. The circuit according to claim 9, wherein the regulator circuit controls the voltage-controlled oscillator in a way that said shift of the phase retains a constant absolute value at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

13. The circuit according to claim 9, wherein said shift of the phase remains zero at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

14. The circuit according to claim 9, wherein the phase-displacement signal from the output of the phase-displacement detector is conducted to an input of a controlled circuit for a phase-displacement change determination, which circuit is controlled by said phase-inverting signal and calculates a difference between said shift of the phase for the current subcarrier half-period and said shift of the phase for the previous subcarrier half-period, and wherein an output of the controlled circuit for the phase shift change determination is connected to the regulator circuit, which controls the voltage-controlled oscillator in a way that the difference between said shifts of the phase retains a constant absolute value each time at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

15. The circuit as recited in claim 14, wherein said difference between said shifts of the phase remains zero at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

16. The circuit according to claim 9, wherein said communication protocol can be any communication protocol, according to which the phase is inverted at the transitions between the subcarrier half-periods.

17. A method for high-frequency communication between an interrogator and an actively transmitting tag, the method comprising:

determining, by the actively transmitting tag and prior to transmitting a data frame, a phase of an antenna signal due to a radiation field of the interrogator;

exciting, through a matching circuit, an antenna of the actively transmitting tag with a transmitted signal, wherein the transmitted signal initially has a phase equal to the phase of the antenna signal;

generating, by the actively transmitting tag, a sequence of high-frequency bursts corresponding with the data frame;

transmitting, by the actively transmitting tag, the sequence of high-frequency bursts, wherein each high-frequency burst has a length of one subcarrier half-period of the transmitted signal and a phase inverted according to a communication protocol at an end of each subcarrier half-period;

detecting, by the actively transmitting tag and during the transmitting of the data frame, a shift of the phase of the antenna signal relative to a phase of the transmitted signal in time intervals with a length of one subcarrier half-period; and

controlling, by the actively transmitting tag, the generating of the sequence of high-frequency bursts according to the shift of the phase of the antenna signal after each transition into a subsequent subcarrier half-period.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein controlling the generation of the sequence of high-frequency bursts comprises retaining a constant absolute value with respect to the shift of the phase of the antenna signal at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the shift of the phase of the antenna signal remains zero at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

20. The method according to claim 17, further comprising:

calculating, by the actively transmitting tag, a difference between a shift of the phase of the antenna signal for a current subcarrier half-period and a shift of the phase of the antenna signal for a previous subcarrier half-period; and

controlling, by the actively transmitting tag, the generation of the sequence of high-frequency bursts to retain a constant absolute value with respect to the difference between the shifts of the phase of the antenna signal at the transitions into the subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the difference between the shifts of the phase of the antenna signal remains zero at transitions into subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

22. The method according to claim 17, wherein the communication protocol is any communication protocol, according to which the phase is inverted at the transitions between the subcarrier half-periods.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the communication protocol is a communication protocol ISO 14443 B, according to which the phase is inverted at the transitions between the subcarrier half-periods.

24. The method according to claim 22, wherein the communication protocol is a communication protocol ISO 14443 A, according to which the phase is inverted at the transitions between the subcarrier half-periods and bit rates for the transmission are 212 kb/s, 424 kb/s or 848 kb/s.

25. A circuit for high-frequency communication between an interrogator and an actively transmitting tag, the circuit comprising:

an antenna configured to receive an antenna signal;

a digitizer comprising an input coupled to the antenna;

a phase-frequency comparator configured to determine a phase of the antenna signal due to a radiation field of the interrogator prior to transmitting a data frame, wherein an input of the phase-frequency comparator is connected to an output of the digitizer;

a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) configured to generate a transmitted signal that initially has a phase equal to the phase of the antenna signal, wherein the transmitted signal is a sequence of high-frequency bursts corresponding with the data frame, and wherein each high-frequency burst has a length of one subcarrier half-period of the transmitted signal and a phase that is inverted according to a communication protocol at an end of each subcarrier half-period;

an output amplifier and a matching circuit configured to conduct the transmitted signal to the antenna;

a phase-displacement detector configured, in time intervals with the length of one subcarrier half-period, to detect a shift of the phase of the antenna signal relative to a phase of the transmitted signal, and wherein an output of the digitizer and an output of the output amplifier are connected to input terminals of the phase-displacement detector; and

a regulator configured, during the transmission of the sequence of high-frequency bursts, to control the VCO to generate the sequence of high-frequency bursts according to the shift of the phase of the antenna signal, wherein an output of the phase-displacement detector is conducted to an input of the regulator.

26. The circuit according to claim 25, further comprising a controlled inverter stage configured to invert the phase of the transmitted signal according to the communication protocol, wherein the controller inverter stage is controlled by a phase-inverting signal.

27. The circuit according to claim 25, wherein the phase-displacement detector is a mixing circuit.

28. The circuit according to claim 25, wherein the regulator is configured to control the VCO, at transitions into subsequent subcarrier half-periods, to retain a constant absolute value with respect to the shift of the phase of the antenna signal.

29. The circuit according to claim 25, wherein the regulator is configured to control the VCO, at transitions into subsequent subcarrier half-periods, to attain a zero phase shift with respect to the shift of the phase of the antenna signal.

30. The circuit according to claim 25, further comprising a control circuit, wherein an input of the control circuit is connected to the output of the phase-displacement detector, and wherein the control circuit is configured to calculate a difference between a shift of the phase of the antenna signal for a current subcarrier half-period and a shift of the phase of the antenna signal for a previous sub-carrier.

31. The circuit according to claim 30, wherein the control circuit is controlled by a phase-displacement signal from the output of the phase-displacement detector.

32. The circuit according to claim 30, wherein the regulator further comprises an input connected to an output of the control circuit, and wherein the regulator is configured to control the VCO, at each transition into subsequent subcarrier half-periods, to retain a constant absolute value with respect to the difference between the shift of the phase of the antenna signal for the current subcarrier half-period and the shift of the phase of the antenna signal for the previous sub-carrier.

33. The circuit according to claim 30, wherein the difference between the shift of the phase of the antenna signal for the current subcarrier half-period and the shift of the phase of the antenna signal for the previous sub-carrier remains zero at the transitions into subsequent subcarrier half-periods.

34. The circuit according to claim 25, wherein the regulator is configured to control the VCO to have any communication protocol, according to which the phase is inverted at transitions between the subcarrier half-periods.