Decentralized controls and communications for autonomous distribution networks in smart grid

• US 9,804,623 B2
• Filed: 10/10/2012
• Issued: 10/31/2017
• Est. Priority Date: 10/10/2012
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: New Jersey Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: New Jersey Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Ansari, Nirwan, Lo, Chun-Hao
• Primary Examiner(s): Shechtman, Sean
• Assistant Examiner(s): Choi, Michael W
• Application Number:
  US14/342,191
• Publication Number:
  US 20140249688A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,847 Days
• CPC Class Codes: G05F 1/66 Regulating electric power
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 10/04 Forecasting or optimisation specially adapted for administrative or management purposes, e.g. linear programming or "cutting stock problem" market predictions or forecasting for commercial activities G06Q30/0202
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 50/06 Energy or water supply
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00006 characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00019 using optical means
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00024 by means of mobile telephony
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00026 involving a local wireless network, e.g. Wi-Fi, ZigBee or Bluetooth
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/24 Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks by control effected upon a single generator H02P9/00
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/381 Dispersed generators
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/46 Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/30 Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/3225 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 90/20 Smart grids as enabling technology in buildings sector smart grids supporting the management or operation of end-user stationary applications in general, or like technologies with no associated climate change mitigation effect Y04S20/00
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 40/70 Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 10/12 Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/221 General power management systems
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/222 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/242 Home appliances
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 40/12 characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 40/126 using wireless data transmission

Abstract

Technologies are generally described for addressing the bidirectional power flow conflict incurred by power surpluses produced from a number of households'"'"' on-location energy generation units (e.g., solar) in power distribution networks. A micro grid composed of households in a neighborhood may be considered as a generating- or consuming-resource entity at different time periods. The approach may be formulated as a power balance computation such that power balance may not be achieved within the micro grid itself, and therefore power sharing (or redispatching) among micro grids is operated, before requesting power from the macro grid, i.e., the fuel-based conventional grid. Enhancement of renewable energy utilization and reduction in the amount of data packet traffic in exchange of information and control messages via uplink and downlink transmissions throughout an overlay multi-tier communications network infrastructure may be taken into consideration in example implementations.

Claims

1. A method to facilitate decentralized controls and communications for autonomous distribution networks in a smart grid, the method comprising:

structuring at least a portion of the smart grid in a four tiered architecture, wherein;

a first tier comprises a central control center (CCC) configured to manage a plurality of distribution control centers (DCCs), each DCC representative of an autonomous distribution network (ADN),

a second tier comprises a plurality of first control centers (CCs), each first CC representative of a subsystem,

a third tier comprises a plurality of second CCs, each second CC representative of a neighborhood or a field area network, and

a fourth tier comprises a plurality of micro grids (MGs), each MG comprising, one or more households and each MG being managed by a second CC in the third tier;

enabling exchange of power availability and/or need information among the one or more households, the plurality of MGs, and the plurality of first and second CCs through uplink and downlink communications;

collecting data from the plurality of MGs, a plurality of substations, and/or a plurality of ADNs at each tier;

aggregating the data collected from one or more of the plurality of MGs, the plurality of substations, and/or the plurality of ADNs at each tier,

abstracting the aggregated data before transmission of the abstracted data to a higher tier, wherein abstracting the aggregated data comprises reducing the aggregated data into reduced data for transmission of the reduced data to a controller in the higher tier via the uplink and the downlink communications, and wherein an amount of the aggregated data to be reduced is quantitatively defined by an abstraction ratio at which information in the uplink communication is reduced while power sharing among the plurality of MGs, the plurality of substations, and/or the plurality of ADNs is performed; and

controlling distribution of excess power among the plurality of MGs and a plurality of subsystems, while the abstracted data is transmitted to the higher tier.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

forming a connected, undirected tree graph based on the four tiered architecture, wherein each vertex of the tree graph represents a power distribution bus with associated households and each edge represents a line feeder with one of a power injection or a power extraction.

3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising:

designating a household v_i as, a generating unit if P_vi>

0 and as a consuming unit if P_vi<

0, wherein P_vi is a power value associated with the household v_i injecting or extracting power to or from the smart grid; and

designating the household v_i as an idle unit when P_vi approaches about zero.

4. The method according to claim 2, further comprising:

determining a child-parent relationship (W) and a depth (D) for each node of the tree graph;

sorting nodes of the time graph in a descending order of the depth of each node; and

computing power flow values flow for each edge of the tree graph based on surplus or needed power of each node and the W of each node.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein:

computing the power flow values includes starting computation from a leaf node with a largest depth value or a farthest node from a distribution transformer.

6. The method according, to claim 1, further comprising:

if a power imbalance within an MG is balanceable by adjusting power flows among households of the MG, limiting the uplink and downlink communications to the third tier and the fourth tier as the power imbalance is corrected.

7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising:

if the power imbalance within the MG is not balanceable by adjusting the power flows among the households of the MG, facilitating power sharing among two or more MGs by extending the uplink and downlink communications to the second tier as the power imbalance is corrected.

8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising:

if the power imbalance within the MG is not balanceable by the power sharing among the two or more MGs, facilitating power sharing among two or more substations by extending the uplink and downlink communications to the plurality of DCCs of the first tier as the power imbalance is corrected.

9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising:

if the power imbalance within the MG is not balanceable by the power sharing among the two or more substations, facilitating power sharing among two or more ADNs by extending the uplink and downlink communications to the CCC of the first tier as the power imbalance is corrected.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the abstraction ratio is an amount of data that carries sufficient information to be transmitted to the higher tier divided by a total amount of data received from a lower tier.

11. A smart power distribution network configured to facilitate decentralized controls and communications for autonomous distribution networks, the smart power distribution network comprising:

a first tier that comprises a central control center (CCC) configured to manage a plurality of distribution control centers (DCCs), each DCC representative of an autonomous distribution network (ADN);

a second tier that comprises a plurality of first control centers (CCs), each first CC representative of a subsystem;

a third tier that comprises a plurality of second CCs, each second CC representative of a neighborhood or a field area network; and

a fourth tier that comprises a plurality of micro grids (MGs), wherein each MG comprises one or more households and each MG is managed by a second CC in the third tier, and wherein the smart power distribution, network is configured to;

exchange of power availability and/or need information among the one or more households, the plurality of MGs, and the plurality of first and second CCs through uplink and downlink communications;

enable collection of data from the plurality of MGs, a plurality of substations, and/or a plurality of ADNs at each tier;

enable aggregation of the data collected from one or more of the plurality of MGs, the plurality of substations, and/or the plurality of ADNs at each tier;

enable abstraction of the aggregated data before transmission of the abstracted data to a higher tier, wherein the abstraction of the aggregated data comprises reduction of the aggregated data into reduced data for transmission of the reduced data to a controller in the higher tier via the uplink and downlink communications, and wherein an amount of the aggregated data to be reduced is quantitatively defined by an abstraction ratio at which the information in the uplink communication is reduced; and

control distribution of excess power among the plurality of MGs and a plurality of subsystems, while the abstracted data is transmitted to the higher tier.

12. The smart power distribution network according to claim 11, wherein the uplink and downlink communications are limited to the third tier and fourth tier as a power imbalance is corrected, if the power imbalance within an MG is balanceable by adjustment of power flows among households of the MG.

13. The smart power distribution network according to claim 12, wherein power sharing is facilitated among two or more:

MGs by extension of the uplink and downlink communications to the second tier as the power imbalance is corrected if the power imbalance within the MG is not balanceable by adjustment of the power flows among the households of the MG;

substations by extension of the uplink and downlink communications to the plurality of DCCs of the first tier as the power imbalance is corrected, is the power imbalance within the MG is not balanceable by power sharing among the two or more MGs; and

ADNs by extension of the uplink and downlink communications to the CCC of the first tier as the power imbalance is corrected, if the power imbalance within the MG is not balanceable by the power sharing among two or more substations.

14. The smart power distribution network according to claim 11, wherein uplink and downlink communications are facilitated:

between the CCC and the plurality of DCCs via broadband communication networks;

between the plurality of DCCs and the plurality of first CCs in the second tier via broadband cellular communication networks and fiber optic communication networks;

between the plurality of first CCs in the second tier and the plurality of second CCs in the third tier via cellular communication networks and wireless communication networks; and

between the plurality of second CCs in the third tier and the plurality of MGs via wireless sensor networks (WSNs) configured to employ one-hop or multi-hop transmissions.

15. The smart power distribution network according to claim 11, wherein each MG is configured to integrate local area networks (LANs) and home area networks (HANs).

16. The smart power distribution network according to claim 11, wherein the information in the uplink communication is reduced in accordance with the abstraction ratio while power sharing among the plurality of MGs, the plurality of substations, and/or the plurality of ADNs is performed.

17. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium with instructions stored thereon that are executable by one or more processors to facilitate decentralized controls and communications for autonomous distribution networks in a smart grid, the instructions being executable to perform or cause to be performed:

managing operation of at least a portion of the smart grid that has been structured in a four tiered architecture, wherein;

a first tier comprises a central control center (CCC) that manages a plurality of distribution control centers (DCCs), each DCC representative of an autonomous distribution network (ADN),

a second tier comprises a plurality of first control centers (CCs), each first CC representative of a subsystem,

a third tier comprises a plurality of second CCs, each second CC representative of a neighborhood or a field area network, and

a fourth tier comprises a plurality of micro grids (MGs), each MG comprising one or more households and each MG being managed by a second CC in the third tier;

enabling exchange of power availability and/or need information among the one or more households, the plurality of MGs, and the plurality of first and second CCs through uplink and downlink communications;

collecting data from the plurality of MGs, a plurality of substations, and/or a plurality of ADNs sat each tier;

aggregating the data collected from one or more of the plurality of MGs, the plurality of substations, and/or the plurality of ADNs at each tier;

abstracting the aggregated data before transmission of the abstracted data to a higher tier, wherein abstracting the aggregated data comprises reducing the aggregated data into reduced data for transmission of the reduced data to a controller in the higher tier via the uplink and the downlink communications, wherein an amount of the aggregated data to be transmitted to the controller in the higher tier is defined by an abstraction ratio at which information in the uplink communication is reduced while power sharing among the plurality of MGs, the plurality of substations, and/or the plurality of ADNs is performed; and

controlling distribution of excess power among the plurality of MGs and a plurality of subsystems, while the abstracted data is transmitted to the higher tier.

18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the instructions are further executable to perform or cause to be performed:

forming a connected, undirected tree graph based on the four tiered architecture, wherein each vertex of the tree graph represents a power distribution bus with associated households and each edge represents a line feeder with one of a power injection or a power extraction.

19. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the instructions are further executable to perform or cause to be performed:

designating a household v_i as a generating unit if P_vi>

0 and as a consuming unit if P_vi<

0, wherein P_vi is a power value associated with the household v_i injecting, or extracting power to or from the smart grid; and

designating the household v_i as an idle unit when P_vi approaches about zero.

20. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium according to claim 18, wherein the instructions are further executable to perform or cause to be performed:

determining a child-parent relationship (W) and a depth (D) for each node of the tree graph;

sorting the nodes of the tree graph in a descending order of the depth of each node; and

computing power flow values for each edge of the tree graph based on surplus or needed power of each node and the W of each node.

21. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium according to claim 20, wherein the instructions are executable to perform or cause to be performed:

starting the computation from a leaf node with a largest depth value or a farthest node from a distribution transformer.

22. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the instructions are further executable to perform or cause to be performed:

if a power imbalance within an MG is balanceable by adjusting power flows among households of the MG, limiting the uplink and downlink communications to the third tier and the fourth tier as the power imbalance is corrected.

23. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium according to claim 22, wherein the instructions are further executable to perform or cause to be performed:

if the power imbalance within the MG is not balanceable;

by adjusting the power flows among the households of the MG, facilitating power sharing among two or more MGs by extending the uplink and downlink communications to the second tier as the power imbalance is corrected;

by the power sharing among the two or more MGs, facilitating power sharing among two or more substations by extending the uplink and downlink communications to the plurality of DCCs of the first tier as the power imbalance is corrected, and

by the power sharing among the two or more substations, facilitating power sharing among two or more ADNs by extending the uplink and downlink communications to the CCC of the first tier as the power imbalance is corrected.