Autonomous gamma, X-ray, and particle detector

• US 9,835,737 B1
• Filed: 03/24/2017
• Issued: 12/05/2017
• Est. Priority Date: 03/24/2015
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Cornell University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, The Research Foundation for The State University of New York (State University of New York), University of South Carolina
• Original Assignee: Cornell University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, The Research Foundation for The State University of New York (State University of New York), University of South Carolina
• Inventors: Czarnecki, Steve, Krol, Andrzej, Mandal, Krishna, Poliks, Mark D., Schmidtlein, C. Ross, Thompson, Michael, Turner, James
• Primary Examiner(s): Gaworecki, Mark R
• Application Number:
  US15/468,968
• Time in Patent Office: 256 Days
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/037 Emission tomography
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/501 for diagnosis of the head, e.g. neuroimaging or craniography
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/1642 using a scintillation crystal and position sensing photodetector arrays, e.g. ANGER cameras
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/2006 using a combination of a scintillator and photodetector which measures the means radiation intensity
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/20181 Stacked detectors, e.g. for measuring energy and positional information using a combination of different types of scintillation detectors, e.g. phoswich detectors, G01T1/2008
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/20182 Modular detectors, e.g. tiled scintillators or tiled photodiodes stacked detectors G01T1/20181
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/20183 Arrangements for preventing or correcting crosstalk, e.g. optical or electrical arrangements for correcting crosstalk
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/20185 Coupling means between the photodiode and the scintillator, e.g. optical couplings using adhesives with wavelength-shifting fibres
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/208 Circuits specially adapted for scintillation detectors, e.g. for the photo-multiplier section
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/245 using memory cells

Abstract

A system and method for imaging gamma- and x-ray, and charged particles sources employing a three dimensional array of scintillation elements arranged surrounding an emission source. According to a preferred embodiment, each element of the array comprises a scintillator element, a solid-state photon detector, and processing electronics to output an electronic signal. The elements may be efficiently packed in both the X-Y plane and stacked in the Z-axis, to provide depth of interaction information. The elements of the array are preferably hierarchically arranged with control electronics provided together for subarray modules (e.g., an n×m×1 module), and synchronization electronics provided at a larger scale. The modules preferably communicate with a control system through a shared addressable packet switched digital communication network with a control and imaging system, and receive control information from that system through the network.

Claims

1. A photon detector comprising:

a semiconductor configured to respond to receipt of at least one photon emission by producing an electrical signal having a timing resolution of smaller than 300 ps;

a clock, configured to generate a clock signal;

a logic circuit configured to digitize the electrical signal and associate the digitized electrical signal with a time of occurrence based on the clock to produce an event record having the timing resolution of smaller than 300 ps;

a memory, configured to store a plurality of the event records;

an automated communication interface; and

an automated processor configured to;

process the stored plurality of event records according to at least one criterion;

synchronize the clock with an external reference, by at least one communication through the automated communication interface; and

selectively transmit at least a subset of the processed plurality of event records through the automated communication interface.

2. The photon detector according to claim 1, further comprising a scintillator element configured to scintillate in response to energetic particles, wherein the semiconductor is operable coupled to the scintillator element to receive the at least one photon emission therefrom.

3. The photon detector according to claim 1, wherein the automated communication interface comprises a digital packet switched communication network.

4. The photon detector according to claim 1, further comprising a common housing, wherein at least the semiconductor, logic circuit, memory, the automated communication interface, and the automated processor are each provided within the common housing.

5. The photon detector according to claim 4, further comprising a plurality of the semiconductors, each respective semiconductor being optically coupled to a separate respective scintillation element within the common housing.

6. The photon detector according to claim 5, wherein each respective scintillator is optically and electrically isolated from each other scintillator element.

7. The photon detector according to claim 1, further comprising a scintillation crystal, wherein the semiconductor comprises a thin film photonic detector directly patterned on a surface of the scintillation crystal.

8. The photon detector according to claim 1, wherein the clock signal has a resolution of less than or equal to 100 nS.

9. The photon detector according to claim 1, wherein the clock signal has a resolution of less than or equal to 10 nS.

10. The photon detector according to claim 1, wherein the automated processor is further configured to receive control information through the automated communication interface.

11. The photon detector according to claim 1, wherein the automated processor is further configured to compensate for perturbations caused by at least one of temperature and dark current of the semiconductor.

12. The photon detector according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor is configured to quantitatively response to an energy of the at least one photon emission, and the event record further comprises the energy of the at least one photon emission.

13. The photon detector according to claim 1, wherein the automated processor is further configured to process the stored plurality of event records according to at least one criterion comprising a detected scintillation energy range, the automated processor being further configured to selectively communicate event records dependent on the detected scintillation energy.

14. The photon detector according to claim 1, wherein the automated processor is further configured to process the stored plurality of event records according to at least one criterion comprising a time between successive event records.

15. The photon detector according to claim 1, wherein the logic circuit comprises an analog-to-digital converter, a buffer, and clock synchronization and time skew management logic integrated together with the semiconductor.

16. The photon detector according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor is contained within a housing, and the automated processor is further configured to determine a spatial position of the housing.

17. The photon detector according to claim 1, further comprising a housing configured to house at least the semiconductor and the automated processor, further comprising a computer readable software storage medium containing software for controlling the automated processor.

18. A photon detection method, comprising:

providing a photon detector comprising;

a semiconductor configured to respond to receipt of at least one photon emission by producing an electrical signal having a timing resolution of smaller than 300 ps;

a clock, configured to generate a clock signal;

a logic circuit configured to digitize the electrical signal and associate the digitized electrical signal with a time of occurrence based on the clock to produce an event record having the timing resolution of smaller than 300 ps;

a memory, configured to store a plurality of the event records;

an automated communication interface; and

an automated processor;

synchronizing the clock with an external reference, by at least one communication through the automated communication interface;

storing a plurality of event records in the memory, each event record comprising at least a time of photon emission;

selectively processing the stored plurality of event records with the automated processor according to at least one event record dependent processing criterion; and

transmitting at least a subset of the processed plurality of event records through the automated communication interface.

19. The photon detection method according to claim 18, further comprising receiving control information through the automated communication interface.

20. A photon detector, comprising:

a scintillation element;

a detector configured to respond to scintillation by the scintillation element by producing an signal corresponding to at least one photon emitted by the scintillation element, having a timing resolution of a time of emission of the at least one photon of less than 300 ps;

a memory;

a logic circuit configured to digitize the signal and associate the digitized signal with a time of occurrence of the at least one photon emission to produce an event record having the timing resolution of smaller than 300 ps;

a digital packet network communication interface; and

an automated processor, configured to;

receive control information through the digital packet network communication interface;

synchronize a determination of the time of occurrence by communication through the digital packet network communication interface;

store a plurality of event records in the memory, each event record comprising at least a time of photon emission having the timing resolution of a time of emission of the at least one photon of less than 300 ps;

selectively process the plurality of event records according to at least one event record dependent processing criterion.