Distributed nondestructive inspection system and method for identifying slickline cable defects and mechanical strength degradation trend

• US 9,939,347 B2
• Filed: 07/22/2014
• Issued: 04/10/2018
• Est. Priority Date: 06/16/2014
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Halliburton Energy Services Incorporated (Halliburton Company)
• Original Assignee: Halliburton Energy Services Incorporated (Halliburton Company)
• Inventors: Xia, Hua, Thomas, Sean Gregory, Zhang, Wei
• Primary Examiner(s): STAFIRA, MICHAEL PATRICK
• Application Number:
  US15/117,111
• Publication Number:
  US 20170167949A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,358 Days
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 47/135 using light waves, e.g. infrared or ultraviolet waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/16 for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
• CPC Class Codes: G01M 11/083 by using an optical fiber in contact with the device under test [DUT]
• CPC Class Codes: G01M 11/086 Details about the embedment of the optical fiber within the DUT
• CPC Class Codes: G01M 11/31 with a light emitter and a light receiver being disposed at the same side of a fibre or waveguide end-face, e.g. reflectometers
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/9511 Optical elements other than lenses, e.g. mirrors testing of optical apparatus in G01M11/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 8/10 Detecting, e.g. by using light barriers by reflection from the object G01S17/00

Abstract

Disclosed embodiments include a distributed nondestructive inspection method and system for slickline cable structural defect and mechanical strength degradation inspection. One method may include transmitting a light pulse along an optical fiber embedded in a slickline cable. A reflected light signal is received from the optical fiber in response to the local strain induced refractive index variation. Defects and mechanical strength degradation may be determined by time-dependent time-domain and frequency-domain data analyses of the dynamic strain signals and power spectral density variation as a function of time and cable location.

Claims

1. A distributed nondestructive inspection method for identifying structural defects in a cable, the method comprising:

transmitting a light pulse along an optical fiber embedded lengthwise in the cable;

receiving a scattered light signal from the optical fiber, the scattered light signal comprising strain induced refractive index variations;

isolating surrounding acoustic noises with an acoustic insulated waveguide while guiding internal defect-induced acoustic wave transmissions; and

analyzing the strain induced refractive index variations to identify structural defects of the cable.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the strain induced refractive index variations comprises analyzing a signal amplitude and phase shift of the scattered light signal resulting from structural defect induced acoustic signals.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein analyzing the structural defects in the cable comprises converting a time-domain strain amplitude variation to a frequency-domain power spectral density based on a fast Fourier transform algorithm from time-domain measured strain amplitude.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein analyzing the structural defects in the cable comprises determining when a peak strain of the frequency domain power spectral density exceeds a predetermined threshold.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting a mechanical degradation trend in the cable by detecting the structural defects in the cable using both time-dependent strain amplitude variation rate and a time-dependent acoustic frequency variation rate.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

determining a baseline time domain strain amplitude signal; and

comparing subsequent time domain strain amplitude signals to the baseline signal.

7. A distributed nondestructive inspection method for detecting slickline cable mechanical strength and mechanical degradation trend, the method comprising:

transmitting a coherent light pulse to an optical fiber embedded lengthwise in the slickline cable;

isolating surrounding acoustic noises with an acoustic insulated waveguide while guiding internal defect-induced acoustic wave transmissions;

measuring a reflected signal from the optical fiber in response to strain induced refractive index variations;

referencing the measured reflected signal according to previous baseline signals; and

analyzing acoustic signal induced time-dependent strain amplitude and frequency shift of the reflected signal to detect structural defects, mechanical strength and degradation trends of the slickline cable.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein transmitting the coherent light pulse comprises a single-wavelength, tunable laser transmitting a light pulse having a coherent length of 1 meter to 10 meters.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the cable mechanical strength and degradation trend are analyzed by the time-dependent strain amplitude variation, comprising Δ

∈

(t)=∈

(t)−

∈

(0) where ∈

(t) represents a measured strain amplitude and ∈

(0) represents an initial strain amplitude, and the time-dependent frequency variation, comprising Δ

f(t)=f(t)−

f(0) wherein f(t) represents a measured resonant frequency signature value and f(0) represents an initial resonant frequency signal value and the time.

11. The method of claim 7, further comprising determining a baseline dynamic refractive index of the optical fiber from Δ

n(t)/n∝

∈

_load(t)+∈

_th(t)≈

∈

(t) wherein ∈

_load(t) represents downhole tool loading strain in the slickline cable that represents a baseline strain amplitude due to the slickline cable weight.

10. A wireline cable nondestructive inspection system comprising:

a wireline cable having at least one optical fiber embedded along its length;

a tunable light source configured to generate a coherent light signal along a length of the optical fiber;

a controller, coupled to the optical fiber, configured to determine structural defects in the wireline cable comprising the optical fiber based on a measured reflected light signal from the wireline cable; and

an acoustic insulated waveguide that isolates surrounding acoustic noises but guides internal defect-induced acoustic wave transmissions inside the wireline cable.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the cable mechanical strength and degradation trend are analyzed by the time-dependent strain amplitude variation rate comprises γ

∝

Δ

∈

(t)/At and the time-dependent frequency variation rate comprises ζ

∝

Δ

f(t)/Δ

t.

13. The system of claim 10, further comprising a pulse generator, coupled to the tunable light source, configured to generate a light pulse in response to the coherent light signal.

14. The system of claim 13, further comprising an optical switch coupling the pulse generator to the optical fibers.

15. The system of claim 10, further comprising time gating circuitry that couples the optical fiber to the controller.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the time gating circuitry is configured to analyze the reflected light signal according to a gated time sequence.

17. The system of claim 10, further comprising a tool body coupled to the slickline cable.

18. The system of claim 10, wherein the at least one optical fiber comprises carbon and polyimide co-coated pure silica single-mode fibers.

19. The system of claim 10, wherein wireline cable comprises a polymer composite material is made from PPS or PEEK fiber reinforced high-temperature or high-performance thermoplastic resins.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the polymer composite material has a high acoustic impedance sheath made from high carbon fiber doped PEEK or PPS configured to guide internal acoustic wave propagation and isolate surrounding acoustic noises substantially simultaneously.

21. The system of claim 20, wherein the acoustic impedance ratio of the polymer composite based wireline cable sheath to internal material is in a range of 5-10.