Apparatuses, systems, and methods for communicating using MIMO and spread spectrum coding in backscatter of ambient signals

• US 9,973,367 B2
• Filed: 02/11/2015
• Issued: 05/15/2018
• Est. Priority Date: 02/11/2014
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: University of Washington
• Original Assignee: University of Washington
• Inventors: Gollakota, Shyamnath, Smith, Joshua R., Parks, Aaron N., Liu, Angli
• Primary Examiner(s): Guarino, Rahel
• Application Number:
  US15/118,432
• Publication Number:
  US 20170180178A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,189 Days
• Field of Search: 455 412, 455101, 455 83, 455 88, 455 78, 455102, 455103, 375260, 375267, 375130, 375150, 375 E1001, 375142, 375219, 375299, 375347, 375324, 375343, 370282, 370342
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/40 Circuits
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/0413 MIMO systems
• CPC Class Codes: H04K 2203/20 for contactless carriers, e.g. RFID carriers record carriers with integrated circuit chips including means for preventing undesired reading or writing from or to record carriers by hindering electromagnetic reading or writing G06K19/07318; arrangements for sensing record carriers including arrangements for protecting the interrogation against piracy attacks G06K7/10257
• CPC Class Codes: H04K 3/25 based on characteristics of target signal or of transmission as countermeasure against surveillance H04K3/827, e.g. using direct sequence spread spectrum or fast frequency hopping spread spectrum techniques H04B1/69

Abstract

Apparatuses, systems, ambient RF backscatter transceivers, and methods for communicating using MIMO and spread spectrum coding of backscattered ambient RF signals are described. An example system may include an ambient RF backscatter transceiver that include an antenna configured to receive a backscattered ambient radio frequency (RF) signal, and a receiver coupled to the antenna. The receiver may be configured to demodulate the backscattered ambient RF signal using one of multiple input, multiple output multiplexing demodulation or spread spectrum code demodulation to retrieve the first data. The backscattered ambient RF signal may be generated by backscattering an ambient RF signal at a first frequency. The ambient RF signal may be configured to provide other data at a second frequency.

Claims

1. A system comprising:

an ambient RF backscatter transceiver comprising;

a first antenna configured to receive a backscattered ambient radio frequency (RF) signal;

a second antenna configured to receive the backscattered ambient radio frequency (RF) signal; and

a receiver coupled to the first antenna and the second antenna, wherein the receiver is configured to demodulate the backscattered ambient RF signal to provide output bits using at least one of;

multiple input, multiple output multiplexing demodulation based on a ratio of a magnitude of the backscattered ambient radio frequency signal received via the first antenna to a magnitude of the backscattered ambient radio frequency signal received via the second antenna or spread spectrum code demodulation based on a chip duration;

wherein the backscattered ambient RF signal is generated by backscattering an ambient RF signal at a first frequency, the ambient RF signal configured to provide additional data at a second frequency.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the backscattered ambient RF signal received at the second antenna has a different phase offset than the backscattered ambient RF signal received at the first antenna.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the receiver comprises:

a first envelope detector circuit configured to filter out transitions of the backscattered ambient RF signal received at the first antenna to provide a first signal envelope;

a second envelope detector circuit configured to filter out transitions of the backscattered ambient RF signal received at the second antenna to provide a second signal envelope;

a multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) multiplexing demodulation circuit configured to determine a ratio of the first signal envelope to the second signal envelope;

a threshold circuit configured to provide an output based on a comparison of a threshold value to the ratio of the first signal envelope to the second signal envelope.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the MIMO multiplexing demodulation circuit comprises:

a first logarithmic amplifier configured to transform the first signal envelope from a linear domain to a logarithmic domain; and

a second logarithmic amplifier configured to transform the second signal envelope from the linear domain to the logarithmic domain.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the MIMO multiplexing demodulation circuit further comprises an analog subtractor circuit configured to subtract the first signal envelope in the logarithmic domain from the second signal envelope in the logarithmic domain to provide a difference signal indicative of the ratio of the first signal envelope to the second signal envelope.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the threshold circuit is configured to provide the output based on a comparison of the threshold value to the difference signal indicative of the ratio of the first signal envelope to the second signal envelope.

7. The system of claim 5, wherein the MIMO multiplexing demodulation circuit further comprises an exponential amplifier configured to transform the difference signal from the logarithmic domain to the linear domain, wherein the threshold circuit is configured to provide the output based on a comparison of the threshold value to the difference signal indicative of the ratio of the first signal envelope to the second signal envelope in the linear domain.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein, while demodulating the backscattered ambient RF signal using spread spectrum code demodulation, the receiver may demodulate the ambient backscattered RF signal based on an in-phase and quadrature-phase correlation.

9. The system of claim 2, wherein, while the receiver configured to demodulate the ambient backscattered RF signal based on an in-phase and quadrature-phase correlation comprises addition of in-phase and quadrature phase components.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the receiver comprises:

an envelope detector circuit configured to filter out transitions of the backscattered ambient RF signal received at the first and second antennas to provide a signal envelope;

a spread spectrum code demodulation circuit configured to determine an in-phase and quadrature-phase correlation of the signal envelope;

a threshold circuit configured to provide an output based on a comparison of a threshold value to the in-phase and quadrature-phase correlation of the signal envelope.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the backscattered ambient RF signal is modulated at a chip rate and a chip length, wherein a chip of the backscattered ambient RF signal having a first value is alternative ones and zeroes, and a chip of the backscattered ambient RF signal having a second value is all zeroes, wherein the spread spectrum code demodulation circuit comprises:

a first switch configured to be modulated between the signal envelope and an inverted signal envelope at a period equal to the chip length multiplied by the chip rate;

a first accumulator circuit configured to accumulate a signal from the first switch to generate an in-phase component;

a first absolute value circuit configured to extract a magnitude of the in-phase component;

a second switch configured to be modulated with a ninety degree offset from the first switch between the signal envelope and the inverted signal envelope at a period equal to the chip length multiplied by the chip rate;

a second accumulator circuit configured to accumulate a signal from the second switch to generate an quadrature-phase component; and

a second absolute value circuit configured to extract a magnitude of the quadrature-phase component.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the spectrum code demodulation circuit further comprises a summation circuit configured to add the magnitude of the in-phase component and the magnitude of the quadrature-phase component to produce a sum signal.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the threshold circuit is configured to provide the output based on a comparison of the threshold value to the sum signal.

14. An ambient RF backscatter transceiver comprising:

a first antenna configured to receive a backscattered ambient radio frequency (RF) signal and to provide a first backscattered signal, the backscattered ambient RF signal encoded with first data via backscatter modulation of an ambient RF signal at a first frequency, the ambient RF signal modulated to provide second data at a second frequency;

a second antenna configured to receive the backscattered ambient radio frequency (RF) signal and to provide a second backscattered signal having a phase offset relative to the first backscattered signal,

a receiver coupled to the first antenna and the second antenna, wherein the receiver is configured to demodulate the backscattered ambient RF signal using multiple input, multiple output multiplexing demodulation based on a ratio of a magnitude of the first backscattered signal to a magnitude of the second backscattered signal to provide output bits; and

a microcontroller coupled to the receiver and configured to decode the output bits to retrieve data that is transmitted via the backscattered ambient RF signal.

15. The ambient RF backscatter transceiver of claim 14, wherein the receiver comprises a multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) multiplexing demodulation circuit configured to determine the ratio of the magnitude of the first backscattered signal to the magnitude of the second backscattered signal.

16. The ambient RF backscatter transceiver of claim 15, wherein the MIMO multiplexing demodulation circuit comprises:

a first logarithmic amplifier configured to transform the first backscattered signal from a linear domain to a logarithmic domain; and

a second logarithmic amplifier configured to transform the second backscattered signal from the linear domain to the logarithmic domain.

17. The ambient RF backscatter transceiver of claim 16, wherein the first logarithmic amplifier comprises:

an amplifier configured to provide the first backscattered signal in the logarithmic domain at an output based on the first backscattered signal in the linear domain received at a first input, wherein a second input of the amplifier is coupled to a reference node;

a resistor configured to provide the first backscattered signal to the first input of the amplifier; and

a diode coupled between the first input of the amplifier and the output of the amplifier.

18. The ambient RF backscatter transceiver of claim 16, wherein the MIMO multiplexing demodulation circuit further comprises an analog subtractor circuit configured to subtract the first backscattered signal in the logarithmic domain from the second backscattered signal in the logarithmic domain to provide a difference signal.

19. The ambient RF backscatter transceiver of claim 18, wherein the analog subtractor circuit comprises:

an amplifier configure to provide the difference signal in the logarithmic domain at an output based on the first backscattered signal in the logarithmic domain received at a first input and the second backscattered signal in the logarithmic domain received at a second input;

a first resistor configured to provide the first backscattered signal in the logarithmic domain to the first input of the amplifier;

a second resistor configured to provide the second backscattered signal in the logarithmic domain to the second input of the amplifier;

a third resistor coupled between the second input and a reference node; and

a fourth resistor coupled between the first input of the amplifier and the output of the amplifier.

20. The ambient RF backscatter transceiver of claim 18, wherein the MIMO multiplexing demodulation circuit further comprises an exponential amplifier configured to transform the difference signal from the logarithmic domain to the linear domain.

21. The ambient backscatter transceiver of claim 20, wherein the exponential amplifier comprises:

an amplifier configure to provide the difference signal in the linear domain at an output based on the difference signal from the logarithmic domain received at a first input, wherein a second input of the amplifier is coupled to a reference node;

a diode configured to provide the difference signal to the first input of the amplifier; and

a resistor coupled between the first input of the amplifier and the output of the amplifier.

22. An ambient RF backscatter transceiver comprising:

an antenna configured to receive a backscattered ambient radio frequency (RF) signal, the backscattered ambient RF signal encoded with using spread spectrum coding of data bits via chips via backscatter modulation of an ambient RF signal at a first frequency, the ambient RF signal modulated to provide second data at a second frequency;

a receiver coupled to the antenna, wherein the receiver is configured to demodulate the backscattered ambient RF signal using a spread spectrum code demodulation circuit based partly on a chip length to provide output bits, wherein a chip of the backscattered ambient RF signal having a first value is alternative ones and zeroes, and a chip of the backscattered ambient RF signal having a second value is all zeroes, wherein the spread spectrum code demodulation circuit comprises;

a first switch configured to be modulated between the backscattered ambient RF signal and an inverted backscattered ambient RF signal at a period equal to the chip length multiplied by a chip rate; and

a second switch configured to be modulated with a ninety degree offset from the first switch between the backscattered ambient RF signal and the inverted backscattered ambient RF signal at a period equal to the chip length multiplied by the chip rate; and

a microcontroller coupled to the receiver and configured to decode the output bits to retrieve data that is transmitted via the backscattered ambient RF signal.

23. The ambient RF backscatter transceiver of claim 22, wherein the spread spectrum code demodulation circuit further comprises:

a first accumulator circuit configured to accumulate a signal from the first switch to generate an in-phase component;

a first absolute value circuit configured to extract a magnitude of the in-phase component;

a second accumulator circuit configured to accumulate a signal from the second switch to generate an quadrature-phase component; and

a second absolute value circuit configured to extract a magnitude of the quadrature-phase component.

24. The ambient RF backscatter transceiver of claim 23, wherein the first accumulator comprises:

an amplifier configured to provide the in-phase component at an output based on the signal received from the first switch at a first input in a linear domain received at the first input, wherein a second input of the amplifier is coupled to a reference node;

a resistor configured to provide the signal to the first input of the amplifier; and

a capacitor coupled between the first input of the amplifier and the output of the amplifier, capacitor configured to accumulate a charge based on the signal.

25. The ambient RF backscatter transceiver of claim 23, wherein the first absolute value circuit comprises:

a first amplifier configured to provide an output signal based on the in-phase component received at a first input, wherein a second input of the first amplifier is coupled to a reference node.

26. The ambient RF backscatter transceiver of claim 22, wherein the spread spectrum code demodulation circuit further comprises a summation circuit configured to add a magnitude of an in-phase component and a magnitude of a quadrature-phase component to produce a sum signal, wherein the summation circuit comprises:

an amplifier configure to provide the sum signal at an output based on the magnitude of the in-phase component and the magnitude of the quadrature-phase component received at a first input, wherein a second input of the amplifier is coupled to a reference node;

a first resistor configured to provide the magnitude of the in-phase signal to the first input of the amplifier; and

a second resistor configured to provide the magnitude of the quadrature-phase signal to the first input of the amplifier.

27. A method, comprising:

receiving a backscattered ambient radio frequency (RF) signal at a first antenna, the backscattered ambient RF signal encoded with first data via backscatter modulation of an ambient RF signal at a first frequency, the ambient RF signal modulated to provide second data at a second frequency;

receiving the backscattered ambient RF signal at a second antenna;

demodulating the backscattered ambient RF signal using at least one of multiple input, multiple output multiplexing demodulation based on a ratio of a magnitude of the backscattered ambient radio frequency signal received via the first antenna to a magnitude of the backscattered ambient radio frequency signal received via the second antenna or spread spectrum code demodulation based on a chip duration; and

retrieving the first data based on a demodulated backscattered ambient RF signal.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the backscattered ambient RF signal received at the second antenna has a different phase offset than the backscattered ambient RF signal received at the first antenna.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein, while demodulating the backscattered ambient RF signal using multiple input, multiple output multiplexing demodulation, demodulating the ambient backscattered RF signal based on the ratio of the magnitude of the ambient backscattered RF signal received via the first antenna to the magnitude of the ambient backscattered RF signal received via the second antenna.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein demodulating the ambient backscattered RF signal based on the ratio of the magnitude of the ambient backscattered RF signal received via the first antenna to the magnitude of the ambient backscattered RF signal received via the second antenna comprises:

transforming the ambient backscattered RF signal received via the first antenna from a linear domain to a logarithmic domain;

transforming the ambient backscattered RF signal received via the second antenna from the linear domain to the logarithmic domain; and

subtracting the ambient backscattered RF signal received via the first antenna in the logarithmic domain from the ambient backscattered RF signal received via the second antenna in the logarithmic domain to provide a difference signal.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein further comprising transforming the difference signal from the logarithmic domain to the linear domain.

32. The method of claim 27, wherein, while demodulating the backscattered ambient RF signal using spread spectrum code demodulation, demodulating the ambient backscattered RF signal based on an in-phase and quadrature-phase correlation.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the backscattered ambient RF signal is modulated at a chip rate and a chip length, wherein a chip of the backscattered ambient RF signal having a first value is alternative ones and zeroes, and a chip of the backscattered ambient RF signal having a second value is all zeroes, the method further comprising:

multiplying the backscattered ambient RF signal at a zero degree reference;

accumulating the multiplied signal at the zero degree reference to generate an in-phase component;

extracting a magnitude of the in-phase component;

multiplying the backscattered ambient RF signal at a ninety degree reference;

accumulating the multiplied signal at the ninety degree reference to generate a quadrature-phase component; and

extracting a magnitude of the quadrature-phase component.

34. The method of claim 33, further comprising adding the magnitude of the in-phase component and the magnitude of the quadrature-phase component to produce a sum signal.