Signaling techniques for DC track powered model railroads

US RE42,284 E1
Filed: 10/31/2007
Issued: 04/12/2011
Est. Priority Date: 11/16/1984
Status: Expired due to Term

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1. A model train locomotive for use on a model railroad track that is coupled to a power supply for controllably applying a polarity-reversible DC track power signal to the track, the locomotive comprising:

a motor for driving the locomotive over the track;

means for isolating the motor from the track so as to allow use of polarity-reversals on the track power signal for controlling remote effects; and

means responsive to polarity-reversals on the DC track power signal for controlling remote effects without reversing the motor. wherein the DC track power signal consists of an adjustable-voltage electric current having a single, selected polarity except when at least one polarity-reversal occurs for controlling remote effects.

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Abstract

Electronic circuits and methods are provided for remote control of a locomotive in a model railroad layout having an interruptible DC power supply coupled to the railroad track. The locomotive motor is isolated from the track so as to allow use of polarity reversals on the track power signal for controlling remote effects in the locomotive such as sound effects. An on-board electronic state generator is provided in the locomotive for maintaining one at a time of a predetermined set of states, at least one of the states having a corresponding remote effect associated therewith. Remote control signals such as a reverse in polarity of the DC track power signal are used to clock the state generator to a desired state, thereby permitting control of a plurality of remote effects using only the traditional DC power supply interface. The locomotive motor is controlled by a motor reverse unit so that the motor direction is controllable independently of the polarity of the DC power signal applied to the track. Accordingly, both motor direction and remote effects are controllable using only the throttle and polarity reversal switch which are available in known DC model railroad power supplies.

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270 Claims

1. A model train locomotive for use on a model railroad track that is coupled to a power supply for controllably applying a polarity-reversible DC track power signal to the track, the locomotive comprising:
- a motor for driving the locomotive over the track;
  
  means for isolating the motor from the track so as to allow use of polarity-reversals on the track power signal for controlling remote effects; and
  
  means responsive to polarity-reversals on the DC track power signal for controlling remote effects without reversing the motor. wherein the DC track power signal consists of an adjustable-voltage electric current having a single, selected polarity except when at least one polarity-reversal occurs for controlling remote effects.
- View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270)
- - 2. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 wherein the means for controlling remote effects includes:
    - an on-board electronic state generator for indicating a present state that is one of a predetermined series of states, at least one of the states having a corresponding remote effect associated therewith;
      
      means coupled to the electronic state generator and responsive to a first remote control signal conveyed to the locomotive over the track for changing the present state of the state generator to a present state that corresponds to a desired remote effect, thereby selecting the desired remote effect; and
      
      means coupled to the electronic state generator and responsive to a second remote control signal conveyed to the locomotive over the track for operating the selected remote effect, whereby multiple remote effects are controllable through use of the first and second remote control signals.
  - 3. A model train locomotive according to claim 2 wherein one of the first and second remote control signals includes a reversal in polarity of the DC power signal applied to the track (PR).
  - 4. A model train locomotive according to claim 2 wherein one of the first and second remote control signals comprises two reversals in polarity of the DC power signal applied to the track, the two reversals occurring within a predetermined time interval so as to form a polarity reversal pulse (PRP).
  - 5. A model train locomotive according to claim 2 wherein one of the first and second remote control signals includes an interruption in the DC track power signal having a duration greater than a predetermined minimum duration.
  - 6. A model train locomotive according to claim 2 wherein one of the first and second remote control signals includes a track power signal having a voltage magnitude in excess of a predetermined level (HV).
  - 7. A model train locomotive according to claim 2 wherein one of the first and second remote control signals includes a high voltage pulse (HVP) on the track power signal.
  - 8. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 further comprising a motor reverse unit for driving the motor according to a selectable direction state, whereby the motor direction is controllable independently of the polarity of the DC power signal applied to the track.
  - 9. A model train locomotive according to claim 8 wherein the motor reverse unit has a plurality of selectable direction states including forward, reverse and neutral direction states, and further includes means for changing the direction state in response to an interruption in the DC track power signal having a duration greater than a predetermined minimum duration.
  - 23. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 wherein the means responsive to polarity-reversals on the DC track power signal for controlling remote effects includes:
    - an on-board electronic state generator (“
      
      OBSG”
      
      ) for indicating a present state that is one of a predetermined series of states, at least one of the states having a corresponding remote effect associated therewith;
      
      means coupled to the electronic state generator and responsive to a remote control signal conveyed to the locomotive over the track for operating a selected remote effect, whereby multiple remote effects are controllable through use of the on-board electronic state generator and the remote control signals.
  - 24. A model train locomotive according to claim 23 where at least one of said states with corresponding remote control effect exists only for a predetermined amount of time.
  - 25. A model train locomotive according to claim 24 where the series of states includes a temporal state with corresponding remote control effect is activated when a horn remote control signal is present for a predetermined amount of time.
  - 26. A model train locomotive according to claim 25 where succession and reapplication of said horn signal will activate said corresponding remote control effect associated with the temporal state if reapplication of horn signal occurs while said temporal state is present.
  - 27. A model train locomotive according to claim 26 where said remote effect is a Doppler shift effect that affects the frequency and volume of electronic on-board locomotive sounds.
  - 28. A model train locomotive according to claim 27 where said Doppler shift effect sounds gradually return to normal sounds after a predetermined period of time after said reapplied horn signal stops.
  - 29. A model train locomotive according to claim 23 additionally comprising detection means responsive to two reversals of polarity of the DC track power signal applied to the track, the two reversals occurring within a predetermined time interval so as to form a polarity reversal pulse (PRP).
  - 30. A model train locomotive according to claim 29 additionally comprising digital detection means responsive to digital data from a series of PRP'"'"'s.
  - 31. A model train locomotive according to claim 30, where the digital detection means is responsive to a counted number of PRP remote control signals.
  - 32. A model train locomotive according to claim 29, where the PRP detection means is responsive by advancing feature options with each application of a PRP remote control signal.
  - 33. A model train locomotive according to claim 29 further comprising means responsive to the pulse width of a PRP remote control signal.
  - 34. A model train locomotive according to claim 29 further comprising means responsive to PRP'"'"'s of different pulse widths of a remote control signal.
  - 35. A model train locomotive according to claim 30 further comprising means responsive to a series of PRP'"'"'s of different pulse widths of a digital remote control signal.
  - 36. A model train locomotive according to claim 30 where PRP signals are of such short duration that the speed of standard DC powered locomotives are not noticeably affected when PRP signaling is being sent.
  - 37. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 further comprising a motor controller, and wherein the power applied to the motor by the motor controller, or throttle setting, is a function of a voltage of the polarity-reversible DC track power signal applied to the track.
  - 38. A model train locomotive according to claim 37 where the amount of applied DC track power signal voltage is varied by amplitude of the DC track power signal waveform.
  - 39. A model train locomotive according to claim 37, where the amount of applied DC track power signal voltage is varied by pulse-width modulation of the DC track power signal waveform.
  - 40. A model train locomotive according to claim 37, where the amount of applied DC track power signal voltage is varied by amplitude of a filtered pure DC track power signal waveform.
  - 41. A model train locomotive according to claim 37, where the amount of applied DC track power signal voltage is varied by a combination of pulse-width modulation and amplitude variation of the DC track power signal wavefrom.
  - 42. A model locomotive according to claim 37 whereby the motor controller is responsive only to the amount of the applied DC track power signal voltage above a predetermined value.
  - 43. A model locomotive according to claim 37 further comprising mathematic methods to change the functional response of the motor controller to the amount of applied DC track power signal voltage to match performance of other locomotives that have different motor and gearing characteristics.
  - 44. A model train locomotive according to claim 37 additionally comprising detection means responsive to two reversals of polarity of the DC track power signal applied to the track, the two reversals occurring within a predetermined time interval so as to form a polarity reversal pulse (PRP).
  - 45. A model train locomotive according to claim 44 additionally comprising digital detection means responsive to digital data from a series of PRP'"'"'s.
  - 46. A model train locomotive according to claim 44 further comprising detection means responsive to the pulse width of a PRP remote control signal.
  - 47. A model train locomotive according to claim 45 further comprising detection means responsive to PRP'"'"'s of different pulse widths of a remote control signal.
  - 48. A model train locomotive according to claim 45 further comprising detection means responsive to PRP'"'"'s of different pulse widths of a digital remote control signal.
  - 49. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 where the motor is a DC permanent magnet type.
  - 50. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 where the motor is an AC/DC Universal type.
  - 51. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 where the means responsive to polarity-reversals is a detector with inputs connected to the track.
  - 52. A model train locomotive according to claim 51 where the detector is analog.
  - 53. A model train locomotive according to claim 51 where the detector is digital.
  - 54. A model train locomotive according to claim 53 where the detector is a microprocessor-based system that digitizes and analyzes the track voltage by mathematic methods.
  - 55. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 where isolation means is a full-wave bridge rectifier.
  - 56. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 where isolation means are relays.
  - 57. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 where isolation means are independent full-wave bridge rectifiers with each bridge input connected to different locomotive pickup pairs.
  - 58. A model train locomotive according to claim 57 further comprising detection means to detect the polarity of each pickup pair.
  - 59. A model train locomotive according to claim 58 further comprising means to discriminate between traversing a reverse loop and detection of polarity reversal remote control signals (PR'"'"'s or PRP'"'"'s).
  - 60. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 where said model railroad track further comprises raised insulators at specific track joints to prevent pickup wheels on said locomotive from shorting between two contiguous rail sections of different polarity.
  - 61. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 further comprising means to affect the motor power and motor direction independently of the applied track voltage.
  - 62. A model train locomotive according to claim 61 with means to detect motor speed to determine locomotive speed.
  - 63. A model train locomotive according to claim 62 where motor speed detection means is measurement of Back EMF of the motor.
  - 64. A model train locomotive according to claim 62 further comprising:
    - A flywheel connected to the motor shaft with parallel dark and light bands, An L.E.D. transmitter and receiver pair mounted next to the flywheel to detect the motion of the dark and light bands as the flywheel turns, An output of the L.E.D. receiver connected to a microprocessor to determine the locomotive speed.
  - 65. A model train locomotive according to claim 23 where an on-board state generator (OBSG) state is the locomotive speed.
  - 66. A model train locomotive according to claim 61 where the motor power and direction control means are responsive to PR signals.
  - 67. A model train locomotive according to claim 66 where motor direction means are responsive to power being reapplied with a changed polarity.
  - 68. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 comprising:
    - motor power control circuitry, a sound reproducing system, a memory that stores a plurality of digital sound samples at different memory locations wherein the sound effects contain multiple samples that emulate a train locomotive under different conditions; and
      
      a controller connected to the memory for recalling at least one of the sound effects, wherein the controller is an integrated sound, motor, and remote effects controller.
  - 69. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where said controller is a microprocessor.
  - 70. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 wherein the controller includes random effects.
  - 71. A model train locomotive according to claim 70 wherein the random effects include random variation lighting intensity to simulate a fire.
  - 72. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 wherein the means for controlling remote effects is responsive to cessation of the DC track power signal to affect remote effects.
  - 73. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 wherein the means for controlling remote effects is responsive to two reversals of polarity of the track power signal applied to the track, the two reversals occurring within a predetermined time interval so as to form a polarity reversal pulse (PRP).
  - 74. A model train locomotive according to claim 73 additionally comprising detection means responsive to data from a series of PRP'"'"'s.
  - 75. A model train locomotive according to claim 73 further comprising detection means responsive to the pulse width of a PRP remote control signal.
  - 76. A model train locomotive according to claim 74 further comprising detection means responsive to PRP'"'"'s of different pulse widths of a remote control signal.
  - 77. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where commands are amplified bi-polar digital signals made up of a series of PRP'"'"'s of different pulse widths (Frequency Shift Keying “
    - FSK”
      
      transmissions) to allow locomotive addressing, control of locomotive motor, control of sound effects and special effects.
  - 78. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where the DC track power signal is superimposed on 50/60 Hz AC track power with plus and/or minus DC signaling to control remote effects.
  - 79. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 wherein the sound reproducing system is controlled by said controller to affect the quality and quantity of the sounds.
  - 80. A model train locomotive according to claim 79 wherein system volume is controlled by said controller and by remote control commands from a user.
  - 81. A model train locomotive according to claim 80 where each PRP incrementally affects the system volume.
  - 82. A model train locomotive according to claim 79 further comprising standard audio test tones for testing the sound reproducing system .
  - 83. A model train locomotive according to claim 79 wherein a system tonal quality is controlled by said controller and by remote control commands from a user.
  - 84. A model train locomotive according to claim 79 further comprising means to sense audio output from the sound reproducing system, and software means to determine the quality of the sound.
  - 85. A model train locomotive according to claim 84 further comprising means to change the system volume to reduce distortion under conditions of low voltage.
  - 86. A model train locomotive according to claim 84 where sensing means to sense the audio output is an on-board digitizer (ADC).
  - 87. A model train locomotive according to claim 84 where said quality of sound is used to determine if sound quality is within specifications.
  - 88. A model train locomotive according to claim 87 further comprising standard audio test tones for testing the audio system.
  - 89. A model train locomotive according to claim 79 wherein individual sound sample volume is controlled by said controller and by remote control commands from a user.
  - 90. A model train locomotive according to claim 89 where said commands are repeated PRP where each PRP incrementally affects the individual volume.
  - 91. A model train locomotive according to claim 69 wherein said motor control circuitry is controlled by said microprocessor to affect the motor power and motor direction independently of the track voltage polarity.
  - 92. A model train locomotive according to claim 91 wherein motor operation includes separate neutral non-moving states.
  - 93. A model train locomotive according to claim 91 wherein said motor control circuitry comprises relays and/or pass devices to affect the motor power and direction through microprocessor control.
  - 94. A model train locomotive according to claim 93 wherein said pass devices use pulse width modulation (PWM) to change the motor power though microprocessor control.
  - 95. A model train locomotive according to claim 93 wherein said pass devices are SCR'"'"'s, Transistors, Triac'"'"'s, or HEXFET'"'"'s.
  - 96. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 whereby the motor control circuitry is responsive only to the amount of the applied track power signal above a predetermined value.
  - 97. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 further comprising mathematic methods to change the functional response of the motor control circuitry to the variable voltage track power signal to match performance of other locomotives that have different motor and gearing characteristics.
  - 98. A model train locomotive according to claim 78 further comprising means to determine locomotive speed and detector means responsive to DC horn commands to maintain constant speed when horn commands are applied.
  - 99. A model train locomotive according to claim 78 where said superimposed plus and minus DC signaling on AC track power are binary digital commands to allow locomotive addressing, control of locomotive motor, control of sound effects and special effects.
  - 100. A model train locomotive according to claim 78 wherein track detector means responds to a magnitude of superimposed plus and minus DC signaling to affect features in an analog manner.
  - 101. A model train locomotive according to claim 69 further comprising means to determine locomotive speed.
  - 102. A model train locomotive according to claim 101 where means to determine locomotive speed comprises:
    - a magnet;
      
      magnetic field sensor, wherein the sensor is affected by the relative motion of said magnet and magnet field sensor.
  - 103. A model train locomotive according to claim 102 whereinthe magnet is a magnetic pole piece of an electric motor, the magnetic field sensor is an electric motor armature, where the sensor is affected by the relative motion of said motor magnetic pole pieces by producing a measurable voltage (back-EMF) proportional to the rotation velocity of said motor armature.
  - 104. A model train locomotive according to claim 103 further comprising:
    - an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) connected directly to motor brush terminals to measure the motor Back EMF during periods when the applied motor voltage is below the generated Back EMF;
      
      the said ADC digital output connected to said microprocessor to determine the locomotive speed.
  - 105. A model train locomotive according to claim 104 wherein said motor controller disconnects the motor from the motor power source for a specified period of time to allow said ADC to measure the motor Back EMF.
  - 106. A model train locomotive according to claim 69 further comprising:
    - A flywheel connected to the motor shaft with parallel dark and light bands, An L.E.D. transmitter and receiver pair mounted next to the flywheel to detect the motion of the dark and light bands as the flywheel turns, The output of the L.E.D. receiver connected to a microprocessor to determine the locomotive speed.
  - 107. A model train locomotive according to claim 104 where the microprocessor can calculate and log an approximate number of motor revolutions for use in locomotive maintenance.
  - 108. A model train locomotive according to claim 104 further comprising means for diagnostic testing, wherein the microprocessor determines from said speed measurements the amount of binding or irregularities in motor performance or the amount of current draw or the sound quality.
  - 109. A model train locomotive according to claim 104 further comprising means to report when the motor has stopped or report the direction of rotation of the motor when powered.
  - 110. A model train locomotive according to claim 101 where Back EMF or other motor speed measurement is used to determine the speed of the locomotive in scale miles per hour.
  - 111. A model train locomotive according to claim 110 wherein the microprocessor calculates by mathematical methods how far a locomotive has traveled by time and speed measurement.
  - 112. A model train locomotive according to claim 110 where the microprocessor can calculate by mathematical methods how far a locomotive has traveled by time and speed measurement.
  - 113. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where sound samples are digital.
  - 114. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where sound samples can be played at the same time.
  - 115. A model train locomotive according to claim 113 where sound samples emulate a prototype locomotive at different speeds.
  - 116. A model train locomotive according to claim 115 where digital sound samples are of prototype locomotive electric traction motors at different speeds.
  - 117. A model train locomotive according to claim 115 where digital sound samples are of prototype locomotive steam engine exhaust at different speeds.
  - 118. A model train locomotive according to claim 101 further comprising at least one of the following:
    - digital sound samples of prototype steam exhaust at different speeds or traction motors at different RPM'"'"'s, wheel clickity-clack at different speeds, squealing brake sounds wherein appropriate sounds are synchronized to the locomotive speed.
  - 119. A model train locomotive according to claim 69 further comprising:
    - A speed control circuit on-board the model locomotive coupled to the microprocessor, A speed sensor on-board the locomotive coupled to the microprocessor for sensing the present speed of the model locomotive, A motor voltage sensor for sensing the present applied motor voltage, Software means to compute the motor load, and Software routines, which decrease or increase motor power to equalize the powered shared between locomotives motors in multiple headed train consists.
  - 120. A model train locomotive according to claim 69 further comprising:
    - A speed control circuit on-board the model locomotive coupled to the microprocessor, A speed sensor on-board the locomotive coupled to the microprocessor for sensing the present speed of the model locomotive, Remote control commands to set the speed of the locomotive, and Software routines, which compare the speed from said speed sensor, compared to said set speed for controlling the motor so that the locomotive speed matches the set speed.
  - 121. A model train locomotive according to claim 120 wherein the speed of the model locomotive is maintained at substantially the set speed regardless of changes in model train work load.
  - 122. A model train locomotive according to claim 69 further comprising:
    - means for adjusting the locomotive'"'"'s speed, means for sensing the locomotive'"'"'s present speed, and wherein the microprocessor receives commands to set the desired speed, for comparing the present speed to the set speed and for controlling the means for adjusting so that the locomotive'"'"'s speed substantially matches the set speed.
  - 123. A model train locomotive according to claim 122 further comprising means for sensing the load conditions of the model train, whereby said microprocessor takes the load conditions into account when controlling the means for adjusting.
  - 124. A model train locomotive according to claim 69 comprising:
    - software to process one of said commands to set speed of said locomotive;
      
      a motor control circuit; and
      
      a speed control circuit that monitors the locomotive'"'"'s speed and provides information to the microprocessor concerning a current speed of the locomotive, such that the processor compares the present speed of the locomotive to the set speed and outputs a command to a motor control circuit to drive the train to run at a set speed.
  - 125. A model train locomotive according to claim 124 wherein the microprocessor commands the motor driving means to increase the motor power as the locomotive moves up a grade and to decrease the motor power as the locomotive moves down a grade in order to maintain the locomotive at the set speed.
  - 126. A model train locomotive according to claim 124 wherein the microprocessor commands the motor power control circuitry to change the power to the motor as the track voltage changes in order to maintain the locomotive at the set speed.
  - 127. A model train locomotive according to claim 124 wherein the microprocessor commands the motor driving means to increase the motor power as the locomotive moves through tight curves in order to maintain the locomotive at the set speed.
  - 128. A model train locomotive of claim 124 whereby the microprocessor commands the motor control circuit to increase the motor power due to increased load conditions on the locomotive.
  - 129. A model train locomotive of claim 124 whereby the microprocessor commands the motor control circuit to increase the motor power as the locomotives moves up grade.
  - 130. A model train locomotive of claim 124 whereby the microprocessor commands the motor control circuit to decrease the motor power as the locomotive moves down grade.
  - 131. A model train locomotive of claim 124 wherein the model train'"'"'s speed is calibrated in scale miles-per-hour.
  - 132. A model train locomotive of claim 124 wherein the microprocessor commands the motor control circuit to increase the motor power when load conditions on the locomotive increase, and to decrease the motor power when load conditions on the locomotive decrease in order to maintain the locomotive at the set speed.
  - 133. A model train locomotive of claim 124 wherein the microprocessor commands the motor control circuit to increase the motor power as the train moves up grade and to decrease the motor power as the locomotive moves down grade in order to maintain the train at the desired speed.
  - 134. A model train locomotive of claim 124 wherein the microprocessor software further includes programmed speeds at different times to simulate locomotive momentum during gradual startup or gradual slow down.
  - 135. A model train locomotive according to claim 69 further comprising:
    - Means for receiving commands corresponding to a set speed of said locomotive, means for sensing the model locomotive'"'"'s present speed, means for driving the motor, the microprocessor receiving information concerning the model locomotive'"'"'s present speed and commanding the motor driving means to adjust the locomotive'"'"'s present speed to match the set speed.
  - 136. A model train locomotive of claim 135 wherein the means for sensing continuously monitors the speed of the locomotive.
  - 137. A model train locomotive of claim 135 whereby the microprocessor commands the motor driving means to increase the motor power due to increased load conditions on the locomotive.
  - 138. A model train locomotive of claim 135 whereby the microprocessor commands the motor driving means to change the motor power as the locomotive moves up grade.
  - 139. A model train locomotive of claim 135 whereby the microprocessor commands the motor driving means to decrease the motor power as the locomotive moves down grade.
  - 140. A model train locomotive of claim 135 whereby the microprocessor commands the motor driving means to change the motor power of the locomotive due to changed load conditions on the locomotive.
  - 141. A model train locomotive of claim 135 wherein the model locomotive'"'"'s speed is calibrated in scale miles-per-hour.
  - 142. A model train locomotive of claim 135 wherein the microprocessor commands the motor driving means to increase power to the motor when load conditions on the locomotive increase, and to decrease power to the motor when load conditions on the locomotive decrease in order to maintain the locomotive at the set speed.
  - 143. A model train locomotive according to claim 113 where digital sound samples emulate a prototype locomotive at different workloads.
  - 144. A model train locomotive according to claim 143 where digital sound samples are changed in volume to simulate a prototype locomotive at different workloads.
  - 145. A model train locomotive according to claim 135 further comprising sound samples that emulate a prototype locomotive at different workloads, such that said different workload sounds are synchronized to the momentum simulation.
  - 146. A model train locomotive according to claim 143 further comprising means to compute actual motor loading such that said digital sound samples emulating different workloads are synchronized to said actual motor loading.
  - 147. A model train locomotive according to claim 143 where digital sound samples emulate a prototype electric locomotive traction motors at different workloads.
  - 148. A model train locomotive according to claim 143 where digital sound samples emulate a prototype steam locomotive steam exhaust (chuff) at different workloads.
  - 149. A model train locomotive according to claim 143 where digital sound samples emulate a prototype diesel motor at different workloads.
  - 150. A model train locomotive according to claim 143 where digital sound samples emulate prototype diesel locomotive dynamic brakes at different workloads.
  - 151. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where digital sound samples simulate the sounds of a prototype locomotive during start up.
  - 152. A model train locomotive according to claim 151 where start-up sounds are responsive to a remote control signal.
  - 153. A model train locomotive according to claim 151 where digital sound samples simulate sounds of a poorly maintain prototype locomotive during start up.
  - 154. A model train locomotive according to claim 151 further comprising sound samples of a poorly maintained prototype locomotive such that at startup, said poorly maintain sounds are played as an indication of needed maintenance.
  - 155. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where digital sound samples simulate prototype locomotive bells.
  - 156. A model train locomotive according to claim 155 where the simulated prototype locomotive bells are responsive only to a PRP signal with duration less than a predetermined pulse width.
  - 157. A model train locomotive according to claim 156 where the simulated prototype locomotive bells are non-responsive to a command to turn the bell on until the bell record has stopped playing.
  - 158. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where digital sound samples simulate prototype locomotive horns or whistles.
  - 159. A model train locomotive according to claim 158 where the simulated prototype locomotive horns are responsive to a PRP by continuing to sound during the duration of said PRP.
  - 160. A model train locomotive according to claim 158 where the simulated prototype locomotive horn effect is responsive only to a PRP in excess of a predetermined pulse width.
  - 161. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where digital sound samples simulate sounds of prototype locomotive braking.
  - 162. A model train locomotive according to claim 135 where digital sound samples simulate sounds of prototype locomotive coupler opening sounds.
  - 163. A model train locomotive according to claim 162 where said coupler sounds include at least one of the lift bar being raised, the coupler knuckle opening up and the brake air lines parting.
  - 164. A model train locomotive according to claim 135 further comprising means to uncouple the locomotive.
  - 165. A model train locomotive according to claim 164 where means to uncouple the locomotive are responsive to PRP commands.
  - 166. A model train locomotive according to claim 165 and claim 161 where means to uncouple the locomotive also include sound effects of coupler opening.
  - 167. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where digital sound samples simulate sounds of prototype locomotive stopping at a passenger station.
  - 168. A model train locomotive according to claim 167 where station stopping sounds include at least one of arriving announcement of correct train name, arrival announcement of track number, departure announcement of correct train name, and names of destination cities and towns.
  - 169. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where digital sound samples simulate the sounds of a prototype locomotive refueling.
  - 170. A model train locomotive according to claim 169 where refueling sounds are responsive to an extended PRP.
  - 171. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where digital sound samples simulate the sounds of a prototype steam locomotive tender being refilled with water.
  - 172. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where digital sound samples simulate the sounds of prototype locomotive being refilled with sand.
  - 173. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where digital sound samples simulate the sounds of coal being shoveled into the firebox.
  - 174. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where digital sound samples simulate the sounds of the scraping of the ash pan, shaking the grate or dumping the ash.
  - 175. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 comprising digital sound samples of individual tones of prototype locomotive horns or whistles, and means to allow the user to combine any number of said individual tones to produce a variety of multi-chime whistle or horns from a limited number of individual tones.
  - 176. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 comprising digital sound samples of locomotive sounds generated from the locomotive with digital sound samples of environmental sounds from outside the locomotive.
  - 177. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 further comprising means to select locomotive by their Identification (ID) numbers and select consist ID numbers (Temporary ID numbers) using PRP remote control signals.
  - 178. A model train locomotive according to claim 177 further comprising means to indicate the locomotive being selected through operation of locomotive lights.
  - 179. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 wherein the locomotive can be configured to respond to signals from one or more operating modes and power sources, including means responsive to standard variable voltage DC track power, means responsive to standard variable AC track power and means responsive to one or more Command Control systems available.
  - 180. A model train locomotive according to claim 179 wherein the Digital Command Control signals are bi-polar signals made up of a series of PRP'"'"'s of different pulse widths (FSK) under high-speed digital control.
  - 181. A model train locomotive according to claim 69 further comprising:
    - an electrical power supply having a means for collecting the AC or DC track power signal from the conductive rails, means to convert the AC or DC track power to internal DC regulated power supplies for audio and microprocessor power, independent of the polarity of the track voltage.
  - 182. A model train locomotive according to claim 181 further comprising means to filter the low-level noise in the reception of the track power signal for sound and control of the locomotive control system.
  - 183. A model train locomotive according to claim 182 where said means to convert the AC or DC track power consists of:
    - A bridge rectifier circuit, filter capacitors, and linear regulators to provide stable voltages for the locomotive control system.
  - 184. A model train locomotive according to claim 181 where electrical power supply means is a switching regulator.
  - 185. A model train locomotive according to claim 181 where the electrical power supply is a voltage doubler circuit.
  - 186. A model train locomotive according to claim 181 further comprising a charge storage device to provide backup system power during low track-voltage or high system-power requirements.
  - 187. A model train locomotive according to claim 186 further comprising battery control circuitry to disconnect the battery from the system power supply when track power is shut off.
  - 188. A model train locomotive according to claim 186 further comprising means to change the system volume when battery back-up is engaged.
  - 189. A model train locomotive according to claim 186 where said charge storage device is a rechargeable battery and further comprising circuit means to recharge the battery from power supplied to the track rails.
  - 190. A model train locomotive according to claim 69 further comprising means to initialize or change or set and store locomotive behavioral and operational parameters.
  - 191. A model train locomotive according to claim 190 where storage means is a Long Term (non-volatile) Memory device.
  - 192. A model train locomotive according to claim 190 where storage means can be cleared or erased using PRP signals.
  - 193. A model train locomotive according to claim 190 further comprising means to set and store locomotive Identification (ID) numbers and consist ID numbers using PRP remote control signals.
  - 194. A model train locomotive according to claim 190 where locomotive behavioral parameters include setting the threshold motor voltage where the diesel motor sounds revs up or where the steam exhaust chuff sounds starts up.
  - 195. A model train locomotive according to claim 190 where locomotive behavioral parameters include setting the voltage where the diesel motor revs up to maximum RPM or where the steam exhaust is at maximum chuff rate.
  - 196. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where the integrated sound, motor, and special effects controller further includes programming means.
  - 197. A model train locomotive according to claim 196 where programming means further includes means to enable slave status wherein certain sound effects such as horn and bell, certain light effects, certain coupler operations and sound effects are disabled and non-responsive to their remote control signals.
  - 198. A model train locomotive according to claim 196 where programming means further includes means to enable different modes of operation of an overhead blinking light.
  - 199. A model train locomotive according to claim 196 where programming means is responsive to PRP signals of different pulse widths.
  - 200. A model train locomotive according to claim 196 where the programming means includes a serial port.
  - 201. A model train locomotive according to claim 200 where the programming means further includes a personal computer (PC) that is connected to the serial port means.
  - 202. A model train locomotive according to claim 201 where the programming means further includes means to exchange information between the PC and the locomotive'"'"'s integrated sound, motor, and special effects controller.
  - 203. A model train locomotive according to claim 196 where the programming means further includes means to program automatic operation of the engine'"'"'s behavior.
  - 204. A model train locomotive according to claim 203 where automatic operation programs include at least one of changes is speed, blowing of whistle, bell operation, and stopping to pick up passengers.
  - 205. A model train locomotive according to claim 203 where automatic operation programs includes response to how far a locomotive has traveled to indicate locomotive'"'"'s location on the layout.
  - 206. A model train locomotive according to claim 203 where automatic operation programs includes response to how far a locomotive has traveled and how long it has been operating to indicate the amount of simulated fuel consumed.
  - 207. A model train locomotive according to claim 204 where any of a number of preloaded programs can be selected by a user to perform it program of blowing whistles, ringing, bells, etc.
  - 208. A model train locomotive according to claim 203 where automatic operation programs includes arrival and departure announcement means that corresponding to the correct train by having the announcements from the engine integrated sound, motor, and remote effects controller.
  - 209. A model train locomotive according to claim 196 where the programming means further includes means to learn responses to time sequenced remote control signals from a user.
  - 210. A model train locomotive according to claim 196 where the programming means further includes means to learn responses to macro commands from remote control signals.
  - 211. A model train locomotive according to claim 203 where the programming means for automatic operation further includes means to interact with control tracks and track sensors.
  - 212. A model train locomotive according to claim 211 where the interaction means further includes an LED transmitter means located in the engine and said track sensor means that is a stationary LED receiver beside or on the track to receive digitally encoded information of the train ID from the transmitter means.
  - 213. A model train locomotive according to claim 211 where the interaction means further includes a bar-code label under the locomotive and sensor reader in the track to receive digitally encoded information of the locomotive ID from the bar-code label.
  - 214. A model train locomotive according to claim 196 further comprising means for audio feedback to a user to indicate confirmation of programming data.
  - 215. A model train locomotive according to claim 214 where audio feedback means are one or more bell ding sounds.
  - 216. A model train locomotive according to claim 68 where the integrated sound, motor, and remote effects controller further includes a serial port to communicate to other on-board computers to coordinate operation and exchange information.
  - 217. A model train locomotive according to claim 91 further comprising:
    - a speed sensor circuit on-board the model locomotive coupled to said microprocessor to monitor the locomotive'"'"'s speed, and a smoke unit for producing smoke from the model locomotive;
      
      wherein said microprocessor controls the sound system circuit and smoke unit such that the train operation sounds and the smoke correspond to the speed of the model locomotive.
  - 218. A model train locomotive of claim 217, wherein as the speed of the model locomotive increases, the sound system plays locomotive sounds which simulate a locomotive moving at an increased speed, and the smoke unit produces an increased amount of smoke.
  - 219. A model train locomotive of claim 217, wherein said volume of outputted smoke changes when the model locomotive'"'"'s real or simulated load changes.
  - 220. A model train locomotive of claim 218 further comprising a sound system circuit coupled to said processor, wherein said processor controls said sound system circuit so that the sound system circuit outputs sounds based on the model locomotive'"'"'s speed.
  - 221. A model train locomotive of claim 219, wherein reproduced sounds change when the model locomotive'"'"'s real or simulated load changes.
  - 222. A model train locomotive of claim 221, wherein the volume of outputted smoke changes when the model locomotive'"'"'s load changes.
  - 223. A model train locomotive of claim 222, wherein the outputted sound is a chuff sound and the smoke is outputted in puffs.
  - 224. A model train locomotive of claim 223, wherein the chuff sounds and the puffs of smoke correspond to the speed of the locomotive.
  - 225. A model train locomotive of claim 224, wherein as the model locomotive'"'"'s load changes, there is a corresponding change in the chuff sounds and the puffs of smoke.
  - 226. A model train locomotive of claim 222, wherein the outputted sound is diesel motor sound and the smoke is outputted in a stream.
  - 227. A model train locomotive of claim 226, wherein as the model locomotive'"'"'s load changes, there is a corresponding change in the diesel labored sounds and the stream of smoke.
  - 228. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 and further comprising:
    - a sound reproducing system, a first sound memory storing a plurality of sound effects;
      
      a controller connected to the first sound memory for recalling one or more of the stored sound effects;
      
      a second sound memory containing multiple sound samples that emulate a locomotive operating at various speeds and work-loads;
      
      an integrated sound, motor and special effects controller controlled by the bi-polar digital signal, the motor and special effects controller reproducing the stored sounds contained in the model train; and
      
      a digital packet triggering a sound effect for automatic playback of a sound effect.
  - 229. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 wherein the model locomotive has two or three rails for providing a digital signal and powering the sound effects of the model train, motor and, special effects.
  - 230. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 wherein the model locomotive has means for collecting the digital bi-polar signal from any of the two insulated track rails or from an insulated third rail by pickups on insulated wheels;
    - and where said motor insulating means is a bridge rectifier connected to the track with an output producing a DC voltage regardless of the phase of the bi-polar signal; and
      
      a regulated power supply to provide power for the controller and audio amplifier.
  - 231. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 further comprising means for decoding a properly addressed digital signal for control of the model locomotive'"'"'s electric motor, control of the sound functions and on-board special effects.
  - 232. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 further comprising the steps of:
    - a fixed external source of either AC or DC power and means for connecting a bi-polar digital signal to the sound unit; and
      
      means for filtering the low level signal noise in the reception of the bi-polar digital signal for power and control of the sound unit.
  - 233. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 further comprising:
    - means to synchronize sound effects through the use or a magnetic field sensor to trigger speed sensitive sounds located in a model train locomotive, wherein the speed sensitive sounds are stored in the memory and include various samples that emulate different speeds and/or workloads;
      
      a controller that recalls the same synchronized sound effects at intervals appropriate to the speed of the locomotive using magnetic speed sensing and further wherein multiple sounds can be played at the same time.
  - 234. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 further comprising:
    - a controller that decodes address codes within the bipolar digital signal that matches the locomotive address to control the locomotive motor, sound effects and on-board special effects.
  - 235. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 further comprising:
    - a magnetic sensor to sense the speed of a steam locomotive to trigger the proper speed sound effect for synchronizing of the sound effect to the speed of the locomotive.
  - 236. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 further comprising:
    - a controller that decodes the address of a bipolar digital signal for control of sounds effects, model train propulsion and on-board special effects wherein the controller is operatively connected to the sound storage of the sound effects wherein the sound storage has a predetermined set of sounds at specific addresses; and
      
      a controller that is connected to special effects output that controls lighting and other on-board effects.
  - 237. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 where in the controller controls the volume of the plurality of sound effects contained in the locomotive.
  - 238. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 comprising:
    - a plurality of digitized sounds that are controlled by the controller that receives a bi-polar digital signal.
  - 239. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 wherein the enabling means is an internally monitored magnetic sensors responding to a change in magnetic field.
  - 240. A model train locomotive according to claim 228 wherein the activation means is a magnetically responsive sensor constructed and arranged near a magnetic field, the magnetic sensor responding to relative changes to its magnetic field.
  - 241. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 wherein the remote control signals are high-speed digital bipolar signals (PRP'"'"'s) for power and control further comprising:
    - a sound reproducing system, a sound memory storing a plurality of sound effects at addresses wherein the sound effects contain multiple samples that emulated a train locomotive at various conditions; and
      
      a controller connected to the sound memory for recalling one or more sound effects;
      
      an integrated sound, motor and special effects controller controlled by the bi-polar digital signal, the motor and special effects controller reproducing the stored sounds contained in the model train; and
      
      a digital signals triggering a sound effect for automatic playback of a sound effect.
  - 242. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the sound effects are digital.
  - 243. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the sound effects are at predetermined addresses in the sound memory.
  - 244. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the controller recalls a plurality of sound effects.
  - 245. A model train locomotive of claim 244 wherein the plurality of sound effects are recalled in a predetermined sequence.
  - 246. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the various conditions include various speeds.
  - 247. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the various conditions include various work-loads.
  - 248. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the memory includes a plurality of special effects stored therein and further wherein the model locomotive includes a motor wherein the controller controls the motor.
  - 249. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the digital signal is a bipolar digital signal.
  - 250. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the digital signal triggers the sound effect.
  - 251. A model train locomotive of claim 241 further comprising:
    - an electrical power supply connected to at least one of the plurality of rails;
      
      a pick-up means for collecting the digital signal; and
      
      a full-wave bridge rectifier connected to the electrical power supply and further having an input for receiving the digital signal and an output wherein the output produces a DC voltage without regard to phase of the digital signal.
  - 252. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the memory includes a plurality of special effects stored therein and further wherein the model locomotive includes a motor and means for simultaneously decoding the digital signal for control of the sound effects, the motor and/or the special effects.
  - 253. A model train locomotive of claim 241 further comprising:
    - a fixed external source of electrical power;
      
      means for connecting the digital signal to the sound memory; and
      
      means for filtering the digital signal.
  - 254. A model train locomotive of claim 241 further comprising:
    - a speed sync sensor in the controller wherein the controller recalls a plurality of speed sensitive sounds to emulate a speed of the train locomotive based on a speed of the model train wherein the speed sync sensor synchronizes the speed sensitive sounds with the speed of the model train.
  - 255. A model train locomotive of claim 241 further comprising:
    - a second memory (RAM) for storing the plurality of sound effects.
  - 256. A model train locomotive of claim 241 further comprising:
    - a discrete address contained within said integrated sound, motor and special effects controller wherein the digital signal includes addressing to compare with said discrete address to select the locomotive.
  - 257. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the memory includes a plurality of special effects stored therein and further wherein the model locomotive includes a motor and further wherein the model locomotive includes a controller that decodes a digital signal for control of the sound effects, the motor and/or the special effects.
  - 258. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the memory includes a plurality of special effects stored therein wherein the special effects include a lighting special effect and further wherein the controller controls the special effects.
  - 259. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the plurality of sound effects has a volume controlled by the controller.
  - 260. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the controller is programmed to control the sound effects.
  - 261. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the sound effects are digitized.
  - 262. A model train locomotive of claim 241 further comprising:
    - an activation means for activating the sound effect wherein the activation means is a magnetically responsive sensor.
  - 263. A model train locomotive of claim 241 further comprising:
    - means for controlling a variable filter network wherein the variable filter network suppresses audible noise.
  - 264. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the sound effects include a sample that emulates a train locomotive at multiple speeds.
  - 265. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the controller is an integrated sound, motor, and special effects controller.
  - 266. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the controller is controlled by a bipolar digital signal.
  - 267. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the controller recalls the sound effects of either one or a plurality of sound effects in a predetermined sequence by means of a bipolar digital signal.
  - 268. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein the sound effects are replicating momentum effects using steam or diesel sound effects.
  - 269. A model train locomotive of claim 241 wherein a sound unit, with a register fixed in firmware or programmable for control variables wherein the control variables are one of acceleration, deceleration, start voltages, motor response curves, momentum sound effects, load factor sound effects, coasting sound effects and means to synchronize sound effects to the rotation of wheels.
  - 270. A model train locomotive according to claim 1 that uses high-speed PRP digital control signals for propulsion and control, further comprising:
    - a sound unit, a memory within the sound unit wherein the memory stores a plurality of sound effects at addresses wherein the sound effects contain multiple samples that emulate a prototype train locomotive at various speeds and work-loads, wherein the sound effects simulate the various speeds and various work-loads by comparing the on-off rate of a sensor to a digital speed setting; and
      
      a controller connected to the memory for recalling at least one of the sound effects wherein the controller is controlled by a digital signal.

10. In a DC powered model train locomotive having a motor, a method of using polarity reversals of the DC track power signal as a remote control signal, the method comprising the steps of:
- receiving the DC track power signal through the wheels of the locomotive;
  
  rectifying the DC track power signal so as to form a DC output signal having a predetermined polarity independent of the polarity of the DC track power signal;
  
  selecting a direction state that is one of a predetermined series of direction states including forward, reverse and neutral states;
  
  selecting a DC signal polarity for driving the motor in a motor direction corresponding to the selected direction state; and
  
  applying the DC output signal to the motor with the selected DC signal polarity, thereby driving the motor in the motor direction corresponding to the selected direction state notwithstanding a reversal in polarity of the DC track power signal.
- View Dependent Claims (11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
- - 11. A method according to claim 10 further comprising:
    - detecting a polarity reversal of the DC track power signal; and
      
      controlling a remote effect in response to the detected polarity reversal.
  - 12. A method according to claim 10 further comprising:
    - selecting a desired remote effect; and
      
      operating the selected remote effect in response to a polarity reversal of the DC track power signal.
  - 13. A method according to claim 10 further comprising:
    - in response to an interruption in the DC track power signal having a duration greater than a predetermined minimum duration, resetting the on-board electronic state generator so as to select a .reset state as the present state.
  - 14. A method according to claim 10 further comprising, in response to an interruption in the DC track power signal having a duration greater than a predetermined minimum duration, changing the selected direction state.
  - 15. A method according to claim 10 further comprising changing the direction state in response to a polarity reversal of the DC track power signal.

16. In a DC powered model train locomotive having a motor, a method of using polarity reversals of the DC track power signal as a remote control signal, the method comprising the steps of:
- maintaining a selected one at a time of a series of On-Board State Generator (OBSG) states, at least one of the OBSG states having a corresponding remote effect associated therewith;
  
  changing the OBSG state by applying a first remote control signal to the locomotive; and
  
  repeating said changing step so as to select the OBSG state that has a desired remote effect associated therewith.
- View Dependent Claims (17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22)
- - 17. A method according to claim 16 wherein each of the OBSG states has a corresponding one of a series of direction states, the series including a forward state, a neutral state, a reverse state and a reset state;
    - and further comprising;
      
      advancing the direction state to a next one of the series of direction states in response to an interruption in the DC track power signal having a duration longer than a predetermined minimum duration.
  - 18. A method according to claim 16 wherein the first remote control signal includes a polarity reversal of the DC track power signal.
  - 19. A method according to claim 16 wherein the first remote control signal includes a high-voltage pulse on the track power signal.
  - 20. A method according to claim 16 further comprising operating the selected remote effect in response to a second remote control signal.
  - 21. A method according to claim 20 wherein the second remote control signal includes a polarity reversal of the DC track power signal.
  - 22. A method according to claim 20 wherein the second remote control signal includes a polarity reversal pulse on the DC track power signal.

Specification

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Litigation Campaign Assessment

Litigation Data

Current Assignee
Frederick E Severson, Patrick Allen Quinn
Original Assignee
Frederick E Severson, Patrick Allen Quinn
Inventors
Severson, Frederick E., Quinn, Patrick Allen
Primary Examiner(s)
SALATA, ANTHONY J

Application Number

US11/933,290
Time in Patent Office

1,259 Days
Field of Search

318280-286, 318/16, 318/34, 318/51, 318/53, 318/54, 318/59, 318/67, 318/587, 388807-815, 104300-302, 104/DIG.1, 34082569-82572, 340/825.76, 246/187.A, 246/187.B
US Class Current

318/280
CPC Class Codes

A63H 19/10   electrically driven

A63H 19/14   Arrangements for imitating ...

A63H 19/24   Electric toy railways; Syst...

A63H 2019/246   Remote controls

H02J 13/0044   using DC signal superposition

H02J 13/0048   using modification of a par...

Y10S 104/01   Toy railroad

Signaling techniques for DC track powered model railroads

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Abstract

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270 Claims

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Signaling techniques for DC track powered model railroads

First Claim

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Accused Products

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Abstract

33 Citations

270 Claims

Specification

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Solutions

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