Asymmetric duty control of a half bridge power converter

• US 10,601,250 B1
• Filed: 03/31/2017
• Issued: 03/24/2020
• Est. Priority Date: 09/22/2016
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Inventors: Oh, InHwan, Elkayam, Shimon, Pandya, Manisha P.
• Primary Examiner(s): Fureman, Jared
• Assistant Examiner(s): Bukhari, Aqeel H
• Application Number:
  US15/476,472
• Time in Patent Office: 1,089 Days
• Field of Search: None
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2207/20 Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 50/12 of the resonant type
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 50/40 using two or more transmitting or receiving devices H02J50/50 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 50/402 the two or more transmitting or the two or more receiving devices being integrated in the same unit, e.g. power mats with several coils or antennas with several sub-antennas
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 50/80 involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 50/90 involving detection or optimisation of position, e.g. alignment
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/0044 specially adapted for holding portable devices containing batteries H02J7/0045 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/02 for charging batteries from ac mains by converters

Abstract

A half bridge power converter can be coupled to, or included in, a wireless transmitter device. The half bridge power converter includes an upper switching element connected between a direct current supply voltage and a lower switching element. A duty controller is coupled to the upper and the lower switching elements and is configured to asymmetrically control the duty cycles of the upper and lower switching elements based on a voltage level of the direct current supply voltage. In general, the duty cycle of the lower switching element is different than the duty cycle of the upper switching element. Additionally or alternatively, the duty controller is configured to determine and control the duty cycles of the upper and lower switching elements to adjust a direct current gain of a wireless energy transfer system that includes the wireless transmitter device.

Claims

1. A power converter circuit, comprising:

a half bridge power converter coupled between a direct current (DC) supply voltage node and a reference voltage node;

a transmitter coil coupled to the half bridge power converter; and

a duty controller coupled between the half bridge power converter and the DC supply voltage node, wherein

the duty controller is configured to;

receive power from the DC supply voltage node; and

adjust a duty cycle of the half bridge power converter based on a real-time voltage level at the DC supply voltage node, thereby compensating for variations in the real-time voltage level at the DC supply voltage node.

2. The power converter circuit of claim 1, wherein:

the half bridge power converter comprises;

an upper switching element coupled between the DC supply voltage node and an intermediate node; and

a lower switching element coupled to the intermediate node and the reference voltage node; and

the duty controller is configured to control;

a first duty cycle of the upper switching element; and

a second duty cycle of the lower switching element, wherein the second duty cycle is greater than the first duty cycle.

3. The power converter circuit of claim 2, wherein a switching frequency of the half bridge power converter comprises a fixed switching frequency.

4. The power converter circuit of claim 2, wherein the duty controller is configured to increase the first duty cycle and decrease the second duty cycle in response to the real-time voltage level at the DC supply voltage node being lower than a threshold.

5. The power converter circuit of claim 2, wherein the duty controller is configured to decrease the first duty cycle and increase the second duty cycle in response to the real-time voltage level at the DC supply voltage node being higher than a threshold.

6. The power converter circuit of claim 2, wherein the power converter circuit is included in a wireless transmitter device in a wireless energy transfer system and the duty controller is further configured to adjust the first and the second duty cycles to adjust a DC gain of the wireless energy transfer system.

7. The power converter circuit of claim 1, further comprising a gate driver circuit coupled between the duty controller and the half bridge power converter.

8. A wireless energy transfer system, comprising:

a transmitter device, comprising;

a half bridge power converter coupled between a direct current (DC) supply voltage source and a ground;

a transmitter resonant circuitry coupled between the half bridge power converter and a transmitter coil; and

a duty controller coupled between the half bridge power converter and the DC supply voltage source; and

a receiver device, comprising;

a receiver coil; and

a receiver resonant circuitry coupled between the receiver coil and a load, wherein the duty controller is configured to;

receive power from the DC supply voltage source; and

adjust a gain transfer function of the wireless energy transfer system by controlling a duty cycle of the half bridge power converter based on a real-time voltage level of the DC supply voltage source, thereby compensating for variations in the real-time voltage level of the DC supply voltage source.

9. The wireless energy transfer system of claim 8, wherein a switching frequency of the half bridge power converter comprises a fixed switching frequency.

10. The wireless energy transfer system of claim 8, wherein:

the half bridge power converter comprises;

an upper switching element coupled between the DC supply voltage source and an intermediate node; and

a lower switching element coupled to the intermediate node and the ground, wherein the duty controller is configured to control,

a first duty cycle of the upper switching element; and

a second duty cycle of the lower switching element, wherein the second duty cycle is greater than the first duty cycle.

11. The wireless energy transfer system of claim 10, wherein the duty controller is configured to increase the first duty cycle and decrease the second duty cycle to increase a DC gain of the gain transfer function.

12. The wireless energy transfer system of claim 10, wherein the duty controller is configured to decrease the first duty cycle and increase the second duty cycle to decrease a DC gain of the gain transfer function.

13. The wireless energy transfer system of claim 8, further comprising a gate driver circuit coupled between the duty controller and the half bridge power converter.

14. A method of operating a wireless transmitter device that includes a transmitter coil coupled to a half bridge power converter, the half bridge power converter comprising an upper switching element coupled in series with a lower switching element that operate at a fixed switching frequency, the method comprising:

receiving a direct current (DC) supply voltage that is coupled to the upper switching element; and

based on a voltage level of the DC supply voltage, controlling a first duty cycle of the upper switching element and a second duty cycle of the lower switching element asymmetrically to regulate an energy output of the transmitter coil, the asymmetrical duty control of the first and the second duty cycles causing the second duty cycle to be greater than the first duty cycle.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein controlling a first duty cycle of the upper switching element and a second duty cycle of the lower switching element comprises:

based on a decrease in the voltage level of the DC supply voltage,

increasing the first duty cycle of the upper switching element; and

decreasing the second duty cycle of the lower switching element to compensate for the decrease in the voltage level of the DC supply voltage.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein controlling the first duty cycle of the upper switching element and the second duty cycle of the lower switching element comprises:

based on an increase in the voltage level of the DC supply voltage,

decreasing the first duty cycle of the upper switching element; and

increasing the second duty cycle of the lower switching element to compensate for the increase in the voltage level of the DC supply voltage.

17. A method of operating a transmitter device in a wireless energy transfer system, the transmitter device comprising a transmitter coil coupled to a half bridge power converter that includes an upper switching element connected in series with a lower switching element, the method comprising:

transmitting a first switch signal having a first duty cycle to the upper switching element and transmitting a second switch signal having a second duty cycle to the lower switching element to transfer energy from the transmitter coil, wherein a switching frequency of the half bridge power converter is fixed and the second duty cycle is greater than the first duty cycle; and

adjusting the first and the second duty cycles to adjust a gain transfer function of the wireless energy transfer system, wherein the adjusted second duty cycle remains greater than the adjusted first duty cycle.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein adjusting the first and the second duty cycles to adjust the gain transfer function of the wireless energy transfer system comprises adjusting the first and the second duty cycles to adjust a direct current (DC) gain of the wireless energy transfer system.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein adjusting the first and the second duty cycles to adjust the DC gain of the wireless energy transfer system comprises:

increasing the first duty cycle of the upper switching element; and

decreasing the second duty cycle of the lower switching element to increase the DC gain of the wireless energy transfer system.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein adjusting the first and the second duty cycles to adjust the DC gain of the wireless energy transfer system comprises:

decreasing the first duty cycle of the upper switching element; and

increasing the second duty cycle of the lower switching element to decrease the DC gain of the wireless energy transfer system.