System and method for progressive damage monitoring and failure event prediction in a composite structure

• US 10,605,783 B2
• Filed: 08/16/2016
• Issued: 03/31/2020
• Est. Priority Date: 08/20/2015
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: National Institute of Aerospace Asscoiates, United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
• Original Assignee: United States of America as represented by the Administrator of NASA
• Inventors: Zalameda, Joseph N., Burke, Eric R., Horne, Michael R., Madaras, Eric I.
• Primary Examiner(s): Gibson, Randy W
• Assistant Examiner(s): Singer, David L
• Application Number:
  US15/238,164
• Publication Number:
  US 20170052150A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,323 Days
• Field of Search: 73587, 73801, 73802
• CPC Class Codes: G01L 1/00 Measuring force or stress, in general measuring force due to impact G01L5/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/8472 Investigation of composite materials
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/84 Systems specially adapted for particular applications
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/8803 Visual inspection measuring projectors G01B9/08
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0231 Composite or layered materials
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0258 Structural degradation, e.g. fatigue of composites, ageing of oils
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/106 one or more transducer arrays
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/2694 Wings or other aircraft parts
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/043 in the interior, e.g. by shear waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/069 Defect imaging, localisation and sizing using, e.g. time of flight diffraction [TOFD], synthetic aperture focusing technique [SAFT], Amplituden-Laufzeit-Ortskurven [ALOK] technique
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/14 using acoustic emission techniques echo of particles G01N29/046; measuring mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in solids in general G01H1/00

Abstract

A system for monitoring damage progression in a composite structure includes a load sensor, acoustic emission sensors, a camera, and a monitoring device. The load sensor measures an applied load to the structure. The sensors measure acoustic emission data indicative of possible damage to the structure. The camera captures image data of the structure in a designated portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The monitoring device executes a method by which the acoustic emission data is synchronously collected with the image data and the applied load. The device automatically maps the acoustic emission data onto the image data to detect an area of damage progression in the composite structure. A failure event in the detected area of damage progression may be predicted using the mapped data, and a control action may be executed in response to the predicted failure event.

Claims

1. A system for monitoring damage progression in a composite structure subjected to an applied load, the system comprising:

a load sensor operable for measuring the applied load and outputting a load profile signal indicative of the measured applied load;

an array of acoustic emission sensors acoustically coupled to the composite structure, and each operable for simultaneously measuring acoustic emission data representing acoustic emissions from the composite structure in response to the applied load indicative of acoustic events in an area of possible damage to the composite structure, each of the acoustic emission sensors having a fixed two-dimensional coordinate associated therewith;

a camera operable for capturing time-synchronized image data of the area of possible damage to the composite structure, in a designated portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, while the composite structure is subjected to the applied load, the time-synchronized image data being simultaneously collected with measurement of both the acoustic emission data and applied load, and containing signatures of interest indicative of the possible damage, including a size and a location of the possible damage; and

a monitoring device in communication with the load sensor, the acoustic emission sensors, and the camera, wherein the monitoring device is configured to synchronously receive the load profile signal from the load sensor, receive the acoustic emission data from the acoustic emission sensors, and receive the image data from the camera, the two-dimensional coordinates stored in the monitoring device, the monitoring device to assign to acoustic events a signal energy indicator comprising one of a low energy indicator, a mid-energy indicator, or a high energy indicator, and to automatically map the measured acoustic emission data onto the collected image data by generating clusters of the acoustic events around the signatures of interest, to detect an increase in size of the clusters indicative of an area of damage progression in the area of possible damage by an increase in mid-energy and high energy indicators of acoustic events, predict, using the size and the location of the possible damage from the image data and a trend in total signal energy from the acoustic emission data, a time of failure of the composite structure in the area of damage progression using the time-synchronized images, and execute a control action indicative of the predicted time of failure, including generating an alert signal.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the control action includes recording, via the monitoring device, the measured applied load and a duration between an onset of the damage and the predicted failure event.

3. The system of claim 1, further comprising:

a maintenance device programmed to receive the acoustic emission data and the load profile signal, and to execute a failure prediction model to thereby predict, in real time, an occurrence of the failure in the composite structure.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the camera is configured to capture the image data in an infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the camera is configured to capture the image data in a visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the camera includes a first camera oriented toward a first surface of the composite structure and a second camera oriented toward a second surface of the composite structure.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the load sensor is mechanically coupled to the composite structure.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the load sensor is configured to remotely sense a displacement of the composite structure in response to the applied load.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the monitoring device is configured to control a resolution of the camera in a targeted area of the composite structure as a function of a severity of the acoustic emission data in the targeted area.

10. A method for monitoring damage progression in a composite structure subjected to an applied load, the method comprising:

measuring acoustic emission data, via an array of acoustic emission sensors each acoustically coupled to the composite structure each of the acoustic emissions sensors having a fixed two-dimensional coordinate associated therewith, the acoustic emission data representing acoustic emissions from the composite structure in response to the applied load, when the composite structure is subjected to the applied load, wherein the acoustic emission data from each of the acoustic emission sensors is simultaneously collected and is indicative of acoustic events in an area of possible damage to the composite structure;

synchronously collecting image data of the area of possible damage via a camera in a designated portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, such that the collected image data is time-synchronized with respect to measuring the acoustic emission data, the time-synchronized image data containing image signatures of interest indicative of the possible damage, including a size and a location of the possible damage;

measuring the applied load via a load sensor while synchronously collecting the acoustic emission data and the image data, such that the applied load is time-synchronized with both the collected image data and the acoustic emission data; and

automatically mapping the collected acoustic emission data onto the collected image data via a programmable monitoring device to thereby detect an area of damage progression in the composite structure corresponding to the applied load, by assigning acoustic events a signal energy indicator comprising one of a low energy indicator, a mid-energy indicator, or a high energy indicator, including generating clusters of the acoustic events around the signatures of interest, detecting an increase in size of the clusters indicative of an area of damage progression in the area of possible damage by an increase in mid-energy and high energy indicators of acoustic events, predicting a time of failure of the composite structure using the time-synchronized images using the size and the location of the possible damage from the image data and a trend in total signal energy of the acoustic emission data, and executing a control action indicative of the time of failure, including generating an alert signal.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein executing a control action includes:

displaying a graphical indicator indicative of the total signal energy on an image of the composite structure via the programmable monitoring device, with at least one of a color, a size, and an opacity of the graphical indicator corresponding to the total signal energy.

12. The method of claim 10, further comprising:

controlling a frame rate or a resolution of the camera in a targeted area of the composite structure based on a level of the acoustic emission data in the targeted area.

13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:

receiving, via a maintenance device programmed with a failure prediction model, a load profile signal from the load sensor indicative of the measured applied load; and

using the load profile signal, the acoustic emission data, and the failure prediction model to predict, in real time, an occurrence of a failure event in the composite structure.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein the designated range of the electromagnetic spectrum includes an infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein the designated range of the electromagnetic spectrum includes a visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein automatically mapping the acoustic emission data includes using delayed image subtraction and image averaging to optimize defect contrast in the collected image data.

17. The method of claim 10, further comprising:

removing optical barrel distortion from the collected image data before automatically mapping the acoustic emission data onto the image data.