Information coding in dendritic structures and tags

• US 10,810,731 B2
• Filed: 11/06/2015
• Issued: 10/20/2020
• Est. Priority Date: 11/07/2014
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Arizona Board of Regents (University of Arizona)
• Original Assignee: Arizona Board of Regents (University of Arizona)
• Inventors: Kozicki, Michael N.
• Primary Examiner(s): Bali, Vikkram
• Application Number:
  US15/524,866
• Publication Number:
  US 20180286035A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,810 Days
• Field of Search: None
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/23 Identity cards
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/24 Passports
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/26 Entrance cards; Admission tickets
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/29 Securities; Bank notes
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/36 comprising special materials
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/373 Metallic materials
• CPC Class Codes: C08G 83/002 Dendritic macromolecules
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 7/0008 checking presence/absence
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 7/62 of area, perimeter, diameter or volume
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 20/95 Pattern authentication; Markers therefor; Forgery detection
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 2207/00 Paper-money testing devices
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/2033 Matching unique patterns, i.e. patterns that are unique to each individual paper

Abstract

Disclosed are methods and systems that include obtaining at least one image of a dendritic structure, analyzing the at least one image to identify one or more features associated with the dendritic structure, and determining a numerical value associated with the dendritic structure based on the one or more features.

Claims

1. A system, comprising:

a detector configured to obtain at least one image of a dendritic structure, wherein the dendritic structure is a fractal dendritic structure; and

an electronic processor configured so that during operation of the system, the electronic processor;

analyzes the at least one image to identify one or more features associated with the dendritic structure;

determines a numerical value associated with the dendritic structure based on the one or more features by comparing each of the one or more features to numerical ranges associated with each of the one or more features; and

compares the numerical value to stored information comprising reference numerical values associated with known dendritic structures to identify the dendritic structure.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more features comprise at least one of:

one or more angles between segments of the dendritic structure;

one or more lengths of segments of the dendritic structure;

one or more distances of locations on the dendritic structure from a reference point; and

one or more angles of rotation of locations on the dendritic structure relative to a reference line.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the electronic processor is configured to analyze the at least one image by at least one of the following:

determining, for each of the one or more angles, the numerical value by comparing each of the one or more angles to angular ranges associated with each of the one or more angles;

determining, for each of the one or more lengths of segments, the numerical value by comparing each of the one or more lengths of segments to numerical ranges associated with each of the one or more lengths of segments;

determining, for each of the one or more distances of locations on the dendritic structure, the numerical value by comparing each of the one or more distances of locations to numerical ranges associated with each of the one or more distances of locations; and

determining, for each of the one or more angles of rotation of locations on the dendritic structure, the numerical value by comparing each of the one or more angles of rotation of locations on the dendritic structure to angular ranges associated with each of the one or more angles of rotation of locations on the dendritic structure.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronic processor is configured to determine the numerical value by determining a binary digit associated with each of the one or more features.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the electronic processor is configured to determine the numerical value by determining a base n digit associated with each of at least some of the one or more features, wherein n is greater than 2.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the electronic processor is configured to determine the base n digits associated with at least some of the one or more features by:

comparing a value of a first one of the one or more features to a value of a second one of the one or more features; and

comparing a value of a third one of the one or more features to a value of a fourth one of the one or more features.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more features comprise at least one of multiple angles between segments of the dendritic structure and multiple lengths of segments of the dendritic structures, and wherein the electronic processor is configured to at least one of compare values of at least two of the multiple angles to determine the numerical value and compare values of at least two of the multiple lengths to determine the numerical value.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more features comprise a set of coordinates associated with a spatial distribution of the dendritic structure on a coordinate system.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the electronic processor is configured to identify the set of coordinates by determining portions of the coordinate system into which the dendritic structure extends.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein prior to identifying the one or more features, the electronic processor is configured to:

determine a fractal dimension associated with at least a portion of the dendritic structure;

identify anomalous features within the at least a portion of the dendritic structure based on the fractal dimension; and

correct the at least a portion of the dendritic structure to remove the anomalous features.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein prior to identifying the one or more features, the electronic processor is configured to:

identify anomalous segments of the dendritic structure based on a growth pattern associated with the dendritic structure; and

correct the dendritic structure by removing the anomalous segments.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein prior to identifying the one or more features, the electronic processor is configured to:

analyze the dendritic structure to generate a representation of the dendritic structure comprising a plurality of linear segments; and

identify the one or more features from the representation of the dendritic structure.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein prior to obtaining the at least one image of the dendritic structure, the electronic processor is configured to select an information density level at which the dendritic structure will be analyzed by selecting values associated with one or more of a plurality of analysis attributes, and wherein the electronic processor is configured to select values associated with one or more of the plurality of analysis attributes by retrieving stored values of the one or more attributes based on information about an application of the determination of the numerical value.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the plurality of analysis attributes comprises at least one of a number of readable states, a number of parameters used, a magnification level, a fractal dimension of the dendritic structure, and a number of image pixels or grid locations used to analyze the dendritic structure.

15. The system of claim 13, wherein the electronic processor is configured to:

select a first information density level and analyze the dendritic structure at the first information density level;

select a second information density level and analyze the dendritic structure at the second information density level using information derived from the analysis of the dendritic structure at the first information density level; and

adjust the values associated with the one or more analysis attributes to select the second information density level.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the dendritic structure is a dendritic metal structure.

17. A method, comprising:

obtaining at least one image of a dendritic structure, wherein the dendritic structure is a fractal dendritic structure;

analyzing, using an electronic processor, the at least one image to identify one or more features associated with the dendritic structure;

determining, using an electronic processor, a numerical value associated with the dendritic structure based on the one or more features by comparing each of the one or more features to numerical ranges associated with each of the one or more features; and

comparing, using an electronic processor, the numerical value to stored information comprising reference numerical values associated with known dendritic structures to identify the dendritic structure.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more features comprise at least one of:

one or more angles between segments of the dendritic structure;

one or more lengths of segments of the dendritic structure;

one or more distances of locations on the dendritic structure from a reference point; and

one or more angles of rotation of locations on the dendritic structure relative to a reference line.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein at least one of:

the one or more features comprise multiple angles between segments of the dendritic structure and the analyzing comprises comparing values of at least two of the multiple angles to determine the numerical value; and

the one or more features comprise multiple lengths of segments of the dendritic structure and the analyzing comprises comparing values of at least two of the multiple lengths to determine the numerical value.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein determining the numerical value comprises determining a base n digit associated with each of at least some of the one or more features, wherein n is greater than 2.

21. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more features comprise a set of coordinates associated with a spatial distribution of the dendritic structure on a coordinate system, the method further comprising identifying the set of coordinates by determining portions of the coordinate system into which the dendritic structure extends by more than a threshold amount.