Probiotic recolonisation therapy

• US 20040028689A1
• Filed: 08/04/2003
• Published: 02/12/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 07/25/2000
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Finch Therapeutics Holdings LLC (Finch Therapeutics Group, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Thomas Julius Borody
• Inventors: Borody, Thomas Julius
• Granted Patent: US 8,460,648 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 424/184.1
• CPC Class Codes: A23C 9/123 using only microorganisms of the genus lactobacteriaceae; Yoghurt A23C9/13 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A23C 9/127 using microorganisms of the genus lactobacteriaceae and other microorganisms or enzymes, e.g. kefir, koumiss A23C9/13 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A23C 9/13 using additives
• CPC Class Codes: A23L 2/52 Adding ingredients adding preservatives A23L2/44
• CPC Class Codes: A23L 33/135 Bacteria or derivatives thereof, e.g. probiotics
• CPC Class Codes: A23V 2002/00 Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 2035/115 Probiotics
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 2300/00 Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/341 not condensed with another ring, e.g. ranitidine, furosemide, bufetolol, muscarine
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/41 having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/43 Compounds containing 4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula , e.g. penicillins, penems
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/495 having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazinesA61K31/48 takes precedence ; with three nitrogen atoms A61K31/53
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/545 Compounds containing 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula: , e.g. cephalosporins, cefaclor, or cephalexine
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/7034 attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 31/7048 having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin , digitoxin or digoxin
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 35/24 Mucus; Mucous glands; Bursa; Synovial fluid; Arthral fluid; Excreta; Spinal fluid saliva A61K35/38
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 35/37 Digestive system
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 35/38 Stomach; Intestine; Goblet cells; Oral mucosa; Saliva
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 35/74 Bacteria therapeutic use of a bacterial protein A61K38/00
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 35/741 Probiotics probiotic yeast, e.g. saccharomyces A61K36/06
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 35/742 : Spore-forming bacteria, e.g. Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, clostridium or Lactobacillus sporogenes
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 35/744 : Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 35/745 : Bifidobacteria
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 35/747 : Lactobacilli, e.g. L. acidophilus or L. brevis
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 35/76 : Viruses; Subviral particles; Bacteriophages
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 36/062 : Ascomycota
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 38/00 : Medicinal preparations containing peptides peptides containing beta-lactam rings A61K31/00; cyclic dipeptides not having in their molecule any other peptide link than those which form their ring, e.g. piperazine-2,5-diones, A61K31/00; ergot alkaloids of the cyclic peptide type A61K31/48; containing macromolecular compounds having statistically distributed amino acid units A61K31/74; medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies A61K39/00; medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients, e.g. peptides as drug carriers, A61K47/00
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 38/14 : Peptides containing saccharide radicals; Derivatives thereof , e.g. bleomycin, phleomycin, muramylpeptides or vancomycin
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 38/4893 : Botulinum neurotoxin (3.4.24.69)
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 39/00 : Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies materials for immunoassay G01N33/53
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 39/39 : characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 45/06 : Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 51/1217 : Dispersions, suspensions, colloids, emulsions, e.g. perfluorinated emulsion, sols
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/0031 : Rectum, anus
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/0053 : Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration rectal administration A61K9/0031
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/19 : lyophilised , i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions lyophilised products with subsequent particle size reduction A61K9/14; granules or pellets made by lyphilisation A61K9/1682; solid oral dosage forms made by lyophilisation A61K9/2095; lyophilisation additives A61K47/00
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/48 : Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate A61K9/0004 takes precedence; bite capsules A61K9/0056
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/4891 : Coated capsules; Multilayered drug free capsule shells with drug coating for immediate release A61K9/4808; osmotic devices A61K9/0004
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/50 : Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals A61K9/2081 takes precedence; particles with a single coating comprising drug A61K9/167
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/5005 : Wall or coating material
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/5078 : with drug-free core
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 1/00 : Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 1/12 : Antidiarrhoeals
• CPC Class Codes: C12N 2795/00032 : Use of virus as therapeutic agent, other than vaccine, e.g. as cytolytic agent
• CPC Class Codes: Y02A 50/30 : Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Abstract

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of chronic diseases associated with the presence of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host, which compositions comprise viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia. The compositions further comprise one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, E.Coli, Gemmiger, Desullomonas, Peptostreptococcus, and fungi. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the treatment of the same chronic diseases comprising viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Escherichia coli, at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathoenic Bacteroides and at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism.

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chronic disorders associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which composition comprises viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia.

2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the Clostridia is selected from the group consisting of Clostridium absonum, Clostridium argentinense, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium cadaveris, Clostridium camis, Clostridium celatum, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium clostridioforme, Clostridium cochlearium, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium fallax, Clostridium felsineum, Clostridium ghonii, Clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium hastiforme, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium irregulare, Clostridium limosum, Clostridium malenominatum, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium oroticum, Clostridium paraputrificum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium piliforme, Clostridium putrefaciens, Clostridium putrificum, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium sardiniense, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium sordellii Clostridium sphenoides, Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium subterminale, Clostridium symbiosum, Clostridium tertium, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium welchii, Clostridium villosum.

3. A composition according to either claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the composition further comprises at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides.

4. A composition according to claim 3, wherein said Bacteroides is selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä

, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.

5. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.

6. A composition according to claim 5, wherein the one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms are Bacteroides fragilis ss. Vulgatus, Eubacterium aerofaciens, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Thetaiotaomicron, Peptostreptococcus productus II, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Distasonis, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium aerofaciens III, Peptostreptococcus productus I, Ruminococcus bronii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Gemmiger formicilis, Bifidobacterium longum, Eubacterium siraeum, Ruminococcus torques, Eubacterium rectale III-H, Eubacterium rectale IV, Eubacterium eligens, Bacteroides eggerthii, Clostridium leptum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. A, Eubacterium biforme, Bifidobacterium infantis, Eubacterium rectale III-F, Coprococcus comes, Bacteroides capillosus, Ruminococcus albus, Eubacterium formicigenerans, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium ventriosum I, Fusobacterium russii, Ruminococcus obeum, Eubacterium rectale II, Clostridium ramosum I, Lactobacillus leichmanii, Ruminococcus cailidus, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Acidaminococcus fermentans, Eubacterium ventriosum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis, Bacteroides AR, Coprococcus catus, Eubacterium hadrum, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium ruminantium, Eubacterium CH-1, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Peptostreptococcus BL, Eubacterium limosum, Bacteroides praeacutus, Bacteroides L, Fusobacterium mortiferum I, Fusobacterium naviforme, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium ramosum, Propionibacterium acnes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus AT, Peptococcus AU-1, Eubacterium AG, -AK, -AL, -AL-1, -AN;

Bacteroides fragilis ss. ovatus, -ss. d, -ss. f;

Bacteroides L-1, L-5;

Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus morbiliorum, Peptococcus magnus, Peptococcus G, AU-2;

Streptococcus intermedius, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus CO Gemmiger X, Coprococcus BH, -CC;

Eubacterium tenue, Eubacterium ramulus, Eubacterium AE, -AG-H, -AG-M, -AJ, -BN-1;

Bacteroides clostridiiformis ss. clostridliformis, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides orails, Bacteroides ruminicola ss. brevis, -ss. ruminicola, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Desuifomonas pigra, Bacteroides L-4, -N-i;

Fusobacterium H, Lactobacillus G, or Succinivibrio A.

7. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the composition further comprises fungi.

8. A composition according to claim 7, wherein the fungi are Monilia.

9. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the composition further comprises at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bifidobacterium.

16. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15, further comprising an acid suppressant.

17. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16, further comprising an antacid.

18. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 17, further comprising an H2 antagonist.

19. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 18, further comprising a proton pump inhibitor.

20. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein said microorganisms are spores.

21. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the composition is lyophilised, pulverised and powdered.

22. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the composition is a liquid culture.

23. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 22, in the form of an enteric coated capsule, an enteric coated microcapsule, or a powder suitable for reconstitution.

24. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 23, presented in the form of an enema.

25. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 23, in the form of a food additive.

26. A composition according to claim 25, wherein said food is a dairy-based product, a soy-based product, or a derivative thereof.

27. A composition according to either claim 25 or claim 26, wherein said food is yogurt.

28. A food or food supplement containing a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 23.

87. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 28 for a period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora.

88. A method according to claim 87, further comprising administering an acid suppressant.

89. A method according to claim 87 or claim 88, further comprising administering an antacid.

90. A method according to any one of claims 87 to 89, further comprising administering an H2 antagonist.

91. A method according to any one of claims 87 to 90, further comprising administering a proton pump inhibitor.

92. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 91, wherein said microorganisms are spores.

93. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 91, wherein the composition is lyophilised, pulverised and powdered.

94. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 91, wherein the composition is a liquid culture.

95. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 94, wherein the composition is administered in the form of an enteric coated capsule, an enteric coated microcapsule, or a reconstituted powder.

96. A method according to any one of claims 87 to 95, wherein the composition is administered in the form of an enema.

97. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 95, wherein the composition is administered in the form of a food or drink.

98. The method according to claim 97, wherein said food is a dairy-based product, a soy-based product, or a derivative thereof.

99. The method according to either claim 97 or claim 98, wherein said food is yogurt.

100. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 99, wherein the period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora is several days to several weeks.

101. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 100, wherein the mammalian host is human,

102. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 101, further comprising administration of an effective amount of at least one antibiotic prior to administering said composition.

103. The method according to claim 102, wherein said antibiotic is an anti-Clostridial antibiotic.

104. The method according to claim 103, wherein said anti-Clostridial antibiotic is selected from the group consisting of vancomycin, rifampicin, and nitroimidazole.

105. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 104, further comprising nasogastric and/or nasoduodenal washout prior to administering said composition.

106. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 104, wherein the composition is administered by ingestion or by parenteral infusion.

107. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 104, wherein administration is by enema, per-colonoscope, by intubation of the small bowel or orally.

108. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 107, wherein the chronic disorder is a gastrointestinal disorder, a rheumatic disorder, an immune mediated disorder, an auto-immune disorder, a neurological disorder, a regressive disorder, a liver disorder, a psychiatric disorder or a dermatological condition.

109. The method of claim 108, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is irritable bowel syndrome or spastic colon.

110. The method of claim 108, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is functional bowel disease(FBD), inflammatory bowel disease, chronic gut infection, or a viral gastrointestinal disorder.

111. The method of claim 110, wherein said functional bowel disease is constipation predominant FBD, pain predominant FBD, upper abdominal FBD, non ulcer dyspepsia, or gastro oesophageal reflux.

112. The method of claim 110, wherein said inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn'"'"'s disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, collagenous colitis, microscopic colitis, chronic Clostridium difficile infection, pseudomembranous colitis, mucous colitis, antibiotic associated colitis, idiopathic or simple constipation, diverticular disease, AIDS enteropathy, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, coeliac disease, polyposis coli, colonic polyps, or chronic idiopathic pseudo obstructive syndrome.

113. The method of claim 110, wherein said chronic gut infection is a bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoal infection.

114. The method of claim 110, wherein said viral gastrointestinal disorder is viral gastroenteritis, Norwalk viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus gastroenteritis, AIDS related gastroenteritis.

115. The method of claim 108, wherein said rheumatic disorder is rheumatoid arthritis, non-rheumatoid arthritidies, non rheumatoid factor positive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter'"'"'s syndrome, or Lyme Disease.

116. The method of claim 108, wherein said immune mediated disorder is glomerulonephritis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, juvenile diabetes mellitus, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, polyarteritis, familial Mediterranean fever, amyloidosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Behcets syndrome.

117. The method of claim 108, wherein said auto-immune disorder is systemic Lupus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Sjogren'"'"'s syndrome, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, or scleroderma.

118. The method of claim 108, wherein said neurological disorder is chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer'"'"'s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson'"'"'s disease, Guillain Barre syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy(CIDP), migraine or myasthenia gravis.

119. The method of claim 108, wherein said regressive disorder is Asbergers syndrome, Rett syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or attention deficit disorder (ADD).

120. The method of claim 108, wherein said regressive disorder is autism.

121. The method of claim 108, wherein said disorder is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), anorexia nervosa.

122. The method of claim 108, wherein said liver disorder is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, fatty liver or cryptogenic cirrhosis.

123. The method of claim 108, wherein said psychiatric disorder is chronic depression, schizophrenia/psychotic disorders, or manic depressive illness.

124. The method of claim 108, wherein said dermatological condition is chronic urticaria, acne, dermatitis herpetiformis or a vasculitic disorder.

125. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 124, wherein each dose is at least about 10³ cells.

126. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 124, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10³ cells to about 10¹³ cells.

127. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 124, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10⁵ cells to about 10¹¹ cells.

128. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 124, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10⁷ cells to about 10⁹ cells.

129. The method according to any one of claims 87 to 128, further comprising an initial treatment regimen of about 10¹⁰ cells per dose administered 3 to 6 times per day for a period sufficient to stabilise the gut flora.

130. The method according to claim 129, wherein the period sufficient to stabilise the gut flora is about 7 to about 10 days.

10. A pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chronic disorders associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which composition comprises viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.

11. A composition according to claim 10, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.

13. A composition according to claim 10, wherein the Bacteroides is selected form the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä

, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.

12. A pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chronic disorders associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which composition comprises viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Escherichia coli, at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides and at least one other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism.

14. A composition according to claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobaciilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.

15. A composition according to any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Peptostreptococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.

29. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a composition comprising viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia for a period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the Clostridia is selected from the group consisting of Clostridium absonum, Clostridium argentinense, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium cadaveris, Clostridium camis, Clostridium celatum, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium clostridioforme, Clostridium cochlearium, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium fallax, Clostridium felsineum, Clostridium ghonii, Clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium hastiforme, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium irregulare, Clostridium limosum, Clostridium malenominatum, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium oroticum, Clostridium paraputrificum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium piliforme, Clostridium putrefaciens, Clostridium putrificum, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium sardiniense, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium sphenoides, Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium subterminale, Clostridium symbiosum, Clostridium tertium, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium welchii, Clostridium villosum.

31. The method of either claim 29 or claim 30, further comprising administering at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein said Bacteroides is selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä

, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.

33. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 32, further comprising administering one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.

34. A method according to claim 33 wherein the one or more additional viable nonpathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms are Bacteroides fragilis ss. Vulgatus, Eubacterium aerofaciens, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Thetaiotaomicron, Peptostreptococcus productus II, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Distasonis, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium aerofaciens III, Peptostreptococcus productus I, Ruminococcus bronii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Gemmiger formicilis, Bifidobacterium longum, Eubacterium siraeum, Ruminococcus torques, Eubacterium rectale III-H, Eubacterium rectale IV, Eubacterium eligens, Bacteroides eggerthii, Clostridium leptum, Bacteroides fregilis ss. A, Eubacterium biforme, Bifidobacterium infantis, Eubacterium rectale III-F, Coprococcus comes, Bacteroides capillosus, Ruminococcus albus, Eubacterium formicigenerans, Eubacterium halii, Eubacterium ventriosum I, Fusobacterium russii, Ruminococcus obeum, Eubacterium rectale II, Clostridium ramosum I, Lactobacillus leichmanii, Ruminococcus cailidus, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Acidaminococcus fermentans, Eubacterium ventriosum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis, Bacteroides AR, Coprococcus catus, Eubacterium hadrum, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium ruminantium, Eubacterium CH-1, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Peptostreptococcus BL, Eubacterium limosum, Bacteroides praeacutus, Bacteroides L, Fusobacterium mortiferum I, Fusobacterium naviforme, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium ramosum, Propionibacterium acnes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus AT, Peptococcus AU-1, Eubacterium AG, -AK, -AL, -AL-1, -AN;

Bacteroides fragilis ss. ovatus, -ss. d, -ss. f;

Bacteroides L-1, L-5;

Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus morbiliorum, Peptococcus magnus, Peptococcus G, AU-2;

Streptococcus intermedius, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus CO Gemmiger X, Coprococcus BH, -CC;

Eubacterium tenue, Eubacterium ramulus, Eubacterium AE, -AG-H, -AG-M, -AJ, -BN-1;

Bacteroides clostridiiformis ss. clostridliformis, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides orails, Bacteroides rumlnicola ss. brevis, -ss. ruminicola, Bacteroides splanchnlcus, Desuifomonas pigra, Bacteroides L-4, -N-i;

Fusobacterium H, Lactobacillus G, or Succinivibrio A.

35. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 34, further comprising administering fungi.

36. A method according to claim 35, wherein the fungi are Monilia.

37. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 36, further comprising administering at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bifidobacterium.

44. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 43, further comprising administering an acid suppressant.

45. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 44, further comprising administering an antacid.

46. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 45, further comprising administering an H2 antagonist.

47. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 46, further comprising administering a proton pump inhibitor.

48. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 47, wherein said microorganisms are spores.

49. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 47, wherein the composition is lyophilised, pulverised and powdered.

50. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 47, wherein the composition is a liquid culture.

51. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 50, wherein the composition is administered in the form of an enteric coated capsule, an enteric coated microcapsule, or a reconstituted powder.

52. A method according to any one of claims 29 to 51, wherein the composition is administered in the form of an enema.

53. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 51, wherein the composition is administered in the form of a food or drink.

54. The method according to claim 53, wherein said food is a dairy-based product, a soybased product, or a derivative thereof.

55. The method according to either claim 53 or claim 54, wherein said food is yogurt.

56. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 55, wherein the period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora is several days to several weeks.

57. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 56, wherein the mammalian host is human.

58. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 57, further comprising administration of an effective amount of at least one antibiotic prior to administering said composition.

59. The method according to claim 58, wherein said antibiotic is an anti-Clostridial antibiotic.

60. The method according to claim 59, wherein said anti-Clostridial antibiotic is selected from the group consisting of vancomycin, rifampicin, and nitroimidazole.

61. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 60, further comprising nasogastric and/or nasoduodenal washout prior to administering said composition.

62. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 60, wherein the composition is administered by ingestion or by parenteral infusion.

63. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 60, wherein administration is by enema, per-colonoscope, by intubation of the small bowel or orally.

64. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 63, wherein the chronic disorder is a gastrointestinal disorder, a rheumatic disorder, an immune mediated disorder, an auto-immune disorder, a neurological disorder, a regressive disorder, a liver disorder, a psychiatric disorder or a dermatological condition.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is irritable bowel syndrome or spastic colon.

66. The method of claim 64, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is functional bowel disease(FBD), inflammatory bowel disease, chronic gut infection, or a viral gastrointestinal disorder.

67. The method of claim 66, wherein said functional bowel disease is constipation predominant FBD, pain predominant FBD, upper abdominal FBD (non ulcer dyspepsia), or gastro oesophageal reflux.

68. The method of claim 66, wherein said inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn'"'"'s disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, collagenous colitis, microscopic colitis, chronic Clostridium difficile infection, pseudomembranous colitis, mucous colitis, antibiotic associated colitis, idiopathic or simple constipation, diverticular disease, AIDS enteropathy, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, coeliac disease, polyposis coli, colonic polyps, or chronic idiopathic pseudo obstructive syndrome.

69. The method of claim 66, wherein said chronic gut infection is a bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoal infection.

70. The method of claim 66, wherein said viral gastrointestinal disorder is viral gastroenteritis, Norwalk viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus gastroenteritis, AIDS related gastroenteritis.

71. The method of claim 64, wherein said rheumatic disorder is rheumatoid arthritis, non-rheumatoid arthritidies, non rheumatoid factor positive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter'"'"'s syndrome, or Lyme Disease.

72. The method of claim 64, wherein said immune mediated disorder is glomerulonephritis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, juvenile diabetes mellitus, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, polyarteritis, familial Mediterranean fever, amyloidosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Behcets syndrome.

73. The method of claim 64, wherein said auto-immune disorder is systemic Lupus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Sjogren'"'"'s syndrome, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, or scleroderma.

74. The method of claim 64, wherein said neurological disorder is chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer'"'"'s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson'"'"'s disease, Guillain Barre syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy(CIDP), migraine or myasthenia gravis.

75. The method of claim 64, wherein said regressive disorder is Asbergers syndrome, Rett syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or attention deficit disorder (ADD).

76. The method of claim 64, wherein said regressive disorder is autism.

77. The method of claim 64, wherein said disorder is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or anorexia nervosa.

78. The method of claim 64, wherein said liver disorder is primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, fatty liver or cryptogenic cirrhosis.

79. The method of claim 64, wherein said psychiatric disorder is chronic depression, schizophrenia/psychotic disorders, or manic depressive illness.

80. The method of claim 64, wherein said dermatological condition is chronic urticaria, acne, dermatitis herpetiformis or a vasculitic disorder.

81. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 80, wherein each dose is at least about 10³ cells.

82. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 80, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10³ cells to about 10¹³ cells.

83. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 80, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10⁵ cells to about 10¹¹ cells.

84. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 80, wherein each dose is in the range of about 10⁷ cells to about 10⁹ cells.

85. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 84, further comprising an initial treatment regimen of about 10¹⁰ cells per dose administered 3 to 6 times per day for a period sufficient to stabilise the gut flora.

86. The method according to claim 85, wherein the period sufficient to stabilise the gut flora is about 7 to about 10 days.

38. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a composition comprising viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus for a period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora.

39. A method according to claim 38, further comprising administering one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.

40. A method for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a composition comprising viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Escherichia coli, at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides and at least one other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism for a period of time sufficient to displace the existing microflora.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the Bacteroides is selected form the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides. fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä

, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.

42. A method according to claim 41, further comprising administering one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.

43. The method according to any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein the other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Peptostreptococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.

131. Use of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Clostridia for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora.

132. The use of claim 131, wherein the Clostridia is selected from the group consisting of Clostridium absonum, Clostridium argentinense, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium cadaveris, Clostridium carnis, Clostridium celatum, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium clostridioforme, Clostridium cochlearium, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium fallax, Clostridium felsineum, Clostridium ghoni, Clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium hastiforme, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium indolis, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium irregulare, Clostridium limosum, Clostridium malenominatum, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium oroticum, Clostridium paraputrificum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium piliforme, Clostridium putrefaciens, Clostridium putrificum, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium sardiniense, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium scindens, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium sordelii, Clostridium sphenoides, Clostridium spiroforme, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium subterminale, Clostridium symbiosum, Clostridium tertium, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium welchii, Clostridium villosum.

133. The use of either claim 131 or claim 132, further comprising at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides.

134. The use of claim 133, wherein said Bacteroides is selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä

, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.

135. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 134, further comprising one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.

136. The use according to claim 135 wherein the one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms are Bacteroides fragilis ss. Vulgatus, Eubacterium aerofaciens, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Thetaiotaomicron, Peptostreptococcus productus II, Bacteroides fragilis ss. Distasonis, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Coprococcus eutactus, Eubacterium aerofaciens III, Peptostreptococcus productus I, Ruminococcus bronii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Gemmiger formicilis, Bifidobacterium longum, Eubacterium siraeum, Ruminococcus torques, Eubacterium rectale III-H, Eubacterium rectale IV, Eubacterium eligens, Bacteroides eggerthii, Clostridium leptum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. A, Eubacterium biforme, Bifidobacterium infantis, Eubacterium rectale III-F, Coprococcus comes, Bacteroides capillosus, Ruminococcus albus, Eubacterium formicigenerans, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium ventriosum I, Fusobacterium russii, Ruminococcus obeum, Eubacterium rectale II, Clostridium ramosum I, Lactobacillus leichmanii, Ruminococcus cailidus, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Acidaminococcus fermentans, Eubacterium ventriosum, Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis, Bacteroides AR, Coprococcus catus, Eubacterium hadrum, Eubacterium cylindroides, Eubacterium ruminantium, Eubacterium CH-1, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Peptostreptococcus BL, Eubacterium limosum, Bacteroides praeacutus, Bacteroides L, Fusobacterium mortiferum I, Fusobacterium naviforme, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium ramosum, Propionibacterium acnes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus AT, Peptococcus AU-1, Eubacterium AG, -AK, -AL, -AL-1, -AN;

Bacteroides fragilis ss. ovatus, -ss. d, -ss. f;

Bacteroides L-1, L-5;

Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus morbiliorum, Peptococcus magnus, Peptococcus G, AU-2;

Streptococcus intermedius, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus CO Gemmiger X, Coprococcus BH, -CC;

Eubacterium tenue, Eubacterium ramulus, Eubacterium AE, -AG-H, -AG-M, -AJ, -BN-1;

Bacteroides clostridiiformis ss. clostridliformis, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides orails, Bacteroides ruminicola ss. brevis, -ss. ruminicola, Bacteroides splanchnlcus, Desuifomonas pigra, Bacteroides L-4, -N-i;

Fusobacterium H, Lactobacillus G, or Succinivibrio A.

137. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 136, further comprising fungi.

138. The use according to claim 137, wherein the fungi are Monilia.

139. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 138, further comprising at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bifidobacterium.

146. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 145, further comprising an acid suppressant.

147. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 146, further comprising an antacid.

148. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 147, further comprising an H2 antagonist.

149. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 148, further comprising a proton pump inhibitor.

150. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 149, wherein said microorganisms are spores.

151. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 150, wherein the microorganisms are lyophilised, pulverised and powdered.

152. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 151, wherein the microorganism is a liquid culture.

153. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 152, wherein the medicament is an enteric coated capsule, an enteric coated microcapsule, or a reconstituted powder.

154. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 153, wherein the medicament is administered in the form of an enema.

155. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 154, wherein the medicament is administered in the form of a food or drink.

156. The use according to claim 155, wherein said food is a dairy-based product, a soybased product, or a derivative thereof.

157. The use according to either claim 155 or claim 156, wherein said food is yogurt.

158. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 157, wherein the treatment and/or prophylaxis period is several days to several weeks.

159. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 158, wherein the mammalian host is human.

160. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 159, wherein the medicament is suitable for administration by ingestion or by parenteral infusion.

161. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 159, wherein the medicament is suitable for administration by enema, per-colonoscope, by intubation of the small bowel or orally.

162. The use according to any one of claims 131 to 161, wherein the chronic disorder is a gastrointestinal disorder, a rheumatic disorder, an immune mediated disorder, an auto-immune disorder, a neurological disorder, a regressive disorder, a liver disorder, a psychiatric disorder or a dermatological condition.

163. The use of claim 162, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is irritable bowel syndrome or spastic colon.

164. The use of claim 163, wherein said gastrointestinal disorder is functional bowel disease(FBD), inflammatory bowel disease, chronic gut infection, or a viral gastrointestinal disorder.

165. The use of claim 164, wherein said functional bowel disease is constipation predominant FBD, pain predominant FBD, upper abdominal FBD (non ulcer dyspepsia), or gastro oesophageal reflux.

166. The use of claim 164, wherein said inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn'"'"'s disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, collagenous colitis, microscopic colitis, chronic Clostridium difficile infection, pseudomembranous colitis, mucous colitis, antibiotic associated colitis, idiopathic or simple constipation, diverticular disease, AIDS enteropathy, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, coeliac disease, polyposis coli, colonic polyps, or chronic idiopathic pseudo obstructive syndrome.

167. The use of claim 164, wherein said chronic gut infection is a bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoal infection.

168. The use of claim 164, wherein said viral gastrointestinal disorder is viral gastroenteritis, Norwalk viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus gastroenteritis, AIDS related gastroenteritis.

169. The use of claim 162, wherein said rheumatic disorder is rheumatoid arthritis, non-rheumatoid arthritidies, non rheumatoid factor positive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter'"'"'s syndrome, or Lyme Disease.

170. The use of claim 162, wherein said immune mediated disorder is glomerulonephritis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, juvenile diabetes mellitus, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, polyarteritis, familial Mediterranean fever, amyloidosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Behcets syndrome.

171. The use of claim 162, wherein said auto-immune disorder is systemic Lupus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Sjogren'"'"'s syndrome, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, or scleroderma.

172. The use of claim 162, wherein said neurological disorder is chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer'"'"'s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson'"'"'s disease, Guillain Barre syndrome, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy(CIDP), migraine or myasthenia gravis.

140. Use of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora.

141. The use according to claim 140, further comprising one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desulfomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.

142. Use of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Escherichia coli, at least one strain of viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic Bacteroides and at least one other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a chronic disorder associated with the presence in the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host of abnormal or an abnormal distribution of microflora.

143. The use of claim 142, wherein the Bacteroides is selected form the group consisting of Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides capillosus, Bacteroides coagulans, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides. fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis-ryhmä

, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides levii, Bacteroides macacae, Bacteroides merdae, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides pneumosintes, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides vulgatus.

144. The use according to claim 142, further comprising one or more additional viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganisms selected from the group consisting of Bacteroides, Eubacteria, Fusobacteria, Propionibacteria, Lactobacilli, anaerobic cocci, Ruminococcus, Escherichia coli, Gemmiger, Desuffomonas, Peptostreptococcus, species.

145. The use according to any one of claims 142 to 144, wherein the other viable non-pathogenic or attenuated pathogenic microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Clostridia, Peptostreptococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.