ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTUATOR

• US 20110098643A1
• Filed: 12/03/2010
• Published: 04/28/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 06/14/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Cima, Michael J., Chiang, Yet-Ming, Chin, Timothy E.
• Granted Patent: US 8,093,781 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 604/131
• CPC Class Codes: F03G 7/005 Electro-chemical actuators; Actuators having a material for absorbing or desorbing gas, e.g. a metal hydride; Actuators using the difference in osmotic pressure between fluids; Actuators with elements stretchable when contacted with liquid rich in ions, with UV light, with a salt solution
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2004/021 Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2010/4292 Aspects relating to capacity ratio of electrodes/electrolyte or anode/cathode
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/485 of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy H01M4/505, H01M4/525 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/505 of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/525 of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/587 for inserting or intercalating light metals
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/409 Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 6/30 Deferred-action cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The present invention provides systems, devices, and related methods, involving electrochemical actuation. In some cases, application of a voltage or current to a system or device of the invention may generate a volumetric or dimensional change, which may produce mechanical work. For example, at least a portion of the system may be constructed and arranged to be displaced from a first orientation to a second orientation. Systems such as these may be useful in various applications, including pumps (e.g., infusion pumps) and drug delivery devices, for example.

Claims

1-151. -151. (canceled)

152. A device for delivering a therapeutic to a patient, comprising:

a fluid reservoir; and

an electrochemical actuator including an electrode configured to deflect as the electrochemical actuator undergoes a change in electrical potential, the deflection of the electrode being operative to cause fluid to be delivered from the fluid reservoir.

153. The device of claim 152, wherein the fluid reservoir comprises a deformable bladder, and the electrochemical actuator is in direct contact with the deformable bladder.

154. The device of claim 152, further comprising:

a transfer structure positioned between the fluid reservoir and the electrochemical actuator, the transfer structure being adapted to transfer mechanical work produced by the electrochemical actuator to the fluid reservoir.

155. The device of claim 152, wherein the electrode includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion configured to allow intercalation of a species to a different extent than the second portion, thereby imparting differential strain between the first portion and the second portion and causing deflection of the electrode.

156. The device of claim 152, wherein the electrode includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion configured to impart a mechanical constraint on the second portion, thereby causing deflection of the electrode as the electrochemical actuator undergoes a change in electrical potential.

157. The device of claim 152, wherein the device is configured to deliver greater than 1 mL of the therapeutic from the fluid reservoir.

158. A device for delivering fluid to the body of a patient, comprising:

a fluid reservoir; and

an electrochemical actuator having a bimorph electrode and configured to change volume or position as the electrochemical actuator undergoes a change in electrical potential, the change in volume or position of the electrochemical actuator being operative to cause fluid to be delivered from the fluid reservoir.

159. The device of claim 158, wherein the bimorph electrode includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion and the second portion being formed of different materials.

160. The device of claim 159, wherein one of the first portion and the second portion comprises a dimensionally-active material.

161. The device of claim 158, wherein the bimorph electrode includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion configured to allow intercalation of a species to a different extent than the second portion, thereby imparting differential strain between the first portion and the second portion to cause deflection of the electrode.

162. The device of claim 158, further comprising:

a housing suited for removably associating the fluid reservoir with the body of the patient, the actuator being disposed within the housing and having a first end of the actuator anchored to the housing and a second end of the actuator unconstrained, and oriented so that when the actuator is actuated, the second end is displaced toward the fluid reservoir and exerts a force on the reservoir such that fluid is delivered from the fluid reservoir.

163. The device of claim 158, further comprising:

an electrical circuit electrically coupled to the bimorph electrode so as to allow the electrochemical actuator to discharge therethrough.

164. The device of claim 158, further comprising:

an electrical circuit electrically coupled to the bimorph electrode so as to allow the electrochemical actuator to discharge therethrough, the electrical circuit including only fixed resistive elements.

165. A device for delivering a therapeutic to a patient, comprising:

a fluid reservoir;

a housing suited for removably associating the fluid reservoir with the body of the patient; and

an electrochemical cell including a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a species formulated to intercalate, de-intercalate, alloy with, oxidize, reduce, or plate with a first portion of the electrochemical cell to an extent different than a second portion of the electrochemical cell, thereby imparting a differential strain between the first and second portions and causing a displacement of at least a portion of the electrochemical cell, the displacement being operative to cause fluid to be delivered from the fluid reservoir.

166. The actuator device of claim 165, wherein a change in electrical potential of the electrochemical cell produces the differential strain.

167. The actuator device of claim 165, wherein the species is an intercalating species.

168. The device of claim 165, further comprising:

an electrical circuit electrically coupled to the negative electrode and the positive electrode so as to allow the electrochemical cell to discharge therethrough.

169. The device of claim 165, further comprising:

an electrical circuit electrically coupled to the negative electrode and the positive electrode so as to allow the electrochemical cell to discharge therethrough, the electrical circuit including only fixed resistive elements.

170. The device of claim 165, wherein the device is configured to deliver greater than 1 mL of the therapeutic from the fluid reservoir.

171. The device of claim 165, wherein the device is configured to deliver greater than 5 mL of the therapeutic from the fluid reservoir.