Apparatus and Methods for Solar Energy Conversion Using Nanoscale Cometal Structures

• US 20110308564A1
• Filed: 04/22/2011
• Published: 12/22/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 08/24/2005
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Trustees of Boston College (Boston College)
• Original Assignee: Trustees of Boston College (Boston College)
• Inventors: Kempa, Krzysztof J., Ren, Zhifeng, Rybczynski, Jakub A., Naughton, Michael J.
• Granted Patent: US 8,431,816 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 136/244
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 23/755 Nickel
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 37/348 Electrochemical processes, e.g. electrochemical deposition or anodisation
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 20/00 Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 30/00 Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/035227 the quantum structure being quantum wires, or nanorods carbon nanotubes H10K85/211
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/07 the potential barriers being only of the Schottky type
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/1804 comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/547 Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 70/50 Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Abstract

An apparatus and methods for solar conversion using nanoscale cometal structures are disclosed herein. The cometal structures may be coaxial and coplanar. A nanoscale optics apparatus for use as a solar cell comprises a plurality of nanoscale cometal structures each including a photovoltaic material located between a first electrical conductor and a second electrical conductor. A method of fabricating solar cells comprises preparing a plurality of nanoscale planar structures; coating a plurality of planar surfaces of the plurality of planar structures with a photovoltaic semiconductor while leaving space between the plurality of planar surfaces; and coating the photovoltaic semiconductor with an outer electrical conductor layer, wherein a portion of the outer electrical conductor layer is located between the planar structures to form coplanar structures.

Claims

1. A solar cell comprising:

a plurality of nanoscale coplanar structures each comprising a photovoltaic layer located between a first electrically conducting layer and a second electrically conducting layer,

wherein incident electromagnetic radiation enters the coplanar structure between the first electrically conducting layer and the second electrically conducting layer, and

wherein transmission of electromagnetic energy inside the coplanar structures is wavelength-independent and happens in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode.

2. The solar cell of claim 1 wherein the first electrically conducting layer is approximately parallel to the second electrically conducting layer.

3. The solar cell of claim 1 further comprising a protruding portion of the first electrically conducting layer extending beyond the second electrically conducting layer.

4. The solar cell of claim 1 further comprising a substrate that supports the plurality of nanoscale coplanar structures.

5. The solar cell of claim 1 wherein the first electrically conducting layer and the second electrically conducting layer are electrically contacted only through the photovoltaic layer.

6. The solar cell of claim 1 wherein the photovoltaic layer contains a planar p-n junction.

7. The solar cell of claim 1 wherein the photovoltaic layer contains a planar p-i-n junction formed of a p-type semiconductor layer, an intrinsic photovoltaic semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer.

8. The solar cell of claim 1 further comprising a transparent conductor located between the first electrically conducting layer and the second electrically conducting layer.

9. The solar cell of claim 1 wherein the plurality of coplanar structures are connected in series, resulting in a total voltage being a sum of voltages photo-generated by each coplanar structure.

10. The solar cell of claim 1 wherein the plurality of coplanar structures are connected in parallel, resulting in a total voltage between a minimum and a maximum of the voltages photo-generated by each cometal structure.

11. The solar cell of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the photovoltaic material is approximately the same as the carrier diffusion length.

12. A solar cell comprising:

a plurality of nanoscale multilayer coplanar structures each comprising a first electrically conducting layer, a second electrically conducting layer, and a middle electrically conducting layer therebetween, wherein the first electrically conducting layer and the middle electrically conducting layer are separated from one another by a first photovoltaic layer, and wherein the middle electrically conducting layer and the second electrically conducting layer are separated from one another by a second photovoltaic layer,

wherein incident electromagnetic radiation enters the multilayer coplanar structure between the first electrically conducting layer and the middle electrically conducting layer and between the middle electrically conducting layer and the second electrically conducting layer, and

wherein transmission of electromagnetic energy inside the plurality of nanoscale multilayer coplanar structures is wavelength-independent and happens in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode.

13. The solar cell of claim 12 wherein the first electrically conducting layer, the second electrically conducting layer, and the middle electrically conducting layer are approximately parallel to one another.

14. The solar cell of claim 12 further comprising a substrate that supports the plurality of nanoscale multilayer coplanar structures.

15. The solar cell of claim 12 wherein the first electrically conducting layer, the second electrically conducting layer, and the middle electrically conducting layer are electrically contacted only through the first photovoltaic layer and the second photovoltaic layer.

16. The solar cell of claim 12 wherein both the first photovoltaic layer and the second photovoltaic layer contains a planar p-n junction.

17. The solar cell of claim 12 wherein both the first photovoltaic layer and the second photovoltaic layer contains a planar p-i-n junction formed of a p-type semiconductor layer, an intrinsic photovoltaic semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer.

18. The solar cell of claim 12 wherein the thickness of the first photovoltaic layer and the second photovoltaic layer is approximately the same as the carrier diffusion length.

19. A method of fabricating solar cells comprising:

preparing a plurality of nanoscale planar structures;

coating a plurality of planar surfaces of the plurality of planar structures with a photovoltaic semiconductor while leaving space between the plurality of planar surfaces; and

coating the photovoltaic semiconductor with an outer electrical conductor layer, wherein a portion of the outer electrical conductor layer is located between the planar structures to form coplanar structures.

20. A method of claim 19 wherein the photovoltaic semiconductor conformally coats the plurality of planar surfaces of the plurality of planar structures.