BRANDING OF ELECTRICALLY PROPELLED VEHICLES VIA THE GENERATION OF SPECIFIC OPERATING OUTPUT

• US 20130144474A1
• Filed: 11/16/2012
• Published: 06/06/2013
• Est. Priority Date: 11/16/2011
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: AutoConnect Holdings LLC
• Original Assignee: Flextronics America LLC (Flextronics International Limited)
• Inventors: Ricci, Christopher P.
• Granted Patent: US 8,862,299 B2
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 701/22
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/11 Instrument graphical user interfaces or menu aspects
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/1438 Touch screens
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/146 Instrument input by gesture
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/1464 3D-gesture
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/1472 Multi-touch gesture
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/1476 Handwriting
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/164 Infotainment
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/166 Navigation
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/21 using cameras
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/566 Mobile devices displaying vehicle information
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/5894 SIM cards
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/5899 Internet
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 2360/691 Housings
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 35/00 Instruments specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement of instruments in or on vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 35/10 Input arrangements, i.e. from user to vehicle, associated with vehicle functions or specially adapted therefor
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 35/28 characterised by the type of the output information, e.g. video entertainment or vehicle dynamics information; characterised by the purpose of the output information, e.g. for attracting the attention of the driver
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 35/50 Instruments characterised by their means of attachment to or integration in the vehicle B60K35/231 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 35/60 Instruments characterised by their location or relative disposition in or on vehicles arrangements of lighting devices on dashboards B60Q3/10
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 35/80 Arrangements for controlling instruments
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 35/85 Arrangements for transferring vehicle- or driver-related data
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 37/00 : Dashboards as road-vehicle superstructure sub-units B62D25/14
• CPC Class Codes: B60R 16/037 : for occupant comfort , e.g. for automatic adjustment of appliances according to personal settings, e.g. seats, mirrors, steering wheel
• CPC Class Codes: B60R 21/01512 : Passenger detection systems
• CPC Class Codes: B60R 7/04 : in driver or passenger space , e.g. using racks B60R7/005, B60R7/08 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2040/0872 : Driver physiology
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2040/0881 : Seat occupation; Driver or passenger presence
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2050/0095 : Automatic control mode change
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2540/043 : Identity of occupants
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2540/22 : Psychological state; Stress level or workload
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2540/221 : Physiology, e.g. weight, heartbeat, health or special needs
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2540/26 : Incapacity
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2555/60 : Traffic rules, e.g. speed limits or right of way
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 30/182 : Selecting between different operative modes, e.g. comfort and performance modes
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 40/04 : Traffic conditions
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 40/08 : related to drivers or passengers
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 40/09 : Driving style or behaviour
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 50/0098 : Details of control systems ensuring comfort, safety or stability not otherwise provided for
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 50/08 : Interaction between the driver and the control system
• CPC Class Codes: G01C 21/20 : Instruments for performing navigational calculations G01C21/24, G01C21/26 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/13 : Receivers
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/0101 : characterised by optical features G02B27/0172 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 11/2023 : Failover techniques
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 11/3013 : where the computing system is an embedded system, i.e. a combination of hardware and software dedicated to perform a certain function in mobile devices, printers, automotive or aircraft systems testing or monitoring of control systems or parts thereof G05B23/02
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 11/3065 : Monitoring arrangements determined by the means or processing involved in reporting the monitored data error or fault reporting or logging G06F11/0766
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 11/328 : Computer systems status display G06F11/327 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 13/14 : Handling requests for interconnection or transfer
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 13/364 : using independent requests or grants, e.g. using separated request and grant lines
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 16/24 : Querying
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 16/29 : Geographical information databases
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 17/00 : Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions information retrieval, database structures or file system structures therefor G06F16/00
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 21/1062 : Editing
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 21/121 : Restricting unauthorised execution of programs
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 21/32 : using biometric data, e.g. fingerprints, iris scans or voiceprints
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 21/335 : for accessing specific resources, e.g. using Kerberos tickets
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 21/42 : using separate channels for security data
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 21/629 : to features or functions of an application
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2203/04808 : Several contacts: gestures triggering a specific function, e.g. scrolling, zooming, right-click, when the user establishes several contacts with the surface simultaneously; e.g. using several fingers or a combination of fingers and pen
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/017 : Gesture based interaction, e.g. based on a set of recognized hand gestures interaction based on gestures traced on a digitiser G06F3/04883
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0481 : based on specific properties of the displayed interaction object or a metaphor-based environment, e.g. interaction with desktop elements like windows or icons, or assisted by a cursor's changing behaviour or appearance
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/04817 : using icons graphical or visual programming using iconic symbols G06F8/34
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0482 : Interaction with lists of selectable items, e.g. menus
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0484 : for the control of specific functions or operations, e.g. selecting or manipulating an object, an image or a displayed text element, setting a parameter value or selecting a range
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/04842 : Selection of displayed objects or displayed text elements G06F3/0482 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/04847 : Interaction techniques to control parameter settings, e.g. interaction with sliders or dials
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0486 : Drag-and-drop
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0488 : using a touch-screen or digitiser, e.g. input of commands through traced gestures
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/04883 : for inputting data by handwriting, e.g. gesture or text
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 8/61 : Installation
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/44505 : Configuring for program initiating, e.g. using registry, configuration files
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/54 : Interprogram communication
• CPC Class Codes: G06N 5/02 : Knowledge representation; Symbolic representation
• CPC Class Codes: G06N 5/048 : Fuzzy inferencing
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 30/0265 : Vehicular advertisement
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 40/08 : Insurance
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 50/26 : Government or public services business processes related to the transportation industry G06Q50/40
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 19/006 : Mixed reality object pose determination, tracking or camera calibration for mixed reality G06T7/00
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 20/59 : inside of a vehicle, e.g. relating to seat occupancy, driver state or inner lighting conditions
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 40/10 : Human or animal bodies, e.g. vehicle occupants or pedestrians; Body parts, e.g. hands
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 40/15 : Biometric patterns based on physiological signals, e.g. heartbeat, blood flow
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 40/28 : Recognition of hand or arm movements, e.g. recognition of deaf sign language static hand signs G06V40/113
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 5/006 : Indicating maintenance
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 5/008 : communicating information to a remotely located station transmission systems for measured values G08C
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 5/02 : Registering or indicating driving, working, idle, or waiting time only apparatus forming part of taximeters G07B13/00
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 5/08 : Registering or indicating performance data other than driving, working, idle, or waiting time, with or without registering driving, working, idle or waiting time
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 5/0808 : Diagnosing performance data testing of vehicles G01M17/00; testing of electrical installation on vehicles G01R31/005
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 5/0825 : using optical means
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 5/0833 : using audio means
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 5/085 : using electronic data carriers
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 5/0866 : the electronic data carrier being a digital video recorder in combination with video camera
• CPC Class Codes: G08C 19/00 : Electric signal transmission systems G08C17/00 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/0112 : from the vehicle, e.g. floating car data [FCD]
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/0116 : from roadside infrastructure, e.g. beacons
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/012 : from other sources than vehicle or roadside beacons, e.g. mobile networks
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/0129 : for creating historical data or processing based on historical data
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/0133 : for classifying traffic situation
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/0137 : for specific applications
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/0141 : for traffic information dissemination
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/017 : identifying vehicles G08G1/015, G08G1/054 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/09 : Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions railroad crossing signals B61L; reflectors E01F, G08B; indicating arrangements for variable information by selection or combination of individual elements G09F9/00
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/096716 : where the received information does not generate an automatic action on the vehicle control
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/096725 : where the received information generates an automatic action on the vehicle control
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/096775 : where the origin of the information is a central station
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/096783 : where the origin of the information is a roadside individual element
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/096791 : where the origin of the information is another vehicle
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/096827 : where the route is computed onboard
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/096844 : where the complete route is dynamically recomputed based on new data
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/143 : inside the vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/16 : Anti-collision systems road vehicle drive control systems for predicting or avoiding probable or impending collision otherwise than by control of a particular sub-unit B60W30/08
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 41/14 : Network analysis or design
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 51/56 : Unified messaging, e.g. interactions between e-mail, instant messaging or converged IP messaging [CPM]
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 63/10 : for controlling access to devices or network resources
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 67/02 : based on web technology, e.g. hypertext transfer protocol [HTTP]
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 67/12 : specially adapted for proprietary or special-purpose networking environments, e.g. medical networks, sensor networks, networks in vehicles or remote metering networks
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 67/125 : involving control of end-device applications over a network
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/41422 : located in transportation means, e.g. personal vehicle arrangements specially adapted for transportation systems in broadcast systems H04H20/62
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/4331 : Caching operations, e.g. of an advertisement for later insertion during playback
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/482 : End-user interface for program selection broadcast systems using EPGs H04H60/72
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 4/40 : for vehicles, e.g. vehicle-to-pedestrians [V2P]
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 4/48 : for in-vehicle communication
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 4/50 : Service provisioning or reconfiguring
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 4/80 : Services using short range communication, e.g. near-field communication [NFC], radio-frequency identification [RFID] or low energy communication
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 4/90 : Services for handling of emergency or hazardous situations, e.g. earthquake and tsunami warning systems [ETWS]
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 8/22 : Processing or transfer of terminal data, e.g. status or physical capabilities
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 84/005 : Moving wireless networks
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 84/12 : WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks]

Abstract

The present disclosure is related to a perceptible output control system for a vehicle that can perform a number of different operations that are particularly useful for electric vehicles.

Claims

1. A method, comprising:

determining, by a microprocessor executable output control system, a stimulus for generating a perceptible output for at least one of an occupant and non-occupant of a vehicle; and

providing, by an output source and at least one of interiorly and exteriorly to the vehicle, the perceptible output, wherein at least one of the following is true of the perceptible output;

(i) the perceptible output comprises both audio and visual components and is provided to a non-occupant exterior to the vehicle;

(ii) the perceptible output is associated with one or more of a particular brand, make, model, and type of the vehicle, with differing brands, makes, models, and types of vehicles having differing perceptible outputs;

(iii) the perceptible output simulates noise of a vehicle operation and is a function of a set of preferences of the occupant of the vehicle occupant, with differing occupants having differing corresponding perceptible outputs;

(iv) the perceptible output is a function of a determined geographic location of the vehicle, with differing vehicle locations having differing corresponding perceptible outputs; and

(v) the perceptible output is a function of a sensed roadside electronic device, with differing roadside electronic devices having differing corresponding perceptible outputs.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein (i) is true.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the perceptible output is in response to detection, by an imaging sensor, of an object in a probable path of the vehicle when the vehicle is in motion.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein output of the imaging sensor is used to determine a distance, trajectory and/or speed of the object.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the perceptible output is in response to sensed information received from one or more of the following sensors:

a wheel state sensor that senses one or more of vehicle speed, acceleration, deceleration, wheel rotation, wheel speed, and wheel slip, a power source energy output sensor that senses a power output of a vehicle power source by measuring one or more of current engine speed, and energy input and/or output, a switch state sensor that determines a current activation or deactivation state of a power source activation/deactivation switch, a transmission setting sensor that determines a current setting of a vehicle transmission, a gear controller sensor that determines a current setting of a vehicle gear controller, a power controller sensor that determines a current setting of a vehicle power controller, a brake sensor that determines a current state of a vehicle braking system, a seating system sensor that determines a seat setting and current weight of a seated vehicle occupant in a seat of the vehicle, exterior and/or interior sound receivers that receive and convert sound waves into an equivalent analog or digital signal, safety system state sensors that determine a current state of a vehicular safety system and/or seat belt setting, a brake control setting sensor, an accelerator pedal setting sensor, a clutch pedal setting sensor, an emergency brake pedal setting sensor, a door setting sensor, and a window setting sensor.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein (ii) is true.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the perceptible output corresponds to an output profile, wherein the corresponding output profile is selected by the control system from among a plurality of output profiles based on an identifier indicative of the particular brand, make, model, and type of the vehicle, and wherein the plurality of output profiles and identifier are stored in memory on board the vehicle.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the perceptible output simulates noise emissions of an internal combustion engine, wherein the perceptible output is emitted exteriorly and/or interiorly to the vehicle, wherein an output profile corresponding to the output defines the perceptible output by values corresponding to one or more of pitch, frequency, wavelength, wavenumber, amplitude, sound intensity, sound pressure, sound quality, direction of sound propagation, and loudness and defines temporal changes in the one or more of pitch, frequency, wavelength, wavenumber, amplitude, sound intensity, sound pressure, sound quality, direction of sound propagation, and loudness, and wherein the vehicle is an electric vehicle.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein (iii) is true.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the perceptible output corresponds to an output profile, wherein the corresponding output profile is selected by the control system from among a plurality of output profiles based on input from or relating to an occupant of the vehicle, and wherein the plurality of output profiles are stored in memory on board the vehicle.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the perceptible output is simulated noise emissions of an internal combustion engine, wherein the perceptible output is emitted exteriorly and/or interiorly to the vehicle, and wherein an output profile corresponding to the output defines the perceptible output by values corresponding to one or more of pitch, frequency, wavelength, wavenumber, amplitude, sound intensity, sound pressure, sound quality, direction of sound propagation, and loudness and defines temporal changes in the one or more of pitch, frequency, wavelength, wavenumber, amplitude, sound intensity, sound pressure, sound quality, direction of sound propagation, and loudness.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the perceptible output is for a brand, make, model, and type of vehicle different from the corresponding one of brand, make, model, and type of the vehicle.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the vehicle operation is not occupant entertainment and the perceptible output is neither music nor video and wherein the identity of the occupant is determined automatically and appropriate output profile selected.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein (iv) is true.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the perceptible output is a function of received satellite positioning signals indicating a current location of the vehicle as a function of time and further comprising using the current location of the vehicle to determine a feature in proximity to the vehicle.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein (v) is true.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the roadside electronic device indicates a possible presence of an animal, a pedestrian, a school, and a bicyclist.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the perceptible output is emitted one or interiorly and exteriorly to the vehicle and further comprising:

emitting the other of interiorly and exteriorly to the vehicle a noise-cancellation output, the noise-cancellation output having substantially the same amplitude but with an inverted phase to a selected component of the perceptible output, whereby the selected component is substantially cancelled by interference.

19. A computer readable medium comprising microprocessor executable instructions to perform the steps of claim 1.

20. A method, comprising:

determining, by a control system, a set of characteristics and/or parameters describing a selected sound component generated interiorly to a vehicle and received exteriorly to the vehicle;

determining, by the control system, a noise-cancellation output to emit exteriorly of the vehicle to cancel by interference the selected sound component; and

emitting, by a sound generation system, the noise-cancellation output exteriorly to the vehicle.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the noise-cancellation output has substantially the same amplitude but with an inverted phase to the selected sound component, whereby the selected sound component is substantially cancelled by interference.

22. A computer readable medium comprising microprocessor executable instructions to perform the steps of claim 20.

23. A control system operable to perform the steps of claim 20.

24. A control system for a vehicle, comprising:

a microprocessor executable data collector to collect sensed information for generating a perceptible output for at least one of an occupant and non-occupant of a vehicle; and

a microprocessor executable output controller to provide, by an output source and at least one of interiorly and exteriorly to the vehicle, the perceptible output, wherein at least one of the following is true of the perceptible output;

(i) the perceptible output comprises both audio and visual components and is provided to a non-occupant exterior to the vehicle;

(ii) the perceptible output is associated with one or more of a particular brand, make, model, and type of the vehicle, with differing brands, makes, models, and types of vehicles having differing perceptible outputs;

(iii) the perceptible output simulates noise of a vehicle operation and is a function of a set of preferences of the occupant of the vehicle occupant, with differing occupants having differing corresponding perceptible outputs;

(iv) the perceptible output is a function of a determined geographic location of the vehicle, with differing vehicle locations having differing corresponding perceptible outputs; and

(v) the perceptible output is a function of a sensed roadside electronic device, with differing roadside electronic devices having differing corresponding perceptible outputs.

25. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein (i) is true.

26. The vehicle of claim 25, wherein the perceptible output is in response to detection, by an imaging sensor, of an object in a probable path of the vehicle when the vehicle is in motion.

27. The vehicle of claim 26, wherein output of the imaging sensor is used to determine a distance, trajectory and/or speed of the object.

28. The vehicle of claim 25, wherein the perceptible output is in response to sensed information received from one or more of the following sensors:

a wheel state sensor that senses one or more of vehicle speed, acceleration, deceleration, wheel rotation, wheel speed, and wheel slip, a power source energy output sensor that senses a power output of a vehicle power source by measuring one or more of current engine speed, and energy input and/or output, a switch state sensor that determines a current activation or deactivation state of a power source activation/deactivation switch, a transmission setting sensor that determines a current setting of a vehicle transmission, a gear controller sensor that determines a current setting of a vehicle gear controller, a power controller sensor that determines a current setting of a vehicle power controller, a brake sensor that determines a current state of a vehicle braking system, a seating system sensor that determines a seat setting and current weight of a seated vehicle occupant in a seat of the vehicle, exterior and/or interior sound receivers that receive and convert sound waves into an equivalent analog or digital signal, safety system state sensors that determine a current state of a vehicular safety system and/or seat belt setting, a brake control setting sensor, an accelerator pedal setting sensor, a clutch pedal setting sensor, an emergency brake pedal setting sensor, a door setting sensor, and a window setting sensor.

29. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein (ii) is true.

30. The vehicle of claim 29, wherein the perceptible output corresponds to an output profile, wherein the corresponding output profile is selected by a microprocessor executable output profile selector from among a plurality of output profiles based on an identifier indicative of the particular brand, make, model, and type of the vehicle, and wherein the plurality of output profiles and identifier are stored in memory on board the vehicle.

31. The vehicle of claim 29, wherein the perceptible output simulates noise emissions of an internal combustion engine, wherein the perceptible output is emitted exteriorly and/or interiorly to the vehicle, wherein an output profile corresponding to the output defines the perceptible output by values corresponding to one or more of pitch, frequency, wavelength, wavenumber, amplitude, sound intensity, sound pressure, sound quality, direction of sound propagation, and loudness and defines temporal changes in the one or more of pitch, frequency, wavelength, wavenumber, amplitude, sound intensity, sound pressure, sound quality, direction of sound propagation, and loudness, and wherein the vehicle is an electric vehicle.

32. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein (iii) is true.

33. The vehicle of claim 32, wherein the perceptible output corresponds to an output profile, wherein the corresponding output profile is selected by a microprocessor executable output profile selector from among a plurality of output profiles based on input from or relating to an occupant of the vehicle, and wherein the plurality of output profiles are stored in memory on board the vehicle.

34. The vehicle of claim 33, wherein the perceptible output is simulated noise emissions of an internal combustion engine, wherein the perceptible output is emitted exteriorly and/or interiorly to the vehicle, and wherein an output profile corresponding to the output defines the perceptible output by values corresponding to one or more of pitch, frequency, wavelength, wavenumber, amplitude, sound intensity, sound pressure, sound quality, direction of sound propagation, and loudness and defines temporal changes in the one or more of pitch, frequency, wavelength, wavenumber, amplitude, sound intensity, sound pressure, sound quality, direction of sound propagation, and loudness.

35. The vehicle of claim 34, wherein the perceptible output is for a brand, make, model, and type of vehicle different from the corresponding one of brand, make, model, and type of the vehicle.

36. The vehicle of claim 33, wherein the vehicle operation is not occupant entertainment and the perceptible output is neither music nor video and wherein the identity of the occupant is determined automatically and appropriate output profile selected.

37. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein (iv) is true.

38. The vehicle of claim 37, wherein the perceptible output is a function of received satellite positioning signals indicating a current location of the vehicle as a function of time and further comprising using the current location of the vehicle to determine a feature in proximity to the vehicle.

39. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein (v) is true.

40. The vehicle of claim 39, wherein the roadside electronic device indicates a possible presence of an animal, a pedestrian, a school, and a bicyclist.

41. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein the perceptible output is emitted one or interiorly and exteriorly to the vehicle and further comprising:

emitting the other of interiorly and exteriorly to the vehicle a noise-cancellation output, the noise-cancellation output having substantially the same amplitude but with an inverted phase to a selected component of the perceptible output, whereby the selected component is substantially cancelled by interference.