Device for registration of objects

• US 4,242,661 A
• Filed: 03/16/1976
• Issued: 12/30/1980
• Est. Priority Date: 03/27/1975
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Stiftelsen Institutet For Mikrovagsteknik Vid Tekniska Hogskolan I Stockholm
• Original Assignee: Stiftelsen Institutet For Mikrovagsteknik Vid Tekniska Hogskolan I Stockholm
• Inventors: Berglind, Eilert, Henoch, Bengt T.
• Primary Examiner(s): Caldwell, Sr., John W.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Groody, James J.
• Application Number:
  US05/667,306
• Time in Patent Office: 1,750 Days
• Field of Search: 340/23, 340/24, 340/32, 340/33, 340/408, 340/505, 343/6.5 SS, 343/6.5 R, 343/17.5, 343/112 TC, 343/112 PT, 343/6.5 LC, 343/7.6, 343/18 B, 343/18 C, 343/18 D, 343/6.8 R, 332/16 R, 332/23 R, 455/99, 455/89, 455/313
• US Class Current: 342/44
• CPC Class Codes: B61L 25/045 using reradiating tags
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/765 with exchange of information between interrogator and responder
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/017 identifying vehicles G08G1/015, G08G1/054 take precedence

Abstract

Devices for registration of an object and its movements in relation to another object by means of a high frequency signal transmitted from one of the objects and reflected from the other object, the reflected signal being modulated with an identification code and received back at the first mentioned object where the registration of the code takes place. To separate the reflected signal, from the first transmitted signal the frequency of the reflected signal is changed at the same time as it is reflected, the frequency change of the reflected signal being made in a way which allows the frequency of the reflected signal to be chosen according to wish, and that the frequency of the reflected signal is not equal to any of the stronger harmonic of the fundamental frequency of the first, originally transmitted signal. Thereby the reflected signal can be properly received and detected even though much weaker than the transmitted signal or any of its harmonics.

Claims

1. A device for registration of a first type of objects, here called registration objects, which move relative to a second type of objects, here called registration places, which registration objects, for example, may be vehicles, and the registration places may be places along a road section passed by the vehicles, which device comprises a plurality of recording units attached one in each registration place or on each registration object, and a plurality of registration transceivers attached one on each registration object or in each registration place, and each recording unit comprising an emitter (20), a receiver (23) and an indication unit (24), and each registration transceiver comprising (a) a frequency converter for converting a first signal received from said emitter to a second signal without adding new energy to the signal, which second signal is frequency shifted by a certain amount relative to the first signal, (b) a coding device to provide said second signal with a code individual for the registration transceiver and (c) an emitter device for emitting said second coded signal, said receiver of the recording unit being adapted to receive said second signal, and its indication unit being adapted to indicate said code, characterized in that said frequency converter comprises a modulator, which modulates the first signal in such a manner, that at least one sideband frequency component is formed, and that the coding device is adapted to provide the frequency component with said code individual for the registration transceiver, preferably by starting and stopping said modulator in accordance with a pattern constituting said code.

2. A device according to claim 1, characterized in that the frequency converter is a single side band modulator (26, 30-32).

3. A device according to claim 2, characterized in that the modulator is a phase modulator with a modulation circuit, which is passed by the received first signal and thereby changes its phase angle substantially n·

360°

according to a sawtooth-pattern where n is an integer number preferably equal to 1, so that the signal outgoing from the modulation circuit has a frequency of f+k or f-k where f is the frequency of the received first signal and k is proportional to the repetition frequency of said sawtooth-pattern.

4. A device according to claim 3, characterized in that the modulation circuit comprises a plurality of capacitance diodes (30D1,30D2) controlled by a sawtooth-shaped voltage.

5. A device according to claim 4, characterized in that said sawtooth-shaped voltage is generated by a generator (26a), which is put into and taken out of action by a pulse generator (27) generating pulses in accordance with said code individual for the registration transceiver.

6. A device according to claim 5, characterized in that the generator is a sawtooth-generator (26a).

7. A device according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a means which causes the first signal to divide into two components and to bring about a mutual phase difference of 90°

between these components, and two networks or channels, which include means, for example, each a capacitance diode or varactor diode (30D1,30D2) adapted in dependency of an applied modulation voltage to effect a phase shifting of one of these components at a time by additional 180°

, and means are provided to supply modulation voltage to said diodes in the form of one pulse train each (33A,33B), which consist of pulses and intervals of equal length, and means (33) to phase-shift one pulse train half a pulse length in relation to the other pulse train, and means to again combine the two signal components to one signal, the phase angle of which is turned through 90°

for each of said phase shiftings, i.e. for each passage of a pulse edge in one or the other of the two pulse trains, and which implies that at least one side band with the frequency f+k has been formed, where k is a constant.

8. A device according to claim 1, characterized in that between the emitter of the recording unit and the frequency converter of the registration transmitter a hybrid (Hy) is coupled in, the four terminals of which form a first pair (Te1 and Te2) and a second pair (Te3 and Te4) of terminals, and to one terminal (Te1) in the first pair said first signal from the emitter (20) of the recording unit is conducted, and to each of the two terminals (Te3, Te4) in the second pair a capacitance diode (Di1, Di2) are connected, and a delay line (λ

) is connected between one (Te4) of said terminals and one (Di2) of said diodes, and means are provided to supply said capacitance diodes (Di1, Di2) with control voltages to change their capacitance, and that said delay line and the control voltages of the diodes are so chosen, that the signals reflected from the diodes (Di1, Di2) include two side bands, which are returned to the hybrid and appear each on one of the terminals (Te1, Te2) in said first pair of terminals, and means are provided to utilize from one of these terminals (Te1, Te2) one of these side bands and to supply it to the receiver (23) in the recording unit.

9. A device according to claim 8, characterized in that the hybrid (Hy) is located between the aerial means (25) and the diodes (Di1, Di2) in the registration transceiver .

10. A device according to claim 8, characterized in that the hybrid (Hy) is located between the emitter (20) and the aerial means (22V,22H) in the recording unit.

11. A device according to claim 10, characterized in that the aerial means is of such a nature that a circular-polarized carrier wave is emitted to the registration transceiver, and the registration transmitter is adapted to generate two side bands, and the device further is so designed that these side bands are retransmitted toward the recording unit as circular-polarized carrier waves with mutually opposed rotation directions, and that the aerial of the recording unit is adapted to receive one of these carrier waves which then is utilized for registration purposes.

12. A device according to claim 8, characterized in that for each combination of aerials for emitting or receiving in polarization planes located 90°

to each other a square waveguide funnel (50) is provided, which has taps (52,54) for signal input or signal output in two sides perpendicular to each other.

13. A device according to claim 8, characterized in that for each combination of aerials for emitting or receiving in polarization planes located 90°

to each other a rectangular mat (60) is provided, which includes plates (61) coupled together in two directions perpendicular to each other, and taps (65,66) for signed input or output are provided on two sides of the mat forming a 90°

angle with each other.

14. A device according to claim 1, where means are provided adapted in connection with the first signal being received by the registration transceiver and after conversion to said second signal being reflected to the recording unit to cause the signal to pass at least two phase turning circuits (41,42, FIG. 18), which may be connected in series or in parallel, and each of said circuits comprises an unlinear element, for example a capacitance diode (126D1,126D2) which in dependency of an applied varying modulation voltage (133A, 133B) shows a susceptance varying in a corresponding way, characterized in that means are provided to supply the unlinear elements (126D1,126D2) of said circuits with modulation voltages in the form of pulse trains, each forming substantially a square wave (133A, 133B), which pulse trains have mutually different frequencies and such amplitudes, selected in relation to the remaining components (44,47, FIG. 19) comprised in said circuits, that all circuits together cause a phase turning of the second signal reflected by the registration transmitter in relation to the phase angle of said first signal, which varies in steps from a starting position α

to a second position which is α

+360° and

during said variation assumes several different values, which when they differ with mutually equal amounts and are plotted as ordinate values at mutually equal intervals from an abscissa representing a time axis, form points on a substantially straight line, and at repeated procedures of said events points arise on a sawtooth-curve with the repetition frequency k₁ so that a side band to the received signal is formed, the frequency of which is f+k where f is the frequency of the received signal and k is equal or proportional to k₁.

15. A device according to claim 14, characterized in that the circuits (41,42) connected in parallel with each other, in which capacitance diodes (1261 and 126D2, respectively) are included, are two in number, and that the capacitance diode (126D1) of one of these circuits is supplied with a first pulse train (133A) with the frequency n, and the capacitance diode of the second circuit is supplied with a second pulse train (133B) of the frequency 2n, and that these pulse trains have such a phase position relative to each other, that each ascending and descending edge of the first pulse train substantially coincides with an ascending or descending edge in the second pulse train.

16. A device according to claim 15, characterized in that the amplitude of the first pulse train and the amplitude of the second pulse train are so related to each other and to the values of the components included in said phase turning circuits (41,42, FIG. 18), that the change in susceptance caused by the first pulse train (133A) in th first circuit (41) has a relation to the change in susceptance caused by the second pulse train (133B) in the second circuit (42) which substantially is equal to 1,4:

1.

17. A device according to claim 14, characterized in that each phase turning circuit (41,42, FIG. 18) in addition to said capacitance diode (126D1 and 126D2, respectively) contains an inductance (45, FIG. 19) connected in series with the capacitance diode, and a capacitance (44, FIG. 19) connected in parallel with said series connection.

18. A device according to claim 14, characterized in that the first pulse train (133A) and the second pulse train (133B) have amplitudes of mutually equal size.

19. A device for registration of a first type of objects, here called registration objects, which are movable relative to a second type of objects, here called registration places, said registration objects being for example vehicles and said registration places being for example places along a road section passed by said vehicles, said device comprising in combination

(a) a plurality of recording units located one in each registration places

(b) each of said recording units comprising a transmitter (20) for transmitting a first signal of constant frequency,

(c) a plurality of registration transceivers located one in each of said registration objects for receiving said first signal,

(d) each of said transceivers comprising a frequency converter for converting said first signal to a second signal to provide for the transmission of said second signal without adding new energy to the signal, the frequency of said second signal being shifted by said converter by a certain amount relative to the frequency of said first signal, and

(e) a coding device (32) in each transceiver for coding said second signal with a code individual to the transceiver,

(f) and each recording unit further comprising a receiver (23) tuned to receive said second signal and an indication unit (24) for indicating said code when said second signal is received by the receiver, characterized by the fact that,

(g) said frequency converter comprises a modulator, which stepwise and repeatedly alters the phase of said first signal through an angle of 360°

whereby at least one side band is created, which forms said second signal.

20. A device according to claim 19, wherein said converter comprises a means which causes the first signal to divide into two components and to bring about a mutual phase difference of 90°

between these components, and two networks or channels, which include means, for example each a capacitance diode or varactor diode (30D1, 30D2) adapted in dependency of an applied modulation voltage to effect a phase shifting of one of these components at a time by additional 180°

, and means are provided to supply modulation voltage to said diodes in the form of one pulse train each (33A,33B), which consist of pulses and intervals of equal length, and means (33) to phase-shift one pulse train half a pulse length in relation to the other pulse train, and means to again combine the two signal components to one signal, the phase angle of which is turned through 90°

for each of said phase shiftings, i.e. for each passage of a pulse edge in one or the other of the two pulse trains, and which implies that at least one side band with the frequency f+k has been formed, where k is a constant.

21. A device according to claim 19, wherein said converter comprises at least two phase shifting circuits (41,42, FIG. 18) said phase shifting circuit being arranged to be passed by said first signal, each of said circuits comprising an unlinear element, such as a varactor or capacitance diode (126D1, 126D2) which in dependency of an applied varying modulation voltage (133A,133B) shows a susceptance varying in a corresponding way, characterized in that means are provided to supply the unlinear elements (126D1, 126D2) of said circuits with modulation voltages in the form of pulse trains, each forming substantially a square wave (133A,133B), which pulse trains have mutually different frequencies and such amplitudes, selected in relation to the remaining components (44,47, FIG. 19) comprised in said circuits, that all circuits together cause a phase shifting of the second signal reflected or retransmitted by the registration transceiver, in relation to the phase angle of said first signal, which varies in steps from a starting position α

to a second position which is α

+360° and

during said variation assumes several different values, which when they differ with mutually equal amounts and are plotted as ordinate values at mutually equal intervals from an abscissa representing a time axis, form points on a substantially straight line, and at repeated procedures of said events, said straight lines together form a sawtooth curve with the repetition frequency K₁ whereby at least one side band to the first signal is formed, the frequency of which is f+k where f is the frequency of the received signal and k is equal or proportional to K₁.

22. A system providing for the registration of a first type of objects, here called registration objects, which move relative to a second type of objects, here call registration places, which registration objects, for example, may be vehicles, and the registration places may be places along a road section passed by the vehicles, said system comprises a plurality of recording units attached one in each registration place or on each registration object, and a plurality of registration transceivers attached one on each registration object or in each registration place, each of said recording units having means for transmitting a carrier signal consisting of electromagnetical waves of a constant frequency, and each recording unit also comprising a receiver (23) and an indication unit (24), and each registration transceiver comprising a frequency converter for converting said carrier signal received from said recording unit to a second signal without adding new energy to the signal, which second signal is frequency shifted by a certain amount relative to the carrier signal, a coding device to provide said second signal with a code individual for the registration transceiver, and an emitter device for emitting said second coded signal, said receiver of the recording unit being adapted to receive said second signal, and its indication means being adapted to indicate said code, characterized in that said frequency converter comprises a modulator, which modulates the carrier signal in such a manner that at least one side frequency component is formed, which is greater than other side frequency components formed simultaneously and that the coding device is adapted to provide said one frequency component with said code individual to the registration transceiver, preferably by starting and stopping said modulator in accordance with a pattern constituting said code and that said receiver in the recording unit is adapted to receive said one frequency component and said indication unit is adapted to indicate the code carried by said one frequency component;

said system also being provided with means for suppressing said other side frequency components that may be formed simultaneously.

23. A device for registration of a first type of objects, here called registration objects, which are movable relative to a second type of objects, here called registration places, said registration objects being for example vehicles and said registration places being for example places along a road section passed by said vehicles, said device comprising:

(a) a plurality of recording units located one in each registration place and

(b) each of said recording units comprising a transmitter (20) for transmitting a first signal of constant frequency,

(c) a plurality of registration transceivers located one in each of said registration objects for receiving said first signal,

(d) each of said transceivers comprising a frequency converter for converting said first signal to a second signal to provide for the transmission of said second signal without adding new energy to the signal, the frequency of said second signal being shifted by said converter by a certain amount relative to the frequency of said first signal,

(e) a coding device (32) in each transceiver for coding said second signal with a code individual to the transceiver,

(f) said frequency converter comprises a modulator, which stepwise and repeatedly alters the phase of said first signal through an angle of 360°

whereby a number of sidebands is created,

(g) means for utilizing only one of said sidebands as said second signal and providing it with said code,

(h) means in said recording units for receiving and decoding said one of said sidebands.

24. A radio communication system providing for the registration of a first type of objects, here called registration objects, which are movable relative to a second type of objects, here called registration places, and registration objects being for example vehicles and said registration places being for example places along a road section passed by said vehicles, said system comprising a recording unit located at each of said registration places and having means for transmitting a carrier signal of constant pre-selected frequency, and a transceiver located in each of said registration objects for receiving said carrier signal and including (a) a coding device for supplying a coded modulation signal containing a code that identifies the transceiver in which it is supplied and (b) a single sideband modulator for modulating said carrier signal upon its reception with said modulation signal to provide a single sideband signal containing said code and having at least one side frequency component, the frequency of said side frequency component being predetermined and differing from the frequency of said carrier signal, said transceiver further comprising means for emitting said single sideband signal for transmission to said recording unit, said recording unit further comprising a receiver tuned to receive said side frequency component and a unit providing an indication of said code when said side frequency component is received by said receiver.

25. The system defined in claim 24 wherein said modulator comprising means for recurrently shifting the phase of said first signal in a stepwise manner through an angle of 360°

.

26. A system providing for the registration of a first type of objects, here called registration objects, which are movable relative to a second type of objects, here called registration places, said registration objects being for example vehicles and said registration places being for example places along a road section passed by said vehicles, said system comprising a recording unit located in each of said registration places and having a transmitter for transmitting a first signal of constant frequency, and a registration transceiver located in each of said registration objects for receiving said first signal and comprising (a) a frequency converter for converting said first signal to a second signal without adding new energy to the second signal and (b) an antenna for emitting said second signal for transmission to said recording unit, the frequency of said second signal being shifted by said converter by a certain amount relative to the frequency of said first signal, a coding device in said transceiver for providing said second signal with a code individual to the transceiver, said recording unit further comprising a receiver tuned to receive said second signal and an indication unit for indicating said code when said second signal is received by said receiver, characterized by the fact that said frequency converter comprises a modulator, which stepwise and repeatedly alters the phase of said first signal through an angle of 360°

whereby at least one sideband is created, which forms said second signal, said modulator comprising a hybrid (Hy), said hybrid having four terminals of which one (Te1) is connected to the antenna of the registration transceiver to receive the first signal from the transmitter of the recording unit and transmit the second, modulated signal back to the receiver of the recording unit and a second terminal (Te2) of said hybrid (Hy) being connected to ground through an energy dissipating resistor (Da) for absorbing the energy of signals of a frequency which are not utilized for the information transmission, while a third terminal (Te3) of said hybrid is connected to ground through a first varactor diode (Di1), the control electrode of said first varactor diode being connected to a source of a pulse train consisting of substantially rectangular pulses, intermixed with periods of the same length as the pulses, and the fourth terminal (Te4) of said hybrid being connected to ground through a second varactor diode (Di2), the control voltage terminal (Dst2) of said second diode being connected to a source of a pulse train consisting of pulses similar to those supplied to the control voltage terminal of said first varactor diode (Di1) but phase shifted 90°

in relation to the latter, a first matching circuit (An1) connected between said first diode (Di1) and said third terminal (Te3), a second matching circuit (An2) connected between said second diode (Di2) and said fourth terminal (Te4), said first and second circuits (An1, An2) being effective to match the impedance of the hybrid to that of the diodes, and a delay line providing a connection between one of said diodes and said hybrid in series with said one of said diodes for phase shifting the signal through that connection by the amount of 45°

.

27. A system providing two-way radio communication between a first station and at least one additional station wherein one of said first and additional stations is movable relative to the other of said first and additional stations, said system comprising an interrogation unit located at said first station and having means for transmitting a carrier signal of fixed pre-selected frequency, a transmitter-receiver unit at said additional station for receiving said carrier signal and comprising means for supplying an encoding signal and a single sideband modulator for intermittently phase modulating the received carrier signal with said encoding signal to produce at least one intermittent side frequency component in a pattern that constitutes a code for identifying said transmitter-receiver unit, said one side frequency component having a frequency that is predetermined and different from the frequency of said carrier signal, said transmitter-receiver unit further comprising means for effecting the transmission of at least said side frequency component, and said interrogation unit comprising a receiver tuned to receive said side frequency component and means for decoding the received side frequency component to recover said code.

28. The system defined in claim 27 wherein said modulator phase modulates said first signal and comprises means for recurrently shifting the phase of said first signal in a stepwise fashion through an angle of 360°

.

29. A system providing two-way radio communication between a first station and at least one additional station wherein one of said first and additional stations is movable relative to the other of said first and additional stations, said system comprising an interrogation unit located at said first station and having means for transmitting a carrier signal of constant pre-selected frequency, a transmitter-receiver unit at said additional station for receiving said carrier signal and comprising means for phase modulating said carrier signal upon its reception with an encoding signal to produce at least one side frequency component in the form of a coded signal that contains a code for identifying the transmitter-receiver unit, the frequency of said side frequency component being predetermined and different from the frequency of said carrier signal, said transmitter-receiver unit further comprising means for effecting the transmission of at least said coded signal, and said interrogation unit comprising receiver means tuned to receive said coded signal and means for decoding the received coded signal to recover said code.

30. The system defined in claim 29 wherein said transmitter-receiver unit comprises aerial means for receiving said carrier signal upon transmission thereof from said interrogation unit and means for conducting said carrier signal from said aerial means to said modulating means without any bandpass filtering.

31. A system providing two-way radio communication between first and second stations wherein one of said stations is moveable relative to the other, said system comprising an interrogation unit located at said first station and having means for transmitting a carrier signal of constant pre-selected frequency, a transmitter-receiver unit located at said second station for receiving said carrier signal and having means for re-transmitting said carrier signal without adding energy thereto to thus provide for the transmission of said carrier signal from the transmitter-receiver unit, said transmitter-receiver unit further including means for modulating said carrier signal with a modulating signal containing a code to provide for the transmission of said code from the transmitter-receiver unit, and said interrogation unit having receiver means for receiving the thusly modulated carrier signal and for recovering said modulating signal, and means for retrieving said code from the recovered modulating signal, said modulating means comprising a phase modulator that is responsive to said modulating signal for generating at least one side frequency component containing said code and having a predetermined frequency that is different from the frequency of said carrier signal, and said receiver means of said interrogation unit being tuned to the frequency of said side frequency component.