Method and apparatus for power load shedding

• US 4,345,162 A
• Filed: 06/30/1980
• Issued: 08/17/1982
• Est. Priority Date: 06/30/1980
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Honeywell Incorporated (Honeywell International Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Honeywell Incorporated (Honeywell International Inc.)
• Inventors: Hammer, Jeffrey M., Olson, Thomas J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Rubinson, Gene Z.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Dwyer, James L.
• Application Number:
  US06/164,711
• Time in Patent Office: 778 Days
• Field of Search: 307/35, 307/38, 307/39, 307/40, 307/117, 307/126, 364/492, 364/493, 165/28
• US Class Current: 307/39
• CPC Class Codes: F04C 2270/90 Remote control, e.g. wireless, via LAN, by radio, or by a wired connection from a central computer
• CPC Class Codes: F25B 2600/0251 with on-off operation
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 23/1913 delivering a series of pulses
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2310/14 The load or loads being home appliances
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/14 by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 30/70 Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/30 Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/3225 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/222 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/244 the home appliances being or involving heating ventilating and air conditioning [HVAC] units

Abstract

The present invention contemplates a method and apparatus for load-shedding duty cycling which overrides the normal thermostat control in a space conditioning system, upon receipt of an external signal as from the power company, in a manner such that the consumed power does not rise above the level that persisted just prior to the initialization signal. The present invention monitors the thermostat-controlled cycling pattern of a space conditioning system such as an air conditioner. Normally, the last thermostat-controlled cycle is then caused to become the reference or control cycle for the load shedding interval. That is, the ON portion of the reference cycle is caused to become the maximum allowable ON interval and the OFF portion of the reference cycle is caused to become the minimum OFF interval for the entire load shedding interval.

The device may be started by a single radio command or other means. The release from load control may be automatically timed or based on other signals. A radio receiver or other such means is provided to receive the signal from the power utility company which starts the load control function.

Unique features are also provided to prevent the undesirable effects of tampering with the thermostat setpoint just prior to the load shedding interval or to compensate for any cycle pattern of unusually long duration. This is done by compensating for the effect of these events by modifying the reference or control cycle when the appear.

Claims

1. A method of limiting the electrical power demand of electrical space conditioning means comprising the steps of:

sensing the ON and OFF half-cycle times of the thermostat means associated with operation of the space conditioning load means;

storing information related to said sensed ON and OFF half-cycle times;

initiating overriding control of the ON-OFF switching function of the space conditioning load means from said thermostat means at the inception of a load-shedding interval;

controlling the ON-OFF half-cycle times of the space-conditioning load during a load-shedding interval based on load-shed ON and OFF half-cycle times individually determined for that space conditioning load means derived from stored information and in a manner such that the thermostat state determines whether said space conditioning load means is ON during any part of each of said load-shed ON half-cycle times and said space conditioning means remains off during the load-shed OFF half-cycle regardless of thermostat state; and

returning full control of said ON-OFF switching means of said space conditioning load means to said thermostat means after the load-shedding interval.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of initiating overriding control of the ON-OFF switching function of said space conditioning load means is accomplished in phase with the operation of the space conditioning load means at the inception of load-shedding such that the natural half-cycle at the inception of load-shedding is not disturbed whether the space conditioning means be OFF or ON and wherein the initial load-shed half-cycle at the inception of load-shedding is made to be an ON or OFF half-cycle according to the half-cycle of the space conditioning means then in effect.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the time of said ON natural half-cycle in effect at the inception of load-shedding is limited in time to the corresponding load-shed ON or OFF half-cycle time.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein said natural half-cycle at the inception of load-shedding is an OFF half-cycle the step of not initiating the first load-shed ON half-cycle before said thermostat means calls for the next natural ON cycle.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of assuming overriding control of the ON-OFF switching means is initiated in response to an externally generated command signal.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein both said steps of assuming overriding control and returning control are responsive to externally generated command signals.

7. The method of either of claims 5 or 6 wherein said command signals are generated by the electric power supplier.

8. The method of claim 7 further comprising the step of signally a plurality of systems in a power network substantially simultaneously to limit power usage in the network.

9. The method of claim 6 wherein said signalling is accomplished by radio frequency communication.

10. The method of claim 8 wherein said signalling is accomplished by radio frequency communication.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein said load-shed ON and OFF half-cycle times are established equal to specific sequential pairs of ON and OFF half-cycle times derived from the sensed past cycling history of said space-conditioning load and contained in said stored information.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein said load-shed ON and OFF half-cycle times are updated in said information storage means at each OFF to ON or ON to OFF switching event of said thermostat prior to the load-shedding interval so that the ON and OFF half-cycle times of the last natural thermostat-controlled cycle of said load prior to the assumption of control at the inception of said load-shedding interval become said load-shed ON and OFF half-cycle times.

13. The method of any of claims 1, 11 or 12 further comprising the steps of:

comparing the On half-cycle time of said load-shed cycle with predetermined maximum and minimum load-shed ON half-cycle time limits;

updating said load-shed ON half-cycle time to be within said predetermined ON half-cycle time limits, if the time of said load-shed On half cycle is outside of said limits;

comparing the OFF half-cycle time of said load-shed cycle with predetermined minimum and maximum load-shed OFF half-cycle time limits;

updating said load-shed OFF half-cycle time to be within said OFF half-cycle time limits if the time of said load-shed OFF half cycle is outside of said time limits.

14. The method of any of claims 1, 11 or 12 further comprising the steps of:

setting the time of said load-shed ON half-cycle and said reference OFF half-cycle to equal the last thermostat-controlled ON half-cycle and thermostat-controlled OFF half-cycle sensed prior to the load-shedding interval which falls within predetermined time limits.

15. The method of claim 11 wherein said reference ON and OFF half-cycles for said controlled cycling of said space-conditioning load during the load-shedding interval are established equal to the natural thermostat-controlled ON and OFF half-cycle times of the load conditioning means closest to a selected time of day.

16. The method of claim 11 wherein a plurality of sequential pairs of ON-OFF half-cycle times are stored and a selected pair recalled by the electric power supplier for use as the load-shed ON-OFF half-cycles as communicated by command signals.

17. The method of either of claims 11 or 15 wherein the stored ON and OFF half-cycle times to be used as the load-shed ON and OFF half-cycle times are selected by the electric power supplier and communicated by command signals.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein said command signals are accomplished by radio frequency communication.

19. The method of claim 18 comprising the step of signalling of plurality of systems in a power network substantially simultaneously to limit total power usage in that network.

20. The method of claim 13 wherein said maximum and minimum ON and OFF load-shed half-cycle time limits are under the control of the electric power supplier.

21. The method of claim 14 wherein said maximum and minimum ON and OFF load-shed half-cycle time limits are under the control of the electric power supplier.

22. The method of claim 1 including the step of gradually modifying said load-shed half-cycle ON time and said load-shed half-cycle OFF time at a predetermined rate for a portion of said load-shedding interval to modify the amount of load-shedding.

23. The method of claim 22 including the step of gradually increasing said load-shed ON half-cycle time and gradually decreasing said load-shed OFF cycle time at the end of the load-shedding interval until the thermostat switches to the OFF state again during an ON load-shed half-cycle.

24. The method of either of claims 22 or 23 wherein the modification of said load-shed ON and OFF half-cycle times is under the control of the electric power supplier.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein said power supplier accomplishes said load-shed ON and OFF half-cycle time modification by radio frequency communication with said duty cycling apparatus.

26. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

updating said load-shed ON half-cycle to equal the sensed thermostat ON half-cycle time each time the sensed thermostat ON half-cycle is shorter than said load-shed ON half-cycle;

updating said load-shed OFF half-cycle to equal the sensed thermostat OFF half-cycle time each time the natural OFF half-cycle exceeds said load-shed OFF time limit.

27. A duty cycling apparatus for controlling the electrical power demand of a space conditioning load means comprising:

timing means for sensing the ON and OFF half-cycle times of the thermostat means associated with the space conditioning load means;

information storage means for storing information relating to said sensed ON and OFF half-cycle times of said thermostat means associated with said space conditioning load means;

means for initiating overriding control over the ON-OFF switching means associated with said space conditioning load means overriding said thermostat means at the inception of a load-shedding interval;

load-shed control means for controlling the ON and OFF half-cycle times of said space conditioning load means during a load-shedding interval based on individually determined load-shed ON and OFF half-cycle times derived from stored information in a manner such that the thermostat state determines whether said space conditioning means is ON during any part of each of said reference ON half-cycle times and said space conditioning means remains OFF during the load-shed OFF half-cycle regardless of thermostat state;

means for returning control over said ON-OFF switching means of said space conditioning load means to said thermostat means after a load-shedding interval; and

signal receiving means for receiving externally generated command signals.

28. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein said means for initiating overriding control of the ON-OFF switching function of said space conditioning load means further comprises means to phase in said overriding control such that the natural half-cycle at the inception of load-shedding is not disturbed whether the space conditioning means be OFF or ON and wherein the initial load-shed half-cycle at the inception of load-shedding is made to be an ON or OFF half-cycle according to half-cycle of the space conditioning means then in effect.

29. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein the time of said ON or OFF natural half-cycle in effect at the inception of load-shedding is limited in time to the corresponding load-shed ON or OFF half-cycle time.

30. The apparatus of claim 28 including ON half-cycle delay means in said information storage means initiated if said space conditioning means is OFF at the inception of load-shedding and said load-shed OFF half-cycle has timed out, said delay means preventing the start of the first load-shed ON half-cycle until said thermostat means initially switches to the ON state.

31. The apparatus of claim 27 further comprising means for selecting a particular sequential pair of load-shed ON-OFF cycle times from information stored in said information storage means.

32. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein selection of said particular load-shed ON-OFF cycle times is controlled by externally generated command signals.

33. The apparatus of claim 31 further comprising:

means for comparing said selected load-shed ON-OFF cycle times with predetermined minimum and maximum ON and OFF half-cycle times; and

means for modifying said load-shed ON-OFF half-cycle times as required to be within said maximum and minimum times.

34. The apparatus of claim 27 further comprising:

means for selecting specific sequential pairs of ON-OFF half-cycle times based on external commands from the supplier of electric power;

means for storing said selected pairs of ON-OFF half-cycle times;

means for recalling one of said selected stored pairs for use as the load-shed ON and OFF cycles based on interval commands of the supplier of electric power.

35. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein the load-shed ON or OFF half-cycle is updated in said information storage means with each switching event of the thermostat state prior to the inception of load-shedding.

36. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein timed ON and OFF half-cycles falling outside predetermined maximum/minimum time limits are treated by said information storage means in a manner such that said updating does not occur.

37. The apparatus of claim 27 further comprising means for modifying said load-shed half-cycle ON time and said load-shed OFF half-cycle time to modify the amount of load-shedding during the load-shedding interval.

38. The apparatus of claim 37 wherein said modification is made at a predetermined rate.

39. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein said means for returning control to said thermostat includes means for gradually increasing said load-shed ON half-cycle time and gradually decreasing said load-shed OFF cycle time at the end of the load-shedding interval until the thermostat switches to the OFF state during an ON load-shed half-cycle.

40. The apparatus of any one of claims 37-39 wherein said cycle modification is accomplished by externally generated command signals from the power supplier.

41. The apparatus of claim 39 wherein said means for retaining control is activated after a predetermined time in the absence of a command signal from the power supplier.

42. The apparatus according to claim 27 wherein said signal receiving means is a radio frequency receiver.

43. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein said timer means and said information storage means are contained in a microprocessor.

44. The apparatus of claim 27 wherein said overriding control means further comprises:

electric contactor means in the power supply to the space conditioning load; and

switch means for operating said contactor means in response to said load-shed control means.

45. A non-synchronizing system for power load-shedding in a central power distribution network supplying a plurality of space conditioning means comprising:

separate load-shed duty cycler means connected to each of the space conditioning means participating in load-shedding, said load-shed duty cycler being connected in a manner which allows it to shut off the power supply to said space conditioning means, said load-shed duty cycler means also being connected to the thermostat control associated with the space conditioning means;

signal receiving means associated with said load-shed duty cycler to receiver command control instructions from the power supplier as required for power load-shedding;

load-shed cycle control means in said duty cycler, said load-shed control means including timing means for timing the natural ON and OFF cycle times of said thermostat means, information storage and retrieval means for storing and retrieving information including information supplied by said timing means related to said ON-OFF cycle times and control means for controlling the cycling of said space conditioning based on load-shed ON and OFF cycle times derived from said stored natural cycle time information; and

anti-synchronization means in said load-shed control means including phasing-in means implemented at the inception of the load-shedding interval which causes the initial load-shed ON-OFF cycle to correspond to the natural half-cycle in effect at the inception of load-shedding and wherein said load-shed control means thereafter patterns ON and OFF load-shed half-cycles based on stored information derived from a sequential pair of natural half-cycles contained in said stored information wherein said ON load-shed half-cycle is a permissive ON half-cycle and said OFF load-shed half-cycle is a positive OFF half-cycle to thereby preserve the random natural diversity of the plurality of space conditioning means.

46. A non-synchronizing system for power load-shedding of claim 45 wherein said anti-synchronization means further comprises:

phasing-out means for gradually increasing the load-shed ON half-cycle time and gradually decreasing the load-shed OFF half-cycle time at the end of the load-shedding interval until the thermostat switches to an OFF state during an ON load-shed half-cycle.