Method using a programmed digital computer system for translation between natural languages

• US 4,706,212 A
• Filed: 03/31/1971
• Issued: 11/10/1987
• Est. Priority Date: 08/31/1971
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Denis Gachot, Latsec, Inc., Systran Translation Systems, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Peter P. Toma
• Inventors: Toma, Peter P.
• Primary Examiner(s): Chan, Eddie
• Application Number:
  US06/176,672
• Time in Patent Office: 6,068 Days
• Field of Search: 444/1, 364/300, 364/200, 364/900, 364/419, 434/157, 434/167, 434/159, 400/109
• US Class Current: 704/2
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/211 Syntactic parsing, e.g. based on context-free grammar [CFG] or unification grammars
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/242 Dictionaries
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/268 Morphological analysis
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/55 Rule-based translation

Abstract

A computerized translation method with universal application to all natural languages is provided. With this method, parameters are changed only when source or target languages are changed. The computerized method can be regarded as a self-contained system, having been developed to accept input tests in the source language, and look up individual (or sequences of) textwords in various dictionaries. On the basis of the dictionary information, sequences of operations are carried out which gradually generate the multiplicity of computer codes needed to express all the syntactic and semantic functions of the words in the sentence. On the basis of all the codes and target meanings in the dictionary, plus synthesis codes of such meanings, translation is carried out automatically. Procedures which generate and easily update main dictionaries, idiom dictionaries, high frequency dictionaries and compound dictionaries are integral parts of the system.

Claims

1. A method for translation between source and target natural languages using a programmable digital computer system, the steps comprising:

(a) storing in a main memory of the computer system a source text to be translated;

(b) scanning and comparing such stored source words with dictionaries of source language words stored in a memory and for each source text word for which a match is found, storing in a file in main memory each word and in assocation with each such word, coded information derived from such dictionary for use in translation of such word, the coded information including memory offset address linkages to a memory in the computer system where grammar and target language translations for the word are stored;

(c) analyzing the source text words in its file of words, a complete sentence at a time, and converting the same into a sentence in the target language utilizing the coded information and including the steps of

(1) utilizing the memory offset address linkages for obtaining the target language translations of words from a memory; and

(2) reordering the target language translation into the proper target language sequence;

the step of analyzing additionally comprising the steps of analyzing each source word in multiple passes through each sentence of the source text assigning codes thereto, considering all the codes which previous passes have attached to a word and assigning target language synthesis codes attached to the meaning with which the code functions in the sentence, placing the word into a form corresponding to the target language dependent upon the analysis and consideration of all relevant codes assigned to the words.

2. A method according to claim 1 including the steps of:

storing a dictionary of high frequency source words and associated offset address linkages, the offset address linkages identifying the storage location of grammar and meaning information for the source words;

storing a dictionary of low frequency source words in association with grammar code meanings for each word;

comparing the source language text words with the high frequency dictionary words and upon detecting an equality with a word, storing the word and associated offset address linkages together in a high frequency file; and

comparing the source language text words with the low frequency dictionary words and upon detecting an equality, storing the word and the associated grammar code meanings in a low frequency file.

3. A method according to claim 2 including the step of merging the words of the high and low frequency files together.

4. A method according to claim 2 wherein the high frequency dictionary has frequently encountered source words including prepositions and conjunctions.

5. A method according to claim 2 wherein:

second and succeeding idiom words, if any, in a source idiom are stored in at least one dictionary in memory;

the high frequency dictionary includes the first words of source language idioms and associated therewith address linkages to second and subsequent words in the same idiom which are located in the idiom dictionary, the first word and subsequent words, if any, of an idiom having an associated target language meaning stored in association therewith; and

during comparison with the high frequency dictionary comprising the steps of;

(a) detecting those words that are equal and are first words of idioms;

(b) utilizing the offset address linkages to locate the additional word or words in the same idiom located in the idiom dictionary;

(c) comparing the located further words in the idiom with the words in the source text which follow the first idiom word for an equality; and

(d) upon detecting such an equality, storing the first idiom word together with the target language meaning into the high frequency file.

6. A method according to claim 5 comprising the step of storing each one of the second and subsequent idiom words together with an idiom tag into the high frequency file, the idiom tag designating that the word is not the first word of the idiom.

7. A method according to claim 6 comprising the step of storing the first word of an idiom together with a tag into the high frequency file, the tag designating that the word is the first word of an idiom.

8. A method according to claim 7 wherein the step of analyzing comprises the step of selecting the target meaning associated with a first idiom word as the translation of the first and subsequent idiom words.

9. A method according to claim 2 including the step of storing an indication in association with the words in the low frequency file, of whether the words are principal and/or participating words in limited semantic compounds.

10. A method, according to claim 9, wherein a separate file is stored containing limited semantic numbers for each principal word, the limited semantic numbers indicating all participating words, the limited semantic numbers of participating words being attached to the principal words in the same sequence in which the participating words form compound expressions with the principal word.

11. A method, according to claim 10, wherein during the steps of analyzing and searching the file of words to establish whether a principal word is surrounded by supplementary words, if supplemental words are established, comparing the limited semantic numbers of the supplementary words against the limited semantic numbers stored in a limited semantic dictionary for each principal word, if a match is encountered, translating the principal and supplementary words forming a compound into the corresponding meaning.

12. A method, according to claim 11, including a method of translation of compounds including the steps of declining or conjugating the principal word according to synthesis codes of the target language and attaching these codes to each compound.

13. A method, according to claim 9, in which during scanning and comparing with dictionaries, information is attached to the principal word concerning all the compound expressions within which the principal word may function as key word in a compound, the attached information containing either sequences of limited semantic numbers or an address of an auxiliary storage device where such information is located, and including the additional steps of bringing into a main working memory from the auxiliary storage device during analyzing the file of words, the limited semantic numbers assigning a subject field code to the source text, if the same compound expression of the source language indicated by the limited semantic numbers have different target meanings, then selection of the correct meaning for the compound depending upon the subject field code in which the translation takes place.

14. A method, according to claim 1, wherein during the steps of scanning, comparing and storing, there is included the step of attaching part of speech codes to source text words and wherein during the step of analyzing there is included the step of attaching parts of speech codes used to branch into a required routine including the step of adding the value of part of speech to a fixed address.

15. A method for translation between source and target natural languages using a programmable digital computer system, the steps comprising:

(a) storing in a main memory of the computer system a source text to be translated;

(b) scanning and comparing such stored source words with dictionaries of source language words stored in a memory and for each source text word for which a match is found, storing in a file in main memory each word and in association with each such word, coded information derived from such dictionary for use in translation of such word, the coded information including memory offset address linkages to a memory in the computer system where grammar and target language translations for the word are stored;

(c) analyzing the source text words in its file of words, a complete sentence at a time, and converting the same into a sentence in the target language utilizing the coded information and including the steps of

(1) utilizing the memory offset address linkages for obtaining the target language translations of words from a memory; and

(2) reordering the target language translation into the proper target language sequence;

the step of analyzing additionally comprising the step of keeping track of previously encountered conditions by setting a series of memory switches, each time a new part of speech is encountered a series of previously set switches are selectively turned off while additional switch or switches are selectively turned on, and including the step of executing a routine for interrogating the state of the switches in a predetermined order.

16. A method, according to claim 15, wherein during the step of analyzing there is included the step of assigning each word of the sentence definite coded information as to whether it belongs to a main clause or subordinate clause, and including routines assigned for searching source words within such clauses for predicate(s) and subject(s).

17. A method, according to claim 15, in which during the step of analyzing there is included the step of supplying each source word in a sentence with pointers which express the interdependency relationships among all words in the sentence.

18. A method for translation between source and target natural languages using a programmable digital computer system, the steps comprising:

(a) storing in a main memory of the computer system a source text to be translated;

(b) scanning and comparing such stored source words with dictionaries of source language words stored in a memory and for each source text word for which a match is found, storing in a file in main memory each word and in association with each such word, coded information derived from such dictionary for use in translation of such word, the coded information including memory offset address linkages to a memory in the computer system where grammar and target language translations for the word are stored;

(c) analyzing the source text words in its file of words, a complete sentence at a time, and converting the same into a sentence in the target language utilizing the coded information and including the steps of

(1) utilizing the memory offset address linkages for obtaining the target language translations of words from a memory; and

(2) reordering the target language translation into the proper target language sequence;

the step of analyzing additionally comprising the steps of analyzing a sequence of words in the source language within phrases and clauses in relation to the target language word sequence, the target language word sequence being expressed symbolically by assigned numbers and printing out the translation of the words taking into consideration each source word, and comprising the additional steps of placing the translated words formed after analyzing in a print area in a sequence specified by the relationships between the source and target languages and set up previously by the numbers given after each word and transferring the translation when the print area is filled either directly onto a printer or onto a temporary auxiliary storage device.

19. A method for translation between source and target natural languages using a programmable digital computer system, the steps comprising:

(a) storing a source text to be translated,

(b) scanning and comparing the source text words with dictionaries of source language words and for each source text word for which a match is found, storing in a file the word and in association with each such word, coded information derived from such dictionary for use in translation of such word, the coded information including offset address linkages to a memory in the computer system where an idiom dictionary is located;

(c) storing in at least one idiom dictionary in memory second and succeeding idiom words, if any, in a source idiom;

(d) storing at least one further dictionary having the first words of source language idioms and associated therewith address linkages to second and subsequent words in the same idiom which are located in the idiom dictionary, the first word and subsequent words, if any, of an idiom having an assocated target language meaning stored in association therewith;

(e) said step of scanning and comparing comprising the steps of;

(1) comparing the source text words with the words in the at least one further dictionary;

(2) detecting those words that are equal and are first words of idioms;

(3) utilizing the offset address linkages to locate the additional word or words in the same idiom located in the idiom dictionary;

(4) comparing the located further words in the idiom with the words in the source text which follow the first idiom word for an equality; and

(5) upon detecting such an equality, storing the first idiom word together with the target language meaning into a file;

(f) analyzing the file of words, sentence by sentence, and responsive to the associated information including the offset address linkages

(1) obtaining the target language translation of words from memory; and

(2) reordering the target language translation into the proper target language sequence.

20. A method according to claim 19 comprising the step of storing each one of the second and subsequent idiom words together with an idiom tag into such file, the idiom tag designating that the word is not the first word of the idiom.

21. A method according to claim 20 comprising the step of storing the first word of an idiom together with a tag into such file, the tag designating that the word is the first word of an idiom.

22. A method for translation between source and target natural languages a using programmable digital computer system, the steps comprising:

(a) converting a source text to be translated from visual indicia to computer intelligible binary coded signal;

(b) storing the converted source text to be translated;

(c) scanning and comparing the converted source text words with dictionaries of source language words and for each source text word for which a match is found, storing in a file the word and in association with each such word, coded information derived from such dictionary for use in translation of such word;

(d) storing in at least one idiom dictionary in memory second and succeeding idiom words, if any, in a source idiom;

(e) storing at least one further dictionary having the first words of source language idioms and associated therewith address linkages to second and subsequent words in the same idiom which are located in the idiom dictionary, the first word and subsequent words, if any, of an idiom having an associated target language meaning stored in association therewith;

(f) said step of scanning and comparing comprising the steps of;

(1) comparing the converted source text words with the words in the at least one further dictionary;

(2) detecting those words that are equal and are first words of idioms;

(3) utilizing the offset address linkages to locate the additional word or words in the same idiom located in the idiom dictionary;

(4) comparing the located further words in the idiom with the words in the converted source text which follow the first idiom word for an equality; and

(5) upon detecting such an equality, storing the first idiom word together with the target language meaning into a file;

(g) analyzing the file of words, sentence by sentence, and responsive to the associated information including the offset address linkages

(1) obtaining the target language translation of words from memory; and

(2) reordering the target language translation into the proper target language sequence;

(h) converting the proper target language sequence from computer intelligible binary coded signals back to visual indicia.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein the last step of converting comprises the step of printing.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein the method comprises a series of program steps operating a model 360/65 computer of the International Business Machines Corporation.