Elastic rotatable member

• US 4,842,944 A
• Filed: 10/31/1985
• Issued: 06/27/1989
• Est. Priority Date: 11/07/1984
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Canon Kabushiki Kaisha (Canon Inc.), Kabushiki Kaisha IST
• Original Assignee: Canon Kabushiki Kaisha (Canon Inc.)
• Inventors: Goto, Masahiro, Sakane, Isamu, Kuge, Tsukasa
• Primary Examiner(s): Robinson, Ellis P.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Rucker, Susan S.
• Application Number:
  US06/793,546
• Time in Patent Office: 1,335 Days
• Field of Search: 219/216, 432/60
• US Class Current: 428/451
• CPC Class Codes: B65H 2404/181 with cavities or projections at least at one layer
• CPC Class Codes: B65H 2404/185 easy deformable
• CPC Class Codes: B65H 27/00 Special constructions, e.g. surface features, of feed or guide rollers for webs rollers in general F16C13/00
• CPC Class Codes: F16C 13/00 Rolls, drums, discs, or the like guide rollers in feeding webs B65H27/00; calender rolls, bearings therefor D21G1/02; rotary drums or rollers for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus F28F5/02; Bearings or mountings therefor
• CPC Class Codes: G03G 15/2057 relating to the chemical composition of the heat element and layers thereof
• CPC Class Codes: G03G 15/65 Apparatus which relate to the handling of copy material handling sheets or webs in general B65H; for photographic purposes in general G03B
• CPC Class Codes: G03G 2215/00371 General use over the entire feeding path
• CPC Class Codes: G03G 2215/00413 Fixing device
• CPC Class Codes: G03G 2215/00679 Conveying means details, e.g. roller
• CPC Class Codes: G03G 2215/00683 Chemical properties
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/249979 Specified thickness of void-containing component [absolute or relative] or numerical cell dimension
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/24998 Composite has more than two layers
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/249991 Synthetic resin or natural rubbers
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/264 Up to 3 mils
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/265 1 mil or less
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/3154 Of fluorinated addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/31544 Addition polymer is perhalogenated
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/31663 As siloxane, silicone or silane
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/31667 Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers, or aldehyde or ketone condensation product

Abstract

An elastic rotatable member, includes an elastic rubber layer, a surface layer of resin formed on the elastic layer, wherein the surface layer is provided by applying resin material together with liquid to a surface of the elastic rubber layer and sintering the resin material by heating the resin material up to a sintering temperature thereof while keeping the elastic rubber layer below its durable temperature, wherein the heating is effected by dielectric heating to heat the resin material up to a higher temperature than that of the rubber layer.

Claims

1. An elastic rotatable member for fixing an unfixed image, said member comprising:

a core member;

an elastic rubber layer comprising silicone rubber formed outside said core member; and

a surface layer of fluorine resin material formed outside said elastic layer;

wherein said surface layer is provided by forming an unsintered resin material layer together with liquid outside said elastic rubber layer and sintering the resin material by heating the resin material up to a temperature which is higher than that of said elastic rubber layer and which is higher than a melting temperature of the resin material.

3. A member according to claims 1 or 2 wherein said elastic rubber layer and said surface layer are in direct contact.

4. A member according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fluorine resin is substantially pure.

5. A member according to claim 1, wherein a surface of the resin material is externally heated in addition to the dielectric heating.

6. A member according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the sintered resin has a degree of crystallinity of not more than 95% and a tensile strength of not less than 50 kg/cm², and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a room temperature rubber JISA hardness of 30 degrees-80 degrees, and has a sufficient elasticity.

7. A member according to claim 6, wherein the sintered resin exhibits a contact angle of not less than 100 degrees and an elongation of not less than 50%, and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a rubber impact resilience of 65-85%.

8. A member according to claim 7, wherein the rubber layer has an elongation of not less than 150%.

10. A member according to claim 6, wherein a bond strength between said surface layer and said elastic rubber layer is not less than 20 g/10 mm width as defined on the basis of a force required for peeling off the rubber layer.

11. A member according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said surface resin layer has a maximum void content of not more than 10%, said voids having a size not allowing liquid to reach to the elastic layer, and has a volume resistivity of not more than 10¹¹ ohm.cm.

12. A member according to claim 11, wherein an average diameter of the voids is less than 0.1 micron, and each of the voids has at least one portion which is less than 0.1 micron.

13. A member according to claims 1 or 2, wherein said surface resin layer includes, adjacent said elastic layer, a discontinuous layer with cracks and a smooth surface layer.

14. A member according to claim 13, wherein the thickness of the surface resin layer D and the thickness d of the discontinuous layer satisfy, D-d≧

5 microns.

15. A member according to claim 13, wherein land portions separated by said cracks has a maximum size larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

16. A member according to claim 14, wherein land portions separated by said cracks has a maximum size larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

73. A member according to claims 7 or 72, wherein land portions separated by said cracks have a maximum size which is larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

99. A member according to claims 1, 17, 23 or 2, said member further comprising a bonding layer between said elastic rubber layer and said surface layer.

100. A member according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said fluorine resin is polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfluoroalkoxyethylene resin.

116. An elastic member according to claim 1, wherein a dielectric loss tangent of said unsintered resin material together with said liquid is larger than that of the elastic rubber, and said sintering is performed by dielectric heating.

2. An elastic rotatable member for fixing an unfixed image, said member comprising:

a hollow metal core member;

an elastic rubber layer comprising silicone rubber formed outside said core member; and

a surface layer of fluorine resin material formed outside said elastic rubber layer;

wherein said surface layer is not less than 10 microns thick and is provided by forming an unsintered resin material layer together with liquid outside said elastic rubber layer and sintering said resin material by heating said resin material up to a temperature which is higher than a crystalline melting temperature of said resin material and then quenching said resin material and said elastic rubber.

9. A member according to claim 2, a bond strength between the surface layer and the elastic rubber layer is not less than 20 g/10 mm width as defined on the basis of a force required for peeling off the rubber layer.

17. An elastic rotatable member for fixing an unfixed image, said member comprising:

a core member,

an elastic rubber layer comprising silicone rubber formed outside said core member;

a fluorine resin surface layer formed outside said elastic rubber layer, wherein said resin surface layer is provided by sintering resin material by heating it up to a temperature above a crystalline melting temperature thereof; and

wherein said resin surface layer has a thickness not less than 10 microns and not more than 35 microns, said elastic rubber layer has an impact resilience of 42-85%, wherein the thickness of the resin surface layer T in microns and the impact resilience E in percent satisfies T<

0.75E-26.4; and

wherein said resin surface layer has a film strength not less than 50 Kg/cm².

18. A member according to claim 17, wherein said rubber layer is of silicone rubber and said resin layer is of polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfluoroalkoxyethylene resin.

19. A member according to claim 17, wherein said rubber layer is in direct contact with the resin layer.

20. A member according to claim 17, wherein a peeling strength between said resin layer and said rubber layer is not less than 20 g/10 mm width.

21. A member according to claim 17, wherein the thickness T is 10-25 microns, and the impact resilience E is 58-85%, wherein they satisfy T<

0.65E-27.3.

22. A member according to claim 21, wherein the thickness T is not less than 15 microns.

68. An member according to claim 17, wherein the sintered resin has a degree of crystallinity of not more than 95% and a tensile strength of not less than 50 kg/cm², and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a room temperature rubber JISA hardness of 30 degrees-80 degrees.

69. An member according to claim 17, wherein said surface resin layer has a maximum void content of not more than 10%, said voids having a size not allowing liquid to reach to the elastic layer, and has a volume resistivity of not more than 10¹¹ ohm.cm.

70. An member according to claim 69, wherein an average diameter of the voids is less than 0.01 micron, each of the voids having at least one portion which is less than 0.1 micron.

71. An member according to claim 17, wherein said surface resin layer includes, adjacent said elastic layer, a discontinuous layer with cracks and a smooth surface layer.

72. An member as according to claim 71, wherein the thickness of the surface resin layer D and the thickness d of the discontinuous layer satisfies D-d≧

5 microns.

74. A member according to claim 17, wherein the heating is effected by dielectric heating.

75. A member according to claim 17, wherein said resin surface layer and said electric rubber layer are quenched after sintering to form said resin surface layer outside said elastic rubber layer.

23. In an image fixing apparatus which includes a first rotatable member and a second rotatable member press-contacted to each other to form a nip therebetween through which an image supporting member for supporting an unfixed image is passed so that the image is fixed thereon, at least one of said first and second rotatable members comprising:

a core member;

an elastic rubber layer comprising silicone rubber formed outside said core member;

a fluorine resin surface layer formed outside said elastic rubber layer, wherein said resin surface layer is provided by sintering resin material by heating it up to a temperature above a melting temperature thereof;

wherein a thickness T (micron) of said resin surface layer and a width N (mm) of the nip satisfies,

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">T≦

(5/4)N+20

when N≦

10, T>

(4/7)(3N-2)

when N≧

10, T≧

(1/2)N+11.

24. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the thickness T is not less than 5 microns and not more than 35 microns.

25. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the thickness T and the width N satisfy,

when N≦

10;

T≧

(5/3)(N+2)

when N≧

10;

T≧

(1/2)N+15.

26. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the thickness T of said surface resin layer is 5-35 microns, and wherein said rubber layer has an impact resilience E of 42-85%, and the thickness T and the impact resilience E satisfies T≦

0.75E-26.4.

27. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said rubber layer is of silicone rubber and said resin layer is of silicone rubber and said resin layer is of polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfluoroalkoxyethylene resin.

28. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said rubber layer is in direct contact with said resin layer.

29. An apparatus according to claim 28, wherein a film strength of said resin layer is not less than 50 kg/cm², and a peeling strength between said resin layer and said rubber layer is not less than 20 g/10 mm width.

89. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the thickness T is 10-25 microns, and the impact resilience E is 58-85%, wherein they satisfy the condition T≦

0.65E-27.3.

90. An apparatus according to claim 89, wherein the thickness T is not less than 15 microns.

91. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the sintered resin has a degree of crystallinity of not more than 95% and a tensile strength of not less than 50 kg/cm², and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a room temperature rubber JISA hardness of 30 degrees-80 degrees.

92. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said surface resin layer has a maximum void content of not more than 10%, said voids having a size not allowing liquid to reach to the elastic layer, and has a volume resistivity of not more than 10¹¹ ohm.cm.

93. An apparatus according to claim 92, wherein an average diameter of the voids is less than 0.1 micron, each of the voids having at least one portion which is less than 0.1 micron.

94. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said surface resin layer includes, adjacent said elastic layer, a discontinuous layer with cracks and a smooth surface layer.

95. An apparatus according to claim 94, wherein the thickness of the surface resin layer D and the thickness d of the discontinuous layer satisfies the condition D-d≧

5 microns.

96. An apparatus according to claim 94 or 95, wherein land portions separated by said cracks have a maximum size which is larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

97. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the heating is effected by dielectric heating.

98. An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said resin surface layer and said elastic rubber layer are quenched after sintering to form said resin surface layer outside said elastic rubber layer.

101. An apparatus according to claims 23, 31, 33 or 34, said rotatable member further comprising a bonding layer between said elastic rubber layer and said surface layer.

103. An apparatus according to claims 23, 31, 32, 33 or 34, wherein said first rotatable member 12 is contactable to the unfixed image and comprises said core member, said rubber layer and said resin layer.

104. An apparatus according to claim 103, wherein said first rotatable member contains a heater therein.

105. An apparatus according to claims 23, 31, 32, 33 or 34, wherein said second rotatable member is not directly contactable to the unfixed image and includes said core member, said rubber layer and said resin layer.

106. An apparatus according to claims 23, 31, 32, 33 or 34, wherein said first and second rotatable member includes said core member, said rubber layer and said resin layer.

30. An elastic rotatable member for fixing an unfixed image, said member comprising:

a core member;

an elastic rubber layer of silicone rubber formed outside said core member;

a surface layer of polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfluroroalkoxyethylene resin formed outside said elastic rubber layer, said surface layer having a thickness of not less than 10 microns; and

a bonding layer between said elastic rubber layer and said surface layer;

wherein said surface layer is provided by forming unsintered polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfuroroalkoxyethylene resin layer together with liquid outside said elastic rubber layer and sintering said polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfluoroalkoxyethylene resin by heating it up to above a crystalline melting temperature thereof.

35. A member according to claim 30, wherein the sintered resin has a degree of crystallinity of not more than 95% and a tensile strength of not less than 50 kg/cm², and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a room temperature rubber JISA hardness of 30 degrees-80 degrees.

36. A member according to claim 35, wherein the sintered resin exhibits a contact angle of not less than 100 degrees and an elongation of not less than 50%, and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a rubber impact resilience of 65-85%.

37. A member according to claim 36, wherein the rubber layer has a elongation of not less than 150%.

38. A member according to claim 30, wherein said surface resin layer has a maximum void content of not more than 10%, said voids having a size not allowing liquid to reach to the elastic layer, and has a volume resistivity of not more than 10¹¹ ohm.cm.

39. A member according to claim 38, wherein an average diameter of the voids is less than 0.1 micron, each voids having at least one portion thereof which is less than 0.1 micron.

40. A member according to claim 30, wherein said surface resin layer includes, adjacent said elastic layer, a discontinuous layer with cracks and a smooth surface layer.

41. A member according to claim 40, wherein the thickness of the surface resin layer D and the thickness d of the discontinuous layer satisfy the condition D-d≧

5 microns.

42. A member according to claim 40, wherein land portions separated by said cracks have a maximum size which is larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

43. A member according to claim 41, wherein land portions separated by said cracks have a maximum size which is larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

31. In an image fixing apparatus which includes a first rotatable member and a second rotatable member press-contacted to each other, between which members an image supporting member for supporting an unfixed image is passed so that the image is fixed thereon, at least one of said first and second rotatable members comprising:

a core member;

an elastic rubber layer comprising silicone rubber formed outside said core member; and

a surface layer of fluorine resin material formed outside said elastic layer;

wherein said surface layer is not less than 10 microns thick and is provided by forming unsintered resin material layer together with liquid outside said elastic rubber layer and sintering said resin material by heating said resin material up to a temperature which is higher than that of said elastic rubber layer and which is higher than a crystalline melting temperature of said resin material.

44. An apparatus according to claims 31 or 33, wherein said elastic rubber layer and said surface layer are in direct contact.

45. An apparatus according to claims 31 or 33, wherein said rubber layer is of silicone rubber, and said surface layer is of fluorine resin.

46. An apparatus according to claim 45, wherein the fluorine resin is substantially pure.

47. An apparatus according to claim 31, wherein a surface of the resin material is externally heated in addition to the dielectric heating.

48. An apparatus according to claim 45, wherein the sintered resin has a degree of crystallinity of not more than 95% and a tensile strength of not less than 50 kg/cm², and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a room temperature rubber JISA hardness of 30 degrees-80 degrees.

49. An apparatus according to claim 48, wherein the sintered resin exhibits a contact angle of not less than 100 degrees and an elongation of not less than 50%, and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a rubber impact resilience of 65-85%.

50. An apparatus according to claim 49, wherein the rubber layer has an elongation of not less than 150%.

51. An apparatus according to claim 44, wherein a bond strength between the surface layer and the elastic rubber layer is not less than 20 g/10 mm width as defined by a force required for peeling off the rubber layer.

52. An apparatus according to claim 45, wherein a bond strength between said surface layer and said elastic rubber layer is not less than 20 g/10 mm width as defined by a force required for peeling off the rubber layer.

53. An apparatus according to claim 31 or 33, wherein said surface resin layer has a maximum void content of not more than 10%, said voids having a size not allowing liquid to reach to the elastic layer, and has a volume resistivity of not more than 10¹¹ ohm.cm.

54. An apparatus according to claim 53, wherein an average diameter of the voids is less than 0.1 micron, each of the voids having at least one portion which is less than 0.1 micron.

55. An apparatus according to claims 31 or 33, wherein said surface resin layer includes, adjacent said elastic layer, a discontinuous layer with cracks and a smooth surface layer.

56. An apparatus according to claim 55, wherein the thickness of the surface resin layer D and the thickness d of the discontinuous layer satisfies the condition D-d≧

5 microns.

57. An apparatus according to claim 55, wherein land portions separated by said cracks have a maximum size which is larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

58. An apparatus according to claim 57, wherein land portions separated by said cracks have a maximum size which is larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

60. An apparatus according to claim 50, wherein the sintered resin exhibits a contact angle of not less than 100 degrees and an elongation of not less than 50%, and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a rubber impact resilience of 65-85%.

61. An apparatus according to claim 60, wherein the rubber layer has an elongation of not less than 150%.

102. An apparatus according to claim 45, wherein said fluorine resin is polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfluoroalkoxyethylene resin.

117. An image fixing apparatus according to claim 31, wherein said sintering of said resin material is performed by dielectric heating.

32. In an image fixing apparatus which includes a first rotatable member and a second rotatable member press-contacted to each other, between which members an image supporting member for supporting an unfixed image is passed so that the image is fixed thereon, at least one of said first and second rotatable members comprising:

a core member;

an elastic rubber layer of silicone rubber formed outside said core member;

a surface layer of polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfluroroalkoxyethylene resin formed outside said elastic rubber layer; and

a bonding layer between said elastic rubber layer and said surface layer;

wherein said surface layer is not less than 10 microns thick and is provided by forming unsintered polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfluroroalkoxyethylene resin layer together with liquid outside said elastic rubber layer and sintering said polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfluoroalkoxyethylene resin by heating it up to above a crystalline melting temperature thereof.

59. An apparatus according to claim 32, wherein the sintered resin has a degree of crystallinity of not more than 95% and a tensile strength of not less than 50 kg/cm², and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a room temperature rubber JISA hardness of 30 degrees-80 degrees.

62. An apparatus according to claim 32, wherein said surface resin layer has a maximum void content of not more than 10%, said voids having a size not allowing liquid to reach to the elastic layer, and has a volume resistivity of not more than 10¹¹ ohm.cm.

63. An apparatus according to claim 62, wherein an average diameter of the voids is less than 0.01 micron, each of the voids having at least one portion which is less than 0.1 micron.

64. An apparatus according to claim 32, wherein said surface resin layer includes, adjacent said elastic layer, a discontinuous layer with cracks and a smooth surface layer.

65. An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein the thickness of the surface resin layer D and the thickness d of the discontinuous layer satisfies D-d≧

5 microns.

66. An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein land portions separated by said cracks have a maximum size which is larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

67. An apparatus according to claim 65, wherein land portions separated by said cracks have a maximum size which is larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

33. In an image fixing apparatus which includes a first rotatable member and a second rotatable member press-contacted to each other, between which members an image supporting member for supporting an unfixed image is passed so that the image is fixed thereon, at least one of said first and second rotatable members comprising:

a core member;

an elastic rubber layer comprising silicone rubber formed outside said core member; and

a surface layer of fluorine resin material formed outside said elastic rubber layer;

wherein said surface layer is not less than 10 micron thick and is provided by forming unsintered resin material layer together with liquid outside said elastic rubber layer and sintering said resin material by heating said resin material up to a temperature which is higher than a crystalline melting temperature of said resin material and then quenching said resin material and said elastic rubber.

34. In an image fixing apparatus which includes a first rotatable member and a second rotatable member press-contacted to each other, between which members an image supporting member for supporting an unfixed image is passed to that the image is fixed thereon, at least one of said first and second rotatable members comprising:

a core member;

an elastic rubber layer comprising silicone rubber formed outside said core member;

a fluorine resin surface layer formed outside said elastic rubber layer, wherein said resin surface layer is provided by sintering resin material by heating it up to a temperature above a crystalline melting temperature thereof, and

wherein said resin surface layer has a thickness not less than 10 microns and not more than 35 microns, said elastic rubber layer has an impact resilience of 42-85%, wherein the thickness of the resin surface layer T in microns and the impact resilience E in percent satisfies the condition T≦

0.75E-26.4.

76. An apparatus according to claim 34, wherein said rubber layer is of silicone rubber and said resin layer is of polytetrafluoroethylene resin or perfluoroalkoxyethylene resin.

77. An apparatus according to claim 34, wherein said rubber layer is in direct contact with the resin layer.

78. An apparatus according to claim 34, wherein a film strength of said resin layer is not less than 50 kg/cm², and a peeling strength between said resin layer and said rubber layer is not less than 20 g/10 mm width.

79. A apparatus according to claim 34, wherein the thickness T is 10-25 microns, and the impact resilience E is 58-85%, wherein they satisfy T≦

0.65E-27.3.

80. A apparatus according to claim 79, wherein the thickness T is not least than 15 microns.

81. An apparatus according to claim 34, wherein the sintered resin has a degree of crystallinity of not more than 95% and a tensile strength of not less than 50 kg/cm², and wherein the silicone rubber layer has a room temperature rubber JISA hardness of 30 degrees-80 degrees.

82. An apparatus according to claim 34, wherein said surface resin layer has a maximum void content of not more than 10%, said voids having a size not allowing liquid to reach to the elastic layer, and has a volume resistivity of not more than 10¹¹ ohn.cm.

83. An apparatus according to claim 82, wherein an average diameter of the voids is less than 0.01 micron, each of the voids having at least one portion which is less than 0.1 micron.

84. An apparatus according to claim 34, wherein said surface resin layer includes, adjacent said elastic layer, a discontinuous layer with cracks and a smooth surface layer.

85. An apparatus according to claim 84, wherein the thickness of the surface resin layer D and the thickness d of the discontinuous layer satisfies the condition D-d≧

5 microns.

86. An apparatus according to claim 84 or 85, wherein land portions separated by said cracks have a maximum size which is larger than 0.05 micron and smaller than 5 microns.

87. An apparatus according to claim 34, wherein the heating is effected by dielectric heating.

88. An apparatus according to claim 34, wherein said resin surface layer and said elastic rubber layer are quenched after sintering to form said resin surface layer outside said elastic rubber layer.

107. An elastic rotatable member for fixing an unfixed image, said member comprising:

a core member;

an elastic rubber layer comprising a silicone rubber formed outside said core member; and

a fluorine resin layer formed outside said elastic rubber layer, wherein said resin layer is provided by sintering resin material by heating, wherein said resin layer is porous and has a porosity of not more than 10% and an average pore diameter of not more than 0.1 micron, wherein said resin layer is heated to a temperature above a crystalline melting temperature thereof upon sintering.

108. A member according to claim 107, wherein a porosity of said resin layer provides a volume resistivity of not more than 10¹¹ ohm.cm.

114. An apparatus according to claim 107, wherein said resin layer is not less than 10 microns thick.

109. An image fixing apparatus, comprising:

a first rotatable member including a core member, an elastic rubber layer comprising silicone rubber formed outside said core member and a fluorine resin layer on said elastic rubber layer, wherein said resin layer is provided by sintering resin material by heating, said first rotatable member being lubricated by a lubricant, wherein said resin layer has pores which are effective to allow volatile matter from the elastic rubber to pass upon sintering and to prevent the lubricant from passing; and

a second rotatable member associated with said first rotatable member;

wherein

said resin layer is heated to a temperature above a crystalline melting temperature thereof upon sintering.

110. An apparatus according to claim 109, wherein said resin layer has a porosity of not more than 10%.

111. An apparatus according to claim 109, wherein a porosity of said resin layer provides a volume resistivity of not more than 10¹¹ ohm.cm.

112. An apparatus according to claim 109, wherein an average diameter of the pores is not more than 0.1 microns.

113. An apparatus according to claim 109, wherein the rotatable member having the pores is adapted to contact the unfixed image.

115. An apparatus according to claim 109, wherein said resin layer is not less than 10 microns thick.