Method and apparatus for detecting optical pulses

• US 4,928,692 A
• Filed: 11/23/1988
• Issued: 05/29/1990
• Est. Priority Date: 04/01/1985
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Nellcor Puritan Bennett Incorporated (Medtronic Plc)
• Original Assignee: David E. Goodman, James E. Corenman
• Inventors: Goodman, David E., Corenman, James E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Sykes, Angela D.
• Application Number:
  US07/275,727
• Time in Patent Office: 552 Days
• Field of Search: 128/632--633, 128/637, 128/668, 128/670, 128/687-690, 128/696, 128/700, 128/706, 128/708, 128/664-667
• US Class Current: 600/324
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/02416 using photoplethysmograph signals, e.g. generated by infrared radiation A61B5/14552 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0245 by using sensing means generating electric signals, i.e. ECG signals
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14551 for measuring blood gases
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/301 providing electrical separation, e.g. by using isolating transformers or optocouplers
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/305 Common mode rejection
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/308 for electrocardiography [ECG]
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7207 of noise induced by motion artifacts

Abstract

A method and apparatus for measuring and correlating a patient'"'"'s heart activity with optical detection of the patient'"'"'s blood flow. The method and apparatus permit more accurate determination of blood flow characteristics such as oxygen saturation and pulse rate. In a preferred embodiment, the heart activity is detected by monitoring the patient'"'"'s EKG waveform, and the blood flow is detected by a non-invasive pulse oximeter. The occurrence of the R wave portion of the EKG signal is detected and the time delay by which an arterial pulse follows the R wave is determined to establish a time window in which an arterial is to be expected. The established time window provides the oximeter with a parameter enabling the oximeter to analyze the blood flow only when it is likely to present an arterial blood pulse for waveform analysis. The invention also includes adjusting the polarity of the detected EKG signal to have a preselected uniform upgoing or downgoing polarity.

Claims

1. An improved method for photoelectrically detecting arterial pulses of a patient comprising:

detecting the blood flow, which may include arterial pulses and artifacts, at the patient'"'"'s body tissue using a device that calculates blood constituents from the detected blood flow;

detecting the occurrence of a selected portion of the patient'"'"'s EKG waveform as the occurrence of the heartbeat of the patient;

correlating the occurrence of the heartbeat with the detection of pulses by the blood constituent calculating device; and

determining whether or not a detected pulse is likely to be a detected arterial pulse by using the determined correlation and a detected heartbeat.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the selected portion of the patient'"'"'s EKG waveform is the R wave portion.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the device that calculates blood constituents is adapted for calculating oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood, and the method further comprises measuring oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood.

4. Improved apparatus for detecting arterial pulses of a patient comprising:

means for photoelectrically detecting the flood flow, which may include arterial pulses and artifacts, at the body tissue;

means for detecting the electrical heart activity of the patient in the form of an EKG waveform;

circuit means for filtering and processing the EKG waveform to detect a selected component of the EKG waveform, so that the occurrence of that selected component represents the occurrence of a heartbeat;

means for correlating detected arterial pulses with the occurrence of the heartbeat; and

means for confirming whether or not a detected pulse is likely to be an arterial pulse, said confirming means being responsive to the detected arterial pulse and a detected heartbeat.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the selected component of the EKG waveform is the R wave component.

6. A method for calculating the amount of a blood constituent from the blood flow characteristics of a patient comprising:

detecting an absorption signal corresponding to the absorption of light in the patient'"'"'s tissue including periodic changes caused by periodic arterial pulses in the blood flow characteristics and changes caused by artifact;

detecting an EKG signal corresponding to the patient'"'"'s EKG waveform including a selected portion of the EKG waveform corresponding to the periodic electrical heart activity of the patient;

correlating the detected absorption and EKG signals;

processing the absorption signal and the determined correlation to identify the periodic changes in the absorption signal likely to correspond to arterial pulses in the patient'"'"'s blood flow characteristics; and

calculating the amount of the blood constituent from the identified periodic changes in the absorption signal.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein correlating the absorption and EKG signals further comprises:

synchronizing the occurrence of a plurality of changes in the absorption signals;

synchronizing the occurrences of a plurality of selected portions of the EKG signal; and

correlating the synchronized portions of the absorption signal with the synchronized portions of the EKG signal.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein calculating thee amount of a blood constituent further comprises calculating the amount of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood.

9. The method of claim 6 wherein the selected portion of the patient'"'"'s EKG signal further comprises the R wave component.

10. An apparatus for use in calculating the amount of a blood constituent from the blood flow characteristics of a patient comprising:

means for photoelectrically detecting an absorption signal corresponding to the absorption of light in the patient'"'"'s tissue including periodic changes caused by periodic arterial pulses in the blood flow characteristics and changes caused by artifacts;

means for electrically detecting an EKG signal corresponding to the patient'"'"'s EKG waveform including a selected portion of the EKG waveform corresponding to the periodic electrical heart activity of the patient;

means for correlating the detected absorption and EKG signals;

first processing means for processing the absorption signal and the determined correlation to identify the periodic changes in the absorption signal likely to correspond to arterial pulses in the patient'"'"'s blood flow characteristics; and

means for calculating the blood constituent from the identified periodic changes in the absorption signal.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the correlating means further comprises:

first synchronizing means for synchronizing the occurrence of a plurality of changes in the absorption signal;

second synchronizing means for synchronizing the occurrence of a plurality of selected portions of the EKG signal; and

means for correlating the synchronized changes in the absorption signal with the synchronized selected portions of the EKG signal.

12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the calculating means is adapted for calculating the amount of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood.

13. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein means for detecting the selected portion of the patient'"'"'s EKG signal is adapted for detecting the R wave component.