Measurement of corrosion with curved ultrasonic transducer, rule-based processing of full echo waveforms

• US 4,953,147 A
• Filed: 11/04/1987
• Issued: 08/28/1990
• Est. Priority Date: 11/04/1987
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Standard Oil Company (BP PLC)
• Original Assignee: The Stnadard Oil Company
• Inventors: Cobb, Wesley N.
• Primary Examiner(s): Tarcza, Thomas H.
• Assistant Examiner(s): SWANN, TOD R
• Application Number:
  US07/116,767
• Time in Patent Office: 1,028 Days
• Field of Search: 367/35, 367/87, 367/99, 367/159, 181/104, 181/105, 364/422, 364/507, 73/592, 73/622, 73/623, 73/640, 73/598, 73/602
• US Class Current: 367/35
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 2200/22 Fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence, neural networks or the like
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 47/085 using radiant means, e.g. acoustic, radioactive or electromagnetic
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0428 Mode conversion
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/044 Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/2634 cylindrical from outside
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/2636 cylindrical from inside
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/07 by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/11 by measuring attenuation of acoustic waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/343 pulse waves, e.g. particular sequence of pulses, bursts
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/348 with frequency characteristics, e.g. single frequency signals, chirp signals measuring frequency of mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in general G01H1/06, G01H3/04; measuring frequency or analysing frequency spectra G01R23/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/42 by frequency filtering or by tuning to resonant frequency
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/4445 Classification of defects
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/449 Statistical methods not provided for in G01N29/4409, e.g. averaging, smoothing and interpolation
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/46 by spectral analysis, e.g. Fourier analysis or wavelet analysis spectral signal processing per se G06F17/14
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 15/06 Systems determining the position data of a target
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 15/88 Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting G01V1/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/003 Transmission of data between radar, sonar or lidar systems and remote stations
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/526 Receivers
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 706/911 Nonmedical diagnostics

Abstract

An acoustic transducer having a curved surface to match the inner or outer surfaces of a target surface such as a cylindrical borehole tubular is disclosed. A sequence of excitation pulses causes the transducer to launch a series of high-frequency, short duration acoustic energy pulses toward the tubular. The transducer face receives echos reflected from the surface of the tubular, including multiple echo structures indicative of the repeated echoing of the acoustic energy between the inner and outer faces of the tubular. The characteristics of the tubular surfaces, including the location, area and depth of any corrosion pits on the tubular surfaces, are determined from the full echo waveform. A rule-based Expert System analyzes the full waveform of the echo pulses returned from the tubular to determine the most likely characteristics of the surfaces which produced the full echo waveform. More specifically, the Expert System uses expertise about the acoustic properties of the target medium, as well as constraints chosen by an expert, to determine which signal structures are informational and which signal structures are confounding. As the confounding structures are selectively eliminated from consideration, the Expert System draws conclusions about the condition of the target surfaces.

Claims

1. An acoustic logging device, comprising:

excitation pulse generation means for generating an excitation pulse,

transducer means, having a transducer surface and connected to said excitation pulse generation means, for receiving said excitation pulse and for launching in response to said pulse, an acoustic signal from said transducer surface toward a target surface, said target surface reflecting a portion of said acoustic signal back toward said transducer means,

full echo waveform detection means for receiving acoustic energy returned from said target surface and for generating a full echo waveform including echo heights, widths and relative positions in time,

analysis means for analyzing said full echo waveform to determine the condition of said target surface,

said analysis means comprises a rule-based Expert System for analyzing said echo heights, widths, and positions so as to determine the condition of said target surface, and

said rule-based expert system having a knowledge source comprising one or more opportunistically executed rules.

2. An expert system for time-domain analysis of a waveform, comprising:

an electronic blackboard comprising;

(i) time-domain waveform feature data comprising representations of the waveform as a function of time, and

(ii) constraints, said constraints relating to said waveform feature data and to the ways in which said waveform feature data may have been formed;

a first knowledge source containing knowledge relating to confounding signal structures in the waveform;

a second knowledge source containing knowledge relating to informational signal structures in the waveform, whereby items of said waveform feature data may be at least tentatively identified as confounding signal structures or as informational signal structures;

a third knowledge source containing knowledge relating to the behavior of wave energy in a physical environment, whereby said at least tentative identification of said items of said waveform feature data as confounding signal structures or as informational signal structures contribute to an at least tentative determination of the nature of said physical environment; and

a fourth knowledge source containing knowledge relating to the application of the knowledge in said first and second knowledge sources to identification or tentative identification of items of said waveform feature data, whereby the application of the knowledge in said first and second knowledge sources is controlled;

wherein each of said knowledge sources comprises one or more opportunistically executed rules, each of said rules comprising

(i) one or more conditions related to information stored on said blackboard, with

(ii) one or more action statements which are executed when the conditions are satisfied.

3. An expert system for analysis of a time-domain waveform, comprising:

an electronic blackboard comprising time-domain waveform feature data comprising representations of the waveform as a function of time; and

a procedural knowledge base comprising opportunistically executed rules for selectively responding to said time-domain waveform feature data and for selectively modifying said time-domain waveform feature data, each of said rules comprising

(i) one or more conditions related to information stored on said blackboard, with

(ii) one or more action statements which are executed when the conditions are satisfied.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein said procedural knowledge base comprises plural knowledge sources.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein said knowledge sources comprise:

a first knowledge source containing knowledge relating to confounding signal structures in the waveform; and

a second knowledge source containing knowledge relating to informational signal structures in the waveform, whereby items of said waveform feature data are at least tentatively identified as confounding signal structures or as informational signal structures.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein:

said first knowledge source contains knowledge relating to confounding signal structures which comprise multiple structures formed by wave energy reverberating within a physical structure; and

said second knowledge source contains knowledge relating to informational signal structures which comprise wave energy echos formed by the smooth and/or rough surfaces of said physical structure.

7. The system of claim 5, wherein:

said first knowledge source contains knowledge relating to confounding signal structures which comprise wave energy echos formed by the smooth and/or rough surfaces of a physical structure; and

said second knowledge source contains knowledge relating to informational signal structures which comprise multiple structures formed by wave energy reverberating within said physical structure.

8. The system of claim 5, wherein said knowledge base further comprises:

a third knowledge source containing knowledge relating to the behavior of wave energy in a physical environment, whereby said at least tentative identification of said items of said waveform feature data as confounding signal structures or as informational signal structures contribute to an at least tentative determination of the nature of said physical environment.

9. The system of claim 5, wherein said knowledge base further comprises:

a fourth knowledge source containing knowledge relating to the application of the knowledge in said first and second knowledge sources to at least tentative identification of items of said waveform feature data, whereby application of knowledge in said first and second knowledge sources is controlled.

10. The system of claim 5, wherein said blackboard further stores constraints relating to said waveform feature data and to ways in which said waveform feature data may have been formed, whereby said first and second knowledge sources are guided in the at least tentative identification of said items of said waveform feature data.

11. A method of determining the condition of a target surface, comprising the steps, substantially opportunistically executed, of:

launching an acoustic pulse from a transducer surface toward a target surface;

receiving echos of said acoustic pulse from said target, wherein the waves of said acoustic pulse travel paths of substantially identical lengths between the target surface and the transducer surface when the target surface is free of physical defects;

transmitting full echo waveform data describing said acoustic pulse echos in the time domain;

storing said transmitted full echo waveform data on an electronic blackboard;

ascertaining the presence or absence of a confounding signal structure indicator in the time-domain full echo waveform comprising representations of said waveform as a function of time;

distinguishing, in the ascertained presence of said confounding signal structure indicator, confounding signal structures from informational signal structures, if any;

identifying said informational signal structures, if any;

applying knowledge relating to acoustic wave properties in a physical environment in which the target surface is located to said signal structures;

forming conclusions, from said applying of knowledge, regarding the condition of the target surface; and

displaying said conclusions for human perception;

wherein said distinguishing, identifying, applying, and forming steps each comprise

opportunistically firing rules, each said rule comprising

(i) one or more conditions related to information stored on said blackboard, with

(ii) one or more action statements which are executed when the conditions are satisfied.

12. A method of expert analysis of a time-domain waveform, comprising the steps, opportunistically executed, of:

ascertaining the presence of a confounding signal structure indicator in the time-domain waveform comprising representation of said waveform as a function of time;

distinguishing, in the ascertained presence of said confounding signal structure indicator, confounding signal structures from informational signal structures, if any; and

identifying said informational signal structures, if any;

wherein said distinguishing and identifying steps each comprise

opportunistically firing rules, each said rule comprising

(i) one or more conditions, with

(ii) one or more action statements which are executed when the conditions are satisfied.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein said ascertaining step comprises ascertaining the presence or absence of an echo whose magnitude exceeds a predetermined multiple of the magnitude of all other echos in the waveform.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising the steps, opportunistically executed, of:

applying knowledge relating to acoustic wave properties in a physical environment in which a target medium is located; and

forming conclusions, from said applying of knowledge, regarding the condition of the target medium.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of displaying said conclusions for human perception.

16. A method of expert analysis of a time-domain waveform, comprising the steps, opportunistically executed, of:

ascertaining the presence or absence of a confounding signal structure indicator in the time-domain waveform comprising representations of the waveform as a function of time;

distinguishing, in the ascertained presence of said confounding signal structure indicator, confounding signal structures from informational signal structures, if any;

identifying said informational signal structures, if any;

applying knowledge relating to wave properties in a physical environment in which a target medium is located to said signal structures;

forming conclusions, from said applying of knowledge, regarding the condition of said target medium; and

displaying said conclusions for human perception;

wherein said distinguishing, identifying, applying, and forming steps each comprise

opportunistically firing rules, each said rule comprising

(i) one or more conditions, with

(ii) one or more action statements which are executed when the conditions are satisfied.