Passive microwave near-field tomographic imaging system and method

• US 5,142,291 A
• Filed: 08/03/1990
• Issued: 08/25/1992
• Est. Priority Date: 08/03/1990
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Hughes Electronics Corporation (Rtx Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Hughes Aircraft Company (Rtx Corporation)
• Inventors: Hagen, Frank A., Gurley, Joseph G., Chang, Donald C. D., Yung, Kar W., Reynolds, Samuel C.
• Primary Examiner(s): Issing, Gregory C.
• Application Number:
  US07/563,129
• Time in Patent Office: 753 Days
• Field of Search: 342/191, 342/351, 342/378, 342/424, 342/25
• US Class Current: 342/424
• CPC Class Codes: G01K 11/006 using measurement of the effect of a material on microwaves or longer electromagnetic waves, e.g. measuring temperature via microwaves emitted by the object G01K17/003, G01J5/00 take precedence; measuring the effect of a material on X-, gamma- or particle radiation G01K11/30

Abstract

A technique for near-field tomographic imaging using a multiple-receiver correlating interferometer. A target object or scene to be imaged is located in a near-field or Fresnel region of a receiver system. The target object radiates or reflects a signal that is sensed by a plurality of antennas. The received signals are correlated using conventional correlation algorithms. An image pixel for a focal point is then computed by correcting a differential time delay between a signal emitted at the focal point and received at first and second antennas. The system is focused on the target object by correcting a phase term of the correlation algorithms. The phase term is corrected by multiplying the correlation algorithms by a phase factor. A peak correlated value is developed when the focal point is at the target object location. A series of snapshots is generated from data produced by the focussing process, as the focal point is moved through the scene. The snapshots are successively superimposed, using tomographic techniques, to form a high resolution image map. The system achieves extremely high resolutions, rivalling those of synthetic aperture radar.

Claims

1. A method of passive imaging using a multiple-receiver interferometer, said method comprising the steps of:

positioning a plurality of antennas in a predetermined known relationship that are adapted to receive signals;

sensing signals radiated and/or reflected from a target object in an image scene;

correlating the signals sensed by the antennas using correlation algorithms to produce correlated signals;

computing an image pixel for a focal point by defining a focus location on the scene by correcting a differential time delay between a signal emitted at the focus location and received at a first receiver and the signal emitted at the focus location and received at a second receiver, the first and second antennas having a predetermined distance therebetween;

generating a complex map from data produced by the focussing process as the focal point is moved through the scene;

moving the antennas along at least one trajectory and repeating the data gathering and data processing processes for generating a series of complex maps;

successively superimposing complex maps using tomographic techniques to form an image map; and

focussing on the target object by correcting a phase term of the correlation algorithms, wherein a peak correlated value is developed when the focal point is at the target object location.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein one of a plurality of antennas tracking the target object is stationary and subsequent antennas tracking the target object move along known trajectories for gathering data to accumulate a series multi-dimensional complex maps.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of focussing on the target object by correcting a phase term of the correlation algorithms comprises the step of adjustment of the differential time delay (r_FP -r_FQ)/c to a value less than 1/B, prior to correlation, where B is the bandwidth of the interferometer, and wherein the term r_FP is the range from one of the antennas to the focal point, the term r_FQ is the range from a second antenna to the focal point, and the term "C" is the velocity of light.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of removing residual phase error by multiplying the correlated signals by a phase correction term.

5. The method of claim 3 further comprising the step of removing residual phase error by multiplying the correlated signals by a phase correction term.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the received microwave signals are complex in-phase and quadrature signals.

7. A method of imaging using a multiple-receiver interferometer in a near-field region for advantageous usage of curvature of interference fringes, said method comprising the steps of:

positioning in desired locations a plurality of antennas that are adapted to receive signals;

sensing signals radiated from a scene;

time correlating the signals sensed by the antennas using correlation algorithms;

computing an image pixel for a focal point by correcting a differential time delay between a signal emitted at the focal point and received at a first receiver and the signal emitted at the focal point and received at a second receiver;

generating a snapshot from data produced by executing a focussing correction algorithm from input of autocorrelated signals received by the antennas as the focal point is moved through the scene, and wherein a peak correlated value is developed when the focal point is at a target object location in the scene;

moving the antennas along predetermined trajectories for generating a series of snapshots; and

successively superimposing snapshots to form an image map.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein one of the plurality of antennas is stationary and the remainder of the antennas are moving along known trajectories.

9. The method of claim 7 wherein all antennas move relative to each other.

10. A method of passive microwave near-field tomographic imaging using a multiple-receiver correlating interferometer, said method comprising the steps of:

sensing signals derived from a target object in the image scene by first and second antennas have a predetermined distance therebetween;

correlating the signals sensed by the antennas using predetermined correlation algorithms;

computing an image pixel for a focal point by defining a focus location on the scene by correcting a differential time delay between a signal emitted at the focus location and received at a first receiver and the signal emitted at the focus location and received at a second receiver, the first and second antennas having a predetermined distance therebetween, and wherein the focal point is used in deriving a phase factor;

focussing on the target object by correcting a phase term of the correlation algorithms by multiplying the correlation algorithms by the phase factor, a peak correlated value being developed when the focal point is at the target object location;

generating a complex map from data produced by the focussing process as the focal point is moved through the scene;

moving the antennas along at least one trajectory and repeating the data gathering and data processing processes for generating a series of complex maps; and

successively superimposing complex maps using tomographic techniques to form an image map.

11. A passive microwave near-field imaging system comprising:

first and second microwave radiation receivers adapted to receive microwave energy signals derived from an image scene and objects contained therein;

differential correction means coupled to the first receiver for adjusting the differential delay of the microwave energy signals received thereby such that the focal distance from each receiver to each focal point in the scene is substantially the same;

first mixing means coupled to the differential correction means and second receiver for cross-correlating the signals processed thereby;

summing means coupled to the first mixing means for combining the output signals provided thereby to produce an image of the scene, and

a second mixing means coupled between the first mixing means and the summing means for multiplying the signals provided by the first mixing means by a second order Doppler correction factor.