Method of determining optimum artery applanation

• US 5,273,046 A
• Filed: 04/15/1992
• Issued: 12/28/1993
• Est. Priority Date: 04/15/1992
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Carefusion 303 Incorporated (Becton, Dickinson & Co)
• Original Assignee: Ivax Corporation (Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd.)
• Inventors: Butterfield, Robert D., Martin, Stephen A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Cohen, Lee S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): NASSER, ROBERT L
• Application Number:
  US07/869,553
• Time in Patent Office: 622 Days
• Field of Search: 128/672, 128/677-687, 128/690, 364/413.03
• US Class Current: 600/485
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2562/0247 Pressure sensors
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/021 Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels A61B5/0205 takes precedence

Abstract

A method, for use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, of determining optimum artery applanation. The system uses a stress sensor including a stress sensitive element for detecting stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest. The tissue stress sensor is placed in communication with tissue overlying the artery of interest and at least one electrical signal is obtained therefrom representing stress data across the length of the stress sensitive element. The data represents stress datum communicated to a preselected portion of the stress sensitive element. From the stress datum, various algorithms are used, singly or in combination, to provide the best measure of optimum applanation state. Intra-arterial blood pressure is then calculated using datum collected at the optimum applanation state. In addition, to the optimum applanation methods, a method is disclosed for determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is best suited for estimating intra-arterial blood pressure.

Claims

1. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a pulse parameter and an applanation state parameter,

(F) relating said pulse parameter to said applanation state parameter,

(G) determining the value of said applanation state parameter which corresponds to a predetermined percentage of a maximum value of said pulse parameter,

(H) estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of artery applanation which produces the applanation state parameter value of step (G).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (E) includes computing said pulse parameter as follows:

##EQU53## where;

b,c=limits of integration

σ

_PCS (x)=pulsatile contact stress as a function of x

x=distance along the stress sensitive diaphragm.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU54## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said predetermined percentage is equal to generally 95 percent.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein step (G) further includes the sub-steps of,

(i) increasing arterial applanation until said pulse parameter reaches a first maximum value, and then diminishes by a predetermined fraction of said first maximum value, then

(ii) decreasing arterial applanation until said pulse parameter reaches a second maximum value, then

(iii) continuing decreasing said arterial applanation until said pulsatile parameter reaches generally 95 percent of said second maximum value.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein said limits of integration b,c are computed by determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is in receipt of a predetermined quantity of the stress energy imparted to the stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest.

7. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a mean distribution breadth parameter and an applanation state parameter,

(F) relating said mean distribution breadth parameter to said applanation state parameter,

(G) determining the value of said applanation state parameter that corresponds to a mean distribution breadth parameter approximately equal to one,

(H) estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of artery applanation which produces the applanation state parameter value of step (G).

8. The method of claim 7, wherein step (E) includes computing said mean distribution breadth parameter as follows:

##EQU55## where;

L=length of stress sensitive element

b,c=limits of integration

σ

_MCS (x)=mean contact stress as a function of x

x=distance along length of stress sensitive element.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein said mean contact stress is computed as follows:

##EQU56## where;

τ

=time period of one heartbeat

n=the number of heartbeats selected for time averaging.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU57## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein said limits of integration b,c are computed by determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is in receipt of a predetermined quantity of the stress energy imparted to the stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest.

12. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a diastolic distribution breadth parameter and an applanation state parameter,

(F) relating said diastolic distribution breadth parameter to said applanation state parameter,

(G) determining the value of said applanation state parameter that corresponds to a diastolic distribution breadth parameter value approximately equal to 1.05,

(H) estimating the optimal arterial compression to be that degree of artery applanation which produces the applanation state parameter value of step (G).

13. The method of claim 12, wherein step (E) includes computing said diastolic distribution breadth parameter as follows:

##EQU58## where;

L=length of stress sensitive element

b,c=limits of integration

σ

_DCS (x)=mean contact stress as a function of x

x=distance along length of stress sensitive element.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU59## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein said limits of integration b,c are computed by determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is in receipt of a predetermined quantity of the stress energy imparted to the stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest.

16. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a pulse distribution breadth parameter and an applanation state parameter,

(F) relating said pulse distribution breadth parameter to said applanation state parameter,

(G) determining a maximum value of said pulse distribution breadth parameter and the corresponding applanation state parameter value,

(H) selecting a range of applanation state parameter values occurring at applanation stages of less applanation than the applanation state corresponding to the maximum pulse distribution breadth parameter value of step (G),

(I) determining a mid-point value in the range selected in step (H),

(J) determining the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of arterial applanation which produces the applanation state parameter mid-point value of step (I).

17. The method of claim 16, wherein step (E) includes computing said pulse distribution breadth parameter as follows:

##EQU60## where;

W_TH =cumulative width at σ

_PCSTHR

σ

_PCSTHR =predetermined threshold value of pulsatile contact stress

b,c=limits of integration.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein two or more pulse distribution breadth parameter values are computed using respectively associated predetermined threshold values of pulsatile contact stress, wherein an overall pulse distribution breadth parameter value is derived by mathematically combining said two or more pulse distribution breadth parameter values.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU61## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein said limits of integration b,c are computed by determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is in receipt of a predetermined quantity of the stress energy imparted to the stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest.

21. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a pulse distribution breadth parameter, an applanation state parameter, and a change in pulse distribution breadth parameter with respect to the applanation state parameter,

(F) relating said change in said pulse distribution breadth parameter to said applanation state parameter,

(G) determining the value of said applanation state parameter that corresponds to a maximum value of said pulse distribution breadth parameter,

(H) estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of arterial applanation which produces the applanation state parameter value of step (G).

22. The method of claim 21, wherein step (E) includes computing said pulse distribution breadth parameter as follows:

##EQU62## where;

W_TH =cumulative width at σ

_PCSTHR

σ

_PCSTHR =predetermined threshold value of pulsatile contact stress

b,c limits of integration.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein step (E) includes computing said change in said pulse distribution breadth parameter as follows:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">Δ

PDBP(i)=W.sub.TH (i)-W.sub.TH (i+1)

where;

Δ

PDBP(i)=change in pulse distribution breadth parameter for the ith applanation state

W_TH (i)=cumulative width at σ

_PCSTHR for the ith applanation state

W_TH (i+1)=cumulative width at σ

_PCSTHR for the i+1 applanation state

i=a given applanation state.

24. The method of claim 21, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU63## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

25. The method of claim 22, wherein said limits of integration b,c are computed by determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is in receipt of a predetermined quantity of the stress energy imparted to the stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest.

26. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a pulse spread parameter, an applanation state parameter, and the derivative of the pulse spread parameter with respect to the applanation state parameter,

(F) relating said derivative of said pulse spread parameter to said applanation state parameter,

(G) determining the value of said applanation state parameter that corresponds to a maximum value of said derivative of said pulse spread parameter,

(H) estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of arterial applanation which produces the applanation state parameter of step (G).

27. The method of claim 26, wherein step (E) includes computing said pulse spread parameter as follows:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">PSP=σ

.sub.PCSMAX -σ

.sub.PCSENG

where;

σ

_PCSENG =σ

_PCSB or σ

_PCSc, which ever is the lesser

σ

_PCSMAX =Maximum pulsatile contact stress value for a given applanation state

σ

_PCSb, σ

_PCSc =points along σ

_PCS (x) which intersect region bounded by b,c.

28. The method of claim 26, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU64## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein said limits of integration b,c are computed by determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is in receipt of a predetermined quantity of the stress energy imparted to the stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest.

30. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a pulse distribution breadth parameter, an applanation state parameter, and a derivative of said pulse distribution breadth parameter with respect to said applanation state parameter,

(F) relating said derivative of said pulse distribution breadth parameter to said applanation state parameter,

(G) determining the value of said applanation state parameter that corresponds to a maximum value of said derivative of said pulse distribution breadth parameter,

(H) estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of arterial applanation which produces the applanation state parameter value of step (G).

31. The method of claim 30, wherein step (E) includes computing said pulse spread parameter as follows:

##EQU65## where;

W_TH =cumulative width at threshold σ

_PCSTHR along normalized plot of pulsatile contact stress σ

_PCSNOR (x)

b,c=limits of integration defined by 60 percent of σ

_PCSMAX.

32. The method of claim 30, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU66## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

33. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a diastolic distribution breadth parameter, an applanation state parameter, and a derivative of said diastolic distribution breadth parameter with respect to the applanation state parameter,

(F) relating a derivative of the diastolic distribution breadth parameter to the applanation state parameter,

(G) determining the value of said applanation state parameter that corresponds to a maximum of said derivative of said diastolic distribution breadth parameter,

(H) estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of artery applanation which produces the applanation state parameter value of step (G).

34. The method of claim 33, wherein step (E) includes computing said diastolic distribution breadth parameter as follows:

##EQU67## where;

L=length of stress sensitive element

b,c=limits of integration

σ

_DCS (x)=mean contact stress as a function of x

x=distance along length of stress sensitive element.

35. The method of claim 33, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU68## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

36. The method of claim 34, wherein said limits of integration b,c are computed by determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is in receipt of a predetermined quantity of the stress energy imparted to the stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest.

37. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a spatially averaged stress parameter, an applanation state parameter, and a second derivative of said spatially averaged stress parameter with respect to the applanation state parameter,

(F) relating the second derivative of the spatially averaged stress parameter to the applanation state parameter,

(G) determining the value of said applanation state parameter that corresponds to a minimum value of said second derivative of said spatially averaged stress parameter,

(H) estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of artery applanation which produces the applanation state parameter value of step (G).

38. The method of claim 37, wherein step (E) includes computing said spatially averaged stress parameter as follows:

##EQU69## where;

b,c=limits of integration

x=distance along the stress sensitive diaphragm

σ

(x)=stress sensed along stress sensitive element as a function of x.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein σ

(x) is selected from the group of σ

_DCS (x), σ

_SCS (x), σ

_MCS (x), and σ

_PCS (x) where;

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_SCS (x)=systolic contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_MCS (x)=mean contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_PCS (x)=pulsatile contact stress as a function of x.

40. The method of claim 38, wherein σ

(x) is selected from the group of F(σ

_DCS (x)), F(σ

_SCS (x)), F(σ

_MCS (x)), and F(σ

_PCS (x)) where;

F(σ

_DCS (x))=weighted function of diastolic contact stress,

F(σ

_SCS (x))=weighted function of systolic contact stress,

F(σ

_MCS (x))=weighted function of mean contact stress,

F(σ

_PCS (x))=weighted function of pulsatile contact stress.

41. The method of claim 37, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU70## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

42. The method of claim 38, wherein said limits of integration b,c are computed by determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is in receipt of a predetermined quantity of the stress energy imparted to the stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest.

43. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a stress spatial curvature parameter, an applanation state parameter, and a derivative of said stress spatial curvature parameter with respect to the applanation state parameter,

(F) relating the derivative of the stress spatial curvature parameter to the applanation state parameter,

(G) determining a maximum of said derivative of said stress spatial curvature parameter,

(H) estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of artery applanation which produces the applanation state parameter value of step (G).

44. The method of claim 43, wherein step (E) includes computing said stress spatial curvature parameter as follows:

where;

##EQU71## x=center of pulsatily active region of stress sensitive element x=distance along length of stress sensitive element

σ

(x)=stress sensed along stress sensitive element as a function of x.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein σ

(x) is selected from the group of σ

_DCS (x), σ

_SCS (x), σ

_MCS (x), and σ

_PCS (x) where;

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_SCS (x)=systolic contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_MCS (x)=mean contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_PCS (x)=pulsatile contact stress as a function of x.

46. The method of claim 44, wherein σ

(x) is selected from the groups of F(σ

_DCS (x)), F(σ

_SCS (x)), F(σ

_MCS (x)), and F(σ

_PCS (x)) where;

F(σ

_DCS (x))=weighted function of diastolic contact stress,

F(σ

_SCS (x))=weighted function of systolic contact stress,

F(σ

_MCS (x))=weighted function of mean contact stress,

F(σ

_PCS (x))=weighted function of pulsatile contact stress.

47. The method of claim 44, wherein step (E) includes computing x as follows:

##EQU72## where;

b,c=limits of integration

x=distance along the stress sensitive diaphragm

σ

(x)=stress sensed along stress sensitive element as a function of x.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein said limits of integration b,c are computed by determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is in receipt of a predetermined quantity of the stress energy imparted to the stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest.

49. The method of claim 43, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU73## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

50. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) computing a stress variation parameter, an applanation state parameter, and a derivative of said stress variation parameter with respect to the applanation state parameter,

(F) relating the derivative of the stress variation parameter to the applanation state parameter,

(G) determining a minimum of said derivative stress variation parameter,

(H) estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of artery applanation which produces the applanation state parameter value of step (G).

51. The method of claim 50, wherein step (E) includes computing said stress variation parameter as follows:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">SVPAR=σ

.sub.MAX -σ

.sub.MIN

where;

σ

_MAX =maximum stress occurring along σ

(x) in region of stress sensitive element receiving highest pulse energy

σ

_MIN =minimum stress occurring along σ

(x) in region of stress sensitive element receiving highest pulse energy

x=distance along length of stress sensitive element

σ

(x)=stress sensed along stress sensitive element as a function of x.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein σ

(x) is selected from the groups of σ

_DCS (x), σ

_SCS (x), σ

_MCS (x), and σ

_PCS (x) where;

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_SCS (x)=systolic contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_MCS (x)=mean contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_PCS (x)=pulsatile contact stress as a function of x.

53. The method of claim 50, wherein step (E) includes computing said stress variation parameter as follows:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">SVPAR=SD(σ

(x))

where;

SD=standard deviation operation

σ

(x)=contact stress occurring in region of stress sensitive element receiving highest pulse energy

x=distance along length of stress sensitive element.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein σ

(x) is selected from the groups of σ

_DCS (x), σ

_SCS (x), σ

_MCS (x), and σ

_PCS (x) where;

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_SCS (x)=systolic contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_MCS (x)=mean contact stress as a function of x,

σ

_PCS (x)=pulsatile contact stress as a function of x.

55. The method of claim 51, wherein said region of said stress sensitive element receiving the highest pulse energy is defined by bounding limits b,c, and wherein bounding limits b,c are computed by determining which portion of the stress sensitive element is in receipt of a predetermined quantity of the stress energy imparted to the stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest.

56. The method of claim 50, wherein said applanation state parameter is computed as follows:

##EQU74## where;

σ

_DCSAVG =average diastolic stress across the length of the stress sensitive element

L=length of stress sensitive element

σ

_DCS (x)=diastolic stress as a function of x

x=location along the stress sensitive element.

57. For use in a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system, a method of estimating optimum arterial compression by measuring the stress of tissue overlying an artery of interest, said system of the type including a tissue stress sensor having a stress sensitive element, said stress sensitive element having a length that exceeds the lumen of said artery of interest, said method including the steps of:

(A) placing said stress sensitive element of said tissue stress sensor in communication with said tissue overlying said artery of interest,

(B) orienting said stress sensitive element such that said length spans beyond the lumen of said artery of interest,

(C) using said stress sensitive element to varyingly compress said artery of interest thereby applanating said artery of interest through a plurality of stages, and at each said applanation stage,

(D) obtaining from said tissue stress sensor at least one electrical signal representing stress data across the length of said stress sensitive element, said stress data including a plurality of stress datum, each stress datum representing stress communicated to a predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element from said tissue overlying said artery of interest, each said predetermined portion of said stress sensitive element lying along said length of said stress sensitive element, and for each applanation stage, using said data for,

(E) selecting and computing an applanation optimization parameter, wherein said applanation optimization parameters is selected from the group of parameters comprising pulse parameter, distribution breadth parameter, pulse spread parameter, spatially averaged stress parameter, stress spatial curvature parameter, stress variation parameter,

(F) selecting and computing an applanation state parameter,

(G) relating the selected applanation optimization parameter to the applanation state parameter,

(H) determining a value associated with a characteristic feature of said selected applanation optimization parameter, with respect to said artery applanation state parameter, said characteristic feature being indicative of said optimum arterial compression,

(I) estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of artery applanation which produces the applanation optimization parameter value of step (G).

58. The method of claim 57, wherein step (F) includes selecting two or more applanation optimization parameters from the group comprising pulse parameter, mean distribution breadth parameter, pulse spread parameter, spatially averaged stress parameter, stress spatial curvature parameter, and stress variation parameter, and wherein step (G) includes relating said two or more applanation optimization parameters to a respectively associated applanation state parameter, and wherein step (H) includes for each selected applanation optimization parameter determining a value associated with a characteristic feature of said applanation optimization parameter, and wherein step (I) includes estimating the optimum arterial compression to be that degree of artery compression which produces an applanation optimization parameter value equal to a composite value of values associated with said two or more selected applanation optimization parameters.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein said composite value of said values associated with said two or more selected applanation optimization parameters is calculated as follows:

##EQU75## where;

AOPCOMOPT=composite value of optimum applanation estimate

AOPOPT(i)=the value of the applanation optimization parameter associated with the ith Method of estimating optimum arterial compression

i=1-11

F[i]=a predetermined weighting function as applied to AOP_OPT (i).