Blood pressure measuring device and method

• US 5,309,916 A
• Filed: 07/16/1991
• Issued: 05/10/1994
• Est. Priority Date: 07/18/1990
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Avl Medical Instruments AG (Roche Holding AG)
• Original Assignee: Avl Medical Instruments AG (Roche Holding AG)
• Inventors: Hatschek, Rudolf A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Cohen, Lee S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): GILBERT, SAMUEL G
• Application Number:
  US07/730,596
• Time in Patent Office: 1,029 Days
• Field of Search: 128/661.01, 128/661.05, 128/661.08, 128/661.09, 128/665, 128/667, 128/672, 128/691, 128/694
• US Class Current: 600/485
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2562/043 in a linear array
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/021 Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels A61B5/0205 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/02125 of pulse wave propagation time
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/026 Measuring blood flow A61B3/1233, A61B3/1241 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0285 Measuring or recording phase velocity of blood waves
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0295 using plethysmography, i.e. measuring the variations in the volume of a body part as modified by the circulation of blood therethrough, e.g. impedance plethysmography
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0535 Impedance plethysmography for measuring blood flow A61B5/0295
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/6824 Arm or wrist
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7239 using differentiation including higher order derivatives
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 8/04 Measuring blood pressure

Abstract

A device for measuring blood pressure includes a sensor arrangement which is releasably attached to the exterior of a body and which is electrically conductively connected with electronic circuit. The sensor arrangement and the circuit are configured to determine, in at least one measuring region of the body, a valve which is a measure for a variable that changes periodically over time in the rhythm of the pulse beat and which is correlated with the blood pressure. This variable may, for example, be the flow velocity and/or flow quantity and/or the volume of the arterial blood and/or a cross-sectional dimension and/or the flow cross section area of an arterial blood vessel. The sensor and circuit further determine a value which is a measure for the pulse wave velocity. By linking the two values together and including at least one calibration value, at least one value that is characteristic for of the blood pressure (preferably including at least the systolic blood. pressure) can be determined. The device makes it possible to measure the blood pressure of a person at least quasi-continuously with relatively little bother for the person.

Claims

1. A device for measuring blood pressure of a living body having a pulse beat with a rhythm and producing a pulse wave propagating with a pulse wave velocity, comprising:

sensor means for generating sensor data when the sensor means is attached to the living body; and

electronic circuit means for determining the blood pressure of the living body from the sensor data, the electronic circuit means including

first means, responsive to the sensor data, for determining a measurement value which is a measure for a first variable that can assume a plurality of first variable values, the first variable changing over time in the rhythm of the pulse beat and being correlated with at least one of the blood pressure and a change in the blood pressure,

second means, responsive to the sensor data, for determining another measurement value which is a measure for a second variable that can assume a plurality of second variable values, the second variable being correlated with at least one of the pulse wave velocity and a change in the pulse wave velocity,

third means for receiving calibration data during a calibration procedure and for storing at least one constant determined by the calibration data,

fourth means for determining a function value on the basis of the measurement value for the first variable and the measurement value for the second variable; and

fifth means for using the function value and said at least one constant to determine a value for the blood pressure.

2. A device according to claim 1, wherein the first variable is selected from the group consisting of the momentary flow velocity of blood through at least one artery in a measuring region, a change in the flow velocity of blood through at least one artery in the measuring region, the blood flow quantity through at least one artery in the metering region, the volume of the blood in at least one artery in the measuring region, a cross-sectional dimension of at least one artery in the measuring region, and the cross section area of at least one artery in the measuring region, as they occur in synchronism with the pulse beat.

3. A device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor means comprises means for sending waves into a measuring region of the body including at least one arterial blood vessel and for receiving waves scattered by blood in the at least one arterial blood vessel, wherein the first variable is one of the flow velocity of blood through the at least one arterial blood vessel in the measuring region and the flow quantity of blood through the at least one arterial blood vessel in the measuring region, and wherein the first means comprises means for determining from the scattered waves a measurement value for one of the flow velocity and flow quantity of blood flowing through the at least one arterial blood vessel in the measuring region.

4. A device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor means comprises means for sending lightwaves into a measuring region of the body and for converting scattered-back lightwaves into at least one electrical signal.

5. A device according to claim 4, wherein the means for sensing lightwaves comprises at least one light source which generates lightwaves whose wavelength is at least 700 nm and at most 1200 nm.

6. A device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor means comprises at least one ultrasound transducer which sends ultrasonic waves into at least one measuring region of the body and which converts scattered-back ultrasonic waves into at least one electrical signal.

7. A device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor means comprises electrodes, wherein the first variable is selected from the group consisting of the volume of blood in at least one artery in a measuring region, the blood flow quantity through at least one artery in the measuring region, the cross-sectional area of at least one artery in the measuring region, and the inner diameter of at least one artery in the measuring region, and wherein the first means comprises means for determining one of the electrical impedance, admittance, change in the impedance over time, and change in the admittance over time in the measuring region and for forming therefrom, as the measurement value for the first variable, a value for one of the volume of blood in at least one artery in the measuring region, the blood flow quantity through at least one artery in the measuring region, the cross-sectional area of at least one artery in the measurement region, and the inner diameter of at least one artery in the measuring region.

8. A device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor means comprises at least one ultrasound transducer for sending ultrasonic waves into at least one measuring region of the body and which receives reflected ultrasonic waves from at least one wall section of an artery, wherein the first variable is selected from the group consisting of the diameter of the artery, a change in the diameter of the artery, the cross-sectional area of the artery, and a change in the cross-sectional area of the artery, and wherein the first means comprises means for determining, as the measurement value of the first variable, a value for one of the diameter of the artery, the cross-sectional area of the artery, a change in the diameter of the artery, and a change in the cross-sectional area of the artery.

9. A device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor means comprises two sensors for determining, in two measuring regions which are spaced from one another along an artery, changes over time which occur periodically in the rhythm of the pulse beat in the first variable, wherein the second variable is the pulse wave velocity, and wherein the second means comprises means for determining, from a time shift between the periodic time changes in said first variable as determined by the two sensors, a value for the pulse wave velocity as the measurement value of the second variable.

10. A device according to claim 1, wherein the second variable is the pulse wave velocity, and wherein the second means comprises means for identifying a primary extreme occurring during a pulse period and corresponding to the systolic blood pressure as well as an additional extreme caused by interference between a pulse wave moving away from the heart and a reflected pulse wave and to determine a time or phase shift between the two extremes and to form therefrom a value constituting a measure for the pulse wave velocity as the measurement value for the second variable.

11. A device according to claim 1, wherein the sensor means is disposed at a measuring location that is remote from the cardiac muscle of the living body, wherein a graph of the first variable as a function of time has a predetermined feature occurring during each pulse period, further comprising additional sensor means for determining an electrical current associated with the cardiac muscle, the electrical current associated with the cardiac muscle changing over time and having a predetermined feature occurring during each pulse period in the change over time, and wherein the second means is responsive to the electrical current associated with the cardiac muscle and comprises means for determining the measurement value for the second variable on the basis of a time shaft between the occurrence of the predetermined feature occurring during each pulse period in the change over time of the electrical current associated with the cardiac muscle and the predetermined feature occurring during each pulse period in the graph of the variable as a function of time.

12. A device according to claim 1, wherein the first means comprises means for determining a measurement value for the first variable repeatedly for the same living body, wherein the second means comprises means for determining a measurement value for the second variable repeatedly for the same living body, wherein the fourth means comprises means for determining function values repeatedly, and wherein the fifth means comprises means for repeatedly using the function values and said at least one constant to repeatedly determine at least one of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the same living body.

13. A device according to claim 12, wherein the means for repeatedly using function values and said at least one constant to repeatedly determine at least one of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the body comprises means for determining at least one of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure at each heart beat of the body.

14. A device according to claim 1, wherein the calibration procedure is conducted on the same living body and the calibration data comprises at least one calibration blood pressure value measured during the calibration procedure, and wherein the third means further comprises means for determining the at least one constant from the at least one calibration blood pressure value.

15. A device according to claim 1, wherein the calibration procedure is conducted on the same living body, wherein the third means comprises means for storing two constants determined by the calibration data, and wherein the fifth means comprises means for multiplying one of the constants by the function value to determine a product and for adding the other constant to the product to determine the value for the blood pressure.

16. A device according to claim 1, wherein the fourth means comprises means for storing a table that associates a function value to every pair of a first variable value and a second variable value, and means for reading from the table, for each pair of a first variable value and a second variable value, an associated function value.

17. A device for measuring blood pressure of a living body having a pulse beat with a rhythm and producing a pulse wave propagating with a pulse wave velocity, comprising:

sensor means for generating sensor data when the sensor means is attached to the living body; and

electronic circuit means for determining the blood pressure of the living body from the sensor data, the electronic circuit means including

first means, responsive to the sensor data, for determining a measurement value which is a measure for a first variable that can assume a plurality of first variable values, the first variable changing over time in the rhythm of the pulse beat and being correlated with at least one of the blood pressure and a change in the blood pressure,

second means, responsive to the sensor data, for determining another measurement value which is a measure for a second variable that can assume a plurality of second variable values, the second variable being correlated with at least one of the pulse wave velocity and a change in the pulse wave velocity,

third means for receiving calibration data during a calibration procedure and for storing at least one constant determined by the calibration data,

fourth means for storing a table which associates table values with variable values, including at least the second variable values,

fifth means for selecting one of the table values on the basis of the measurement value for the second variable to provide a selected table value,

sixth means for multiplying the selected table value by one of the measurement value for the first variable, a table value associated by the table with the measurement value for the first variable, and a value computed from the measurement value for the first variable by a predetermined equation to provide a product value, and

seventh means for using the product value and said at least one constant to determine a value for the blood pressure.

18. A device according to claim 17, wherein the first means comprises means for determining a measurement value for the first variable repeatedly for the same living body, wherein the second means comprises means for determining a measurement value for the second variable repeatedly for the same living body, wherein the fifth means comprises means for providing selected table values repeatedly, wherein the sixth means comprises means for providing product values repeatedly, and wherein the seventh means comprises means for repeatedly determining a value for at least one of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure for the same living body.

19. A device according to claim 17, wherein the calibration procedure is conducted on the same living body and the calibration data comprises at least one calibration blood pressure value measured during the calibration procedure, and wherein the third means further comprises means for determining the at least one constant from the at least one calibration blood pressure value.

20. A device according to claim 17, wherein the calibration procedure is conducted on the same living body and the third means comprises means for storing two constants determined by the calibration data, and wherein the seventh means comprises means for multiplying the product value by one of the constants to obtain a resulting value and for adding the resulting value to the other constant.

21. A device for measuring blood pressure of a living body having a pulse beat with a rhythm and producing a pulse wave propagating with a pulse wave velocity, comprising:

sensor means for generating sensor data when the sensor means is attached to the living body; and

electronic circuit means for determining the blood pressure of the living body from the sensor data, the electronic circuit means including

first means, responsive to the sensor data, for determining a measurement value which is a measure for a first variable that changes over time in the rhythm of the pulse beat and is correlated with at least one of the blood pressure and a change in the blood pressure,

second means, responsive to the sensor data, for determining another measurement value which is a measure for a second variable that is correlated with at least one of the pulse wave velocity and a change in the pulse wave velocity,

third means for receiving calibration data during a calibration procedure and for storing at least one constant determined by the calibration data, and

fourth means for computing a blood pressure value using an equation expressing the blood pressure explicitly in dependence on the measurement value for the first variable, the measurement value for the second variable, and the at least one constant.

22. A device according to claim 21, wherein the calibration procedure is conducted on the same living body and the third means comprises means for storing two constants determined by the calibration data, and wherein the fourth means comprises means for computing a first function value from the measurement value for the first variable, means for computing a second function value from the measurement value for the second variable, means for multiplying one of the constants by the first function value and by the second function value to provide a product, and means for adding the other constant by the product.

23. A method of determining the blood pressure of a living body using a device which includes sensor means for generating sensor data and electronic circuit means for determining the blood pressure of the living body from the sensor data, the living body having a pulse beat with a rhythm and producing a pulse wave propagating with a pulse wave velocity, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) disposing the sensor means on the body at at least one measuring region that includes at least one arterial blood vessel;

(b) using the electronic circuit means to repeatedly determine, in response to the sensor data, a measurement value which is a measure for a first variable that can assume a plurality of first variable values, the first variable periodically changing over time in the rhythm of the pulse beat;

(c) using the electronic circuit means to repeatedly determine, in response to the sensor data, another measurement value which is a measure for a second variable that can assume a plurality of second variable values, the second variable being the pulse wave velocity;

(d) measuring the blood pressure of the body during a calibration procedure;

(e) storing, in the electronic circuit means, at least one constant determined by the calibration procedure;

(f) using the electronic circuit means to repeatedly determine a function value on the basis of the repeatedly-determined measurement value for the first variable and the repeatedly-determined measurement value for the second variable; and

(g) using the repeatedly-determined function value and the at least one constant in the electronic circuit means to provide blood pressure values.

24. A method according to claim 23, wherein a table containing a plurality of function values is stored in the electronic circuit means, the table associating each function value with a first variable value and a second variable value, and wherein step (f) comprises selecting one of the function values contained in the table on the basis of the measurement value for the first variable and the measurement value for the second variable.

25. A method according to claim 23, wherein step (d) comprises the steps of temporarily fastening a cuff defining a cavity to the body inflating and deflating the cuff;

measuring the pressure in the cavity;

determining the at least one calibration value; and

removing the cuff.