Electrobiochemical analytical method and electrodes
First Claim
1. An analytical method for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a liquid medium comprising the steps of:
- selecting an electrobiochemical system, the electrobiochemical system comprising a test electrode which has chemisorbed sulfur containing moieties;
selecting a redox enzyme, the redox enzyme selectively converts the analyte to a product;
binding the redox enzyme to the test electrode;
selecting an electron mediator material which transfers electrons to and from the redox enzyme and test electrode;
introducing a liquid medium with an analyte to the electrobiochemical system;
applying a constant or alternating electric potential to the test electrode so that electrons pass between the redox enzyme and the test electrode allowing the redox enzyme to catalyze the reaction of the analyte; and
measuring the concentration of the analyte.
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Abstract
An analytical method for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a liquid medium is provided in which electrons are transferred from an electrode material of an electrode to the redox center of an enzyme, by the mediation of an electron mediator, whereby in the presence of an analyte the enzyme calalyzed a redox reaction in which the analyte is converted into a product. By measuring either the concentration or the product or the charge which flows in this process, the presence and/or concentration of the analyte in the medium is determined. Either or both of the enzyme and the electron mediator are immobilized on the electrode.
248 Citations
45 Claims
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1. An analytical method for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a liquid medium comprising the steps of:
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selecting an electrobiochemical system, the electrobiochemical system comprising a test electrode which has chemisorbed sulfur containing moieties; selecting a redox enzyme, the redox enzyme selectively converts the analyte to a product; binding the redox enzyme to the test electrode; selecting an electron mediator material which transfers electrons to and from the redox enzyme and test electrode; introducing a liquid medium with an analyte to the electrobiochemical system; applying a constant or alternating electric potential to the test electrode so that electrons pass between the redox enzyme and the test electrode allowing the redox enzyme to catalyze the reaction of the analyte; and measuring the concentration of the analyte. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37)
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- 10. An electrode comprising an electrode material has chemisorbed sulphur containing moieties, the electrode having immobilized thereon a plurality of complexes, each complex comprising a linking group having a sulphur containing moiety and at least one, of a redox enzyme component or a molecular electron mediator component, all components of the complex are covalently bound to one another, the electron mediator transfers electrons between the electrode material and the redox center of the redox enzyme whereby, in the presence of analyte, the enzyme catalyzes a reaction in which the analyte is convened to product.
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26. A process for preparing an electrode comprising the steps:
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selecting a sulfur chemisorption electrode material; selecting a complex comprising a linking group having a sulphur containing moiety, chemisorption of the sulfur containing moiety onto the electrode material; selecting at least one of a redox enzyme and an electron mediator and reacting at least one of the redox enzyme and an electron mediator with the chemisorbed linking group. - View Dependent Claims (28)
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27. A process for preparing an electrode comprising the steps:
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selecting a sulfur chemisorption electrode material, selecting a sulfur containing linking group; selecting at least one of a redox enzyme and an electron mediator; reacting the selected linking group with at least one of the selected redox enzymes and electron mediators to form a complex; and reacting the complex with the electrode material to form the electrode.
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38. An analytical method for determining the presence or concentration of analyte in a liquid medium comprising the steps of;
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providing an electrobiochemical system comprising a test electrode which has a sulfur containing moiety; providing an electron mediator; chemisorbing the election mediator onto the test electrode; introducing a liquid medium with an analyte to the electrobiochemical system; providing a redox enzyme for oxidizing or reducing the analyte and for interacting with the electron mediator; introducing the redox enzyme into the liquid medium; applying a constant or alternate electric potential to the test electrode so that electrons pass between the mediator group, test electrodes and redox enzyme; allowing the enzyme to catalyze the reaction of the analyte; and measuring the concentration of the analyte. - View Dependent Claims (39, 40, 41)
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42. An analytical method for determining the presence or concentration of analyte in a liquid medium comprising the steps of;
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providing an electrobiochemical system comprising a test electrode which has a sulfur containing moiety; providing an electron mediator; chemisorbing the election mediator onto the test electrode; introducing a liquid medium with an analyte to the electrobiochemical system; providing a redox enzyme for oxidizing or reducing the analyte and for interacting with the electron mediator; introducing the redox enzyme into the liquid medium; applying a constant or alternate electric potential to the test electrode so that electrons pass between the mediator group, test electrodes and redox enzyme; allowing the enzyme to catalyze the reaction of the analyte; and measuring the concentration of the analyte by measuring the flow of electric charge.
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43. An analytical method for determining the presence or concentration of analyte in a liquid medium comprising the steps of;
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providing an electrobiochemical system comprising a test electrode which has a sulfur containing moiety; providing an electron mediator; chemisorbing the election mediator onto the test electrode; introducing a liquid medium with an analyte to the electrobiochemical system; providing a redox enzyme for oxidizing or reducing the analyte and for interacting with the electron mediator; introducing the redox enzyme into the liquid medium; applying a constant or alternate electric potential to the test electrode so that electrons pass between the mediator group, test electrodes and redox enzyme; allowing the enzyme to catalyze the reaction of the analyte; and measuring the concentration of the analyte by measuring the concentration of the redox reaction product in the liquid medium.
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44. An analytical method for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a liquid medium comprising the steps of:
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selecting an appropriate electrobiochemical system, the electrobiochemical system comprising selecting a test electrode which has chemisorption of sulfur containing moieties; selecting a redox enzyme, the redox enzyme selectively converts the analyte to a product; binding the redox enzyme to the test electrode; selecting an electron mediator material which transfers electrons to and from the redox enzyme and test electrode; introducing a liquid medium with an analyte to the electrobiochemical system; applying a constant or alternating electric potential to the test electrode so that electrons pass between the redox enzyme and the test electrode allowing the redox enzyme to catalyze the reaction of the analyte; and measuring the concentration of the analyte by measuring the flow of electron charge.
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45. An analytical method for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a liquid medium comprising the steps of:
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selecting an appropriate electrobiochemical system, the electrobiochemical system comprising selecting a test electrode which has chemisorption of sulfur containing moieties; selecting a redox enzyme, the redox enzyme selectively converts the analyte to a product; binding the redox enzyme to the test electrode; selecting an electron mediator material which transfers electrons to and from the redox enzyme and test electrode; introducing a liquid medium with an analyte to the electrobiochemical system; applying a constant or alternating electric potential to the test electrode so that electrons pass between the redox enzyme and the test electrode allowing the redox enzyme to catalyze the reaction of the analyte; and measuring the concentration of the analyte by measuring the concentration of the redox reaction product in the liquid medium.
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Specification