Dynamic codebook for efficient speech coding based on algebraic codes

• US 5,444,816 A
• Filed: 09/10/1992
• Issued: 08/22/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 02/23/1990
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Universite De Strasbourg (Financière Meeschaert SA)
• Original Assignee: Universite De Strasbourg (Financière Meeschaert SA)
• Inventors: Adoul, Jean-Pierre, Laflamme, Claude
• Primary Examiner(s): MacDonald, Allen R.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Dorvil, Richemond
• Application Number:
  US07/927,528
• Time in Patent Office: 1,076 Days
• Field of Search: 381/41, 395/2, 395/2.1, 395/2.28, 395/2.71
• US Class Current: 704/219
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 19/00 Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis in musical instruments G10H
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 19/10 the excitation function being a multipulse excitation
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 19/12 the excitation function being a code excitation, e.g. in code excited linear prediction [CELP] vocoders
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 2019/0004 Design or structure of the codebook
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 2019/0008 Algebraic codebooks
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 2019/0011 Long term prediction filters, i.e. pitch estimation
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 25/06 the extracted parameters being correlation coefficients

Abstract

A method of encoding a speech signal is presented. This method improves the excitation codebook and search procedure of the conventional Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) speech encoders. Use is made of a dynamic codebook (201, 202) based on the combination of two modules: a sparse algebraic code generator (201) associated to a filter (202) having a transfer function varying in time. The generator (102) is a structured codebook with codewords having very few non zero components. The filter (202) shapes the spectral characteristics whereby the resulting excitation codebook (201, 202) exhibits favorable perceptual properties. The search complexity in finding the best codeword is greatly reduced by bringing the search back to the algebraic code domain thereby allowing the sparsity of the algebraic code to speed up the necessary computations.

Claims

1. A method of producing an excitation signal to be used by a sound signal synthesis means to synthesize a sound signal, comprising the steps of:

generating a codeword signal in response to an index signal associated to said codeword signal, said signal generating step using an algebraic code to generate said codeword signal; and

prefiltering the generated codeword signal to produce said excitation signal, said prefiltering step comprising processing the codeword signal through an adaptive prefilter having a transfer function varying in time in relation to parameters representative of spectral characteristics of said sound signal to thereby shape frequency characteristics of the excitation signal so as to damp frequencies perceptually annoying a human ear.

2. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said signal generating step comprises using a sparse algebraic code to generate said codeword signal.

3. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein said prefiltering step comprises varying the transfer function of the adaptive prefilter in relation to linear predictive coding parameters representative of spectral characteristics of said sound signal.

7. A method of encoding a sound signal in view of subsequently synthesizing said sound signal through a signal excitation produced by the method of claim 1 and applied to a sound signal synthesis means, comprising the steps of:

whitening said sound signal with a whitening filter to generate a residual signal R;

computing a target signal X by processing with a perceptual filter a difference between said residual signal R and a long-term prediction component E of previously generated segments of said signal excitation;

backward filtering the target signal X with a backward filter to produce a backward filtered target signal D;

calculating, for each codeword among a plurality of available algebraic codewords Ak expressed in an algebraic code, a ratio involving the signal D, the codeword Ak, and a transfer function H varying in time with parameters representative of spectral characteristics of said sound signal; and

selecting among said plurality of available algebraic codewords one particular codeword corresponding to the largest ratio calculated, wherein said selected codeword is representative of a signal excitation to be applied to the synthesis means for synthesizing said sound signal.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein said ratio calculating step comprises calculating, for each codeword, a ratio comprising a numerator given by the expression p² (k)=(DAk)^t)² and a denominator given by the expression α

² k=|AkH^T |², where Ak and H are under the form of matrix.

9. The method of claim 8, comprising providing codewords Ak each in the form of a waveform comprising a small number of non-zero impulses each of which can occupy different positions in the waveform to thereby enable composition of different codewords.

10. The method of claim 9, in which said ratio calculating step uses a calculating procedure including embedded loops in which are calculated contributions of the non-zero impulses of the considered algebraic codeword to the said numerator and denominator and in which the so calculated contributions are added to previously calculated sum values of said numerator and denominator, respectively.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein said codeword selecting step comprises processing in an innermost loop of said embedded loops said calculated ratios to determine the largest ratio.

12. The method of claim 7, in which said backward filtering step is carried out in relation to said transfer function H.

4. A dynamic codebook for producing an excitation signal to be used by a sound signal synthesis means to synthesize a sound signal, comprising:

means for generating a codeword signal in response to an index signal associated to said codeword signal, said means for generating a codeword signal using an algebraic code to generate said codeword signal; and

means for prefiltering the generated codeword signal to produce said excitation signal, said prefiltering means comprising an adaptive prefilter having a transfer function varying in time in relation to parameters representative of spectral characteristics of said sound signal to thereby shape frequency characteristics of the excitation signal so as to damp frequencies perceptually annoying a human ear.

5. A codebook as defined in claim 4, wherein said means for generating a codeword signal comprises means responsive to a sparse algebraic code to generate said codeword signal.

6. A codebook as defined in claim 4, wherein said adaptive prefilter has a transfer function varying in time in relation to linear predictive coding parameters representative of spectral characteristics of said sound signal.

13. An encoder for encoding a sound signal in view of subsequently synthesizing said sound signal through a signal excitation produced by the dynamic codebook of claim 5 and applied to a sound signal synthesis means, comprising:

a whitening filter for whitening said sound signal in order to generate a residual signal R;

a perceptual filter for computing a target signal X by processing a difference between said residual signal R and a long-term-prediction component E of previously generated segments of said signal excitation;

a backward filter for filtering the target signal X in order to produce a backward filtered target signal D;

means for calculating, for each codeword among a plurality of available algebraic codewords Ak expressed in an algebraic code, a ratio involving the signal D, the codeword Ak, and a transfer function H varying in time with parameters representative of spectral characteristics of said sound signal; and

means for selecting among said plurality of available algebraic codewords one particular codeword corresponding to the largest ratio calculated, wherein said selected codeword is representative of a signal excitation to be applied to the synthesis means for synthesizing said sound signal.

14. The encoder of claim 13, wherein said ratio calculating means comprises means for calculating, for each codeword, a ratio comprising a numerator given by the expression p² (k)=(DAk^T)² and a denominator given by the expression α

² k=|AkH^t |², where Ak and H are under the form of matrix.

15. The encoder of claim 14, wherein each codeword Ak is a waveform comprising a small number of non-zero impulses each of which can occupy different positions in the waveform to thereby enable compositions of different codewords.

16. The encoder of claim 15, in which said ratio calculating means comprises means for calculating into a plurality of embedded loops contributions of the non-zero impulses of the considered algebraic codeword to the said numerator and denominator and for adding the so calculated contributions to previously calculated sum values of said numerator and denominator, respectively.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the embedded loops comprise an innermost loop, and wherein the said codeword selecting means for processing in the innermost loop the said calculated ratios to determine the largest ratio.

18. The encoder of claim 13, in which said backward filter comprises means for filtering said target signal in relation to said transfer function H.