Information transmission system and method of operation

• US 5,446,759 A
• Filed: 08/26/1993
• Issued: 08/29/1995
• Est. Priority Date: 03/12/1992
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: NTP Incorporated
• Original Assignee: NTP Incorporated
• Inventors: Campana, Thomas J. Jr.
• Primary Examiner(s): Chin, Stephen
• Assistant Examiner(s): PHAN, HAI
• Application Number:
  US08/112,256
• Time in Patent Office: 733 Days
• Field of Search: 375/100, 375/38, 375/40, 375/59, 455/52.1, 455/52.2, 455/52.3, 455/65, 455/101, 455/303, 455/278.1, 455/296, 455/132, 455/137-139, 455/272, 455/273, 371/37.7, 371/30, 371/31, 371/35, 371/39.1, 371/67.1, 371/68.1, 371/68.2, 371/68.3
• US Class Current: 375/267
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/10 Polarisation diversity; Directional diversity
• CPC Class Codes: H04H 20/67 Common-wave systems, i.e. using separate transmitters operating on substantially the same frequency
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/004 by using forward error control H04L1/0618 takes precedence; coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or correction H03M13/00
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/02 by diversity reception
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/22 Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 7/042 Detectors therefor, e.g. correlators, state machines digital correlators in general G06F17/15
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 84/042 Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems

Abstract

A system and method for transmission of information subject to fading by using a RF carrier modulated with a subcarrier modulated with the information. The system has a processor for providing first and second encoded information streams each comprising the information to be transmitted with the second stream being delayed by a time delay interval with respect to the first stream which is equal to or greater than the fading interval. The first and second information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier to produce first and second parallel information streams. At least one receiver having a detector receives and detects the transmitted first and second parallel information streams. At least one processor determines if faded information is present in the detected first and second parallel information streams. The at least one processor places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit and controls replacement of each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce error free transmitted information.

Claims

1. A transceiver for transmitting and receiving atmospherically transmitted information with the atmospherically received information being subject to atmospheric fading for a time interval and being modulated with a carrier modulated with a subcarrier with the subcarrier being modulated with identical first and second encoded information streams to produce first and second parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream and with the second parallel information stream containing the second encoded information stream with the parallel information streams being atmospherically transmitted with a time delay interval between the parallel information streams as modulated on the subcarrier which is equal to or greater than the time interval, the transceiver comprising:

a detector for detecting the transmitted first and second parallel information streams; and

at least one processor, responsive to the detected parallel streams, for determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams received by the transceiver, in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from at least one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset at transmission from the faded information by the time delay interval and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information; and

wherein

the at least one processor places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and controls replacement of each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information.

2. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams each comprises frames of information with each frame having a plurality of bits encoding error correction information and a plurality of bits encoding the information with the error correction information of the first encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the first parallel information stream and the error correction information of the second encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the second parallel information stream; and

the determination of faded information by the at least one processor is performed by determining that the error correction bits cannot correct an error detected by processing the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine using the plurality of bits of error correction information.

3. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and to a control processor, the digital signal processor processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated-part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the digital signal processor processes the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values for determining if the faded information is present.

4. A transceiver in accordance with claim 2 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and to a control processor, the digital signal processor processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the digital signal processor processes the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values for determining if the faded information is present.

5. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

6. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

7. A transceiver in accordance with claim 2 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

8. A transceiver in accordance with claim 2 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

9. A transceiver in accordance with claim 3 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

10. A transceiver in accordance with claim 3 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

11. A transceiver in accordance with claim 4 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with phases of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

12. A transceiver in accordance with claim 4 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

13. A transceiver in accordance with claim 6 wherein:

the pulse width modulation encodes a number within a range of numbers and the at least one processor decodes the range of numbers.

14. A transceiver in accordance with claim 13 wherein:

the range of numbers is between 1-16.

15. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

16. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the first encoded information stream and a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the second encoded information stream which is a subsequent cycle of the subcarrier.

17. A transceiver in accordance with claim 2 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

18. A transceiver in accordance with claim 2 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the first encoded information stream and a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the second encoded information stream which is a subsequent cycle of the subcarrier.

19. A transceiver in accordance with claim 3 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

20. A transceiver in accordance with claim 3 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the first encoded information stream and a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the second encoded information stream which is a subsequent cycle of the subcarrier.

21. A transceiver in accordance with claim 15 wherein:

the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second encoded information streams contains part of a number of the bits encoding one unit of the information.

22. A transceiver in accordance with claim 15 wherein:

the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second encoded information streams contains all of a number of bits encoding one unit of the information.

23. A transceiver in accordance with claim 3 wherein:

the at least one selected part is a plurality of separated angular positions within a 360°

cycle of the subcarrier.

24. A transceiver in accordance with claim 3 wherein:

the at least one selected part is first and second halves of a squarewave.

25. A transceiver in accordance with claim 4 wherein:

the at least one selected part is a plurality of separated angular positions within a 360°

cycle of the subcarrier.

26. A transceiver in accordance with claim 4 wherein:

the at least one selected part is first and second halves of a squarewave.

27. A transceiver in accordance with claim 3 wherein:

the calculation of the integral by the digital signal processor is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

28. A transceiver in accordance with claim 27 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

29. A transceiver in accordance with claim 4 wherein:

the calculation of the integral by the digital signal processor is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

30. A transceiver in accordance with claim 29 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value succeeds the compared sample value.

31. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and to a control processor, the digital processor processes detected individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifies at least one of the first and second parallel information streams so that the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by processing the first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

32. A transceiver in accordance with claim 31 wherein:

the processing by the digital signal processor includes calculation of an integral which is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

33. A transceiver in accordance with claim 32 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value succeeds the compared sample value.

34. A transceiver in accordance with claim 2 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and to a control processor, the digital signal processor processes detected individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifies at least one of the first and second parallel information streams so that the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by processing the first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

35. A transceiver in accordance with claim 34 wherein:

the processing by the digital signal processor includes calculation of an integral by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

36. A transceiver in accordance with claim 35 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

37. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission of information with a transceiver which also transmits information and receives the atmospheric transmission of the information with the received information being subject to atmospheric fading for a time interval and being modulated with a radio frequency carrier modulated with a subcarrier with the subcarrier being modulated with identical first and second encoded information streams to produce identical first and second parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream and with the second parallel information stream containing the second encoded information stream with the parallel information streams being atmospherically transmitted with a time delay interval between the parallel streams as modulated on the subcarrier which is equal to or greater than the time interval comprising the steps:

detecting the first and second parallel information streams which have been transmitted with the radio frequency carrier;

determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset from the faded information by the time delay interval and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information; and

placing an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and replacing each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information.

38. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 37 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams each comprises frames of information with each frame having a plurality of bits encoding error correction information and a plurality of bits encoding the information with the error correction information of the first encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the first parallel information stream and the error correction information of the second encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the second parallel information stream; and

the determination of faded information is performed by determining that the error correction bits cannot correct an error detected by processing the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine using the plurality of error correction bits.

39. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 67 further comprising:

processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values are processed for determining if the faded information is present.

40. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 38 further comprising:

processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values are processed for determining if the faded information is present.

41. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 37 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

42. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 37 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

43. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 38 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

44. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 39 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

45. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 40 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

46. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 38 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

47. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 39 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

48. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 40 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

49. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission by a transceiver in accordance with claim 37 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

50. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission by a transceiver in accordance with claim 39 wherein:

a cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the first encoded information stream and a subsequent cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the second encoded information stream.

51. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission by a transceiver in accordance with claim 49 wherein:

the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the first encoded information stream contains part of a number of bits encoding one unit of the information and the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the second encoded information stream contains part of the number of bits encoding one unit of the information.

52. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission by a transceiver in accordance with claim 49 wherein:

the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the first encoded information stream contains all of a number of bits encoding one unit of the information and the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the second encoded information stream contains all of the number of bits encoding one unit of the information.

53. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 38 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

54. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 38 wherein:

a cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the first encoded information stream and a subsequent cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the second encoded information stream.

55. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 53 wherein:

the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the first encoded information stream contains part of a number of bits encoding one unit of the information and the single cycle modulated with the second encoded information stream contains part of the number of bits encoding one unit of the information.

56. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 53 wherein:

the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the first encoded information stream contains part of a number of bits encoding one unit of the information and the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the second encoded information stream contains part of the number of bits encoding one unit of the information.

57. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 39 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

58. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 39 wherein:

a cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the first encoded information stream and a subsequent cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the second encoded information stream.

59. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 57 wherein:

the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the first encoded information stream contains part of a number of bits encoding one unit of the information and the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the second encoded information stream contains part of the number of bits encoding one unit of the information.

60. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 57 wherein:

the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the first encoded information stream contains part of a number of bits encoding one unit of the information and the single cycle of the subcarrier modulated with the second encoded information stream contains part of the number of bits encoding one unit of the information.

61. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 39 wherein:

the at least one selected part is a plurality of separated angular positions within a 360°

cycle of the subcarrier.

62. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 39 wherein:

the at least one selected part is first and second halves of a squarewave.

63. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 40 wherein:

the at least one selected part is a plurality of separated angular positions within a 360°

cycle of the subcarrier.

64. A method of receiving an atmospheric transmission with a transceiver in accordance with claim 40 wherein:

the at least one selected part is first and second halves of a squarewave.

65. A method in accordance with claim 39 wherein:

the calculation of the integral is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

66. A method in accordance with claim 65 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

67. A method in accordance with claim 40 wherein:

the calculation of the integral is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

68. A method in accordance with claim 67 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

69. A method in accordance with claim 37 further comprising:

processing individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with stored predetermined patterns and modifying at least one of first and second detected parallel information streams so that determination if faded information is present is by processing the detected first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

70. A method in accordance with claim 69 wherein:

the processing of the individual cycles of the subcarrier includes calculating an integral by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

71. A method in accordance with claim 70 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

72. A two-way transmission system comprising a transceiver and a base station atmospherically transmitting information between the transceiver and the base station with the transmission of the information from the base station to the transceiver being subject to fading for a time interval and using a radio frequency carrier modulated with a subcarrier wherein:

the base station has an encoding processor, responsive to a source of information, for providing a first encoded information stream which comprises the information to be atmospherically transmitted and a second encoded information stream which also comprises the information to be atmospherically transmitted with the second information stream being delayed by a time delay interval with respect to the first information stream which is equal to or greater than the time interval of the atmospheric fading and an encoder, responsive to the first and second encoded information streams, for modulating the subcarrier with the first and second encoded information streams to produce identical first and second parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream, the second parallel information containing the second encoded information stream and with the first parallel information stream as modulated on the subcarrier being time displaced from the second parallel information stream by the time delay interval; and

the transceiver has a detector for detecting transmitted first and second parallel information streams and at least one processor, responsive to the detected parallel information streams, for determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams received by the transceiver, in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset by the time delay interval from the faded information, and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information; and

wherein

the at least one processor places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and controls replacement of each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information.

73. A system in accordance with claim 72 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams each comprise frames of information with each frame having a plurality of bits encoding error correction information and a plurality of bits encoding the information with the error correction information not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the first parallel information stream and the error correction information of the second encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the second parallel stream; and

the determination of faded information by the at least one processor is performed by determining that the error correction bits cannot correct an error detected by processing the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine using the plurality of bits of error correction information.

74. A system in accordance with claim 72 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and to a control processor, the digital signal processor processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the digital signal processor processes the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values for determining if the faded information is present.

75. A system in accordance with claim 73 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and to a control processor, the digital signal processor processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the digital signal processor processes the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values for determining if the faded information is present.

76. A system in accordance with claim 72 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

77. A system in accordance with claim 72 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

78. A system in accordance with claim 73 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

79. A system in accordance with claim 74 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

80. A system in accordance with claim 75 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

81. A system in accordance with claim 73 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

82. A system in accordance with claim 74 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

83. A system in accordance with claim 75 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

84. A system in accordance with claim 77 wherein:

the pulse width modulation encodes a number within a range of numbers and the at least one processor decodes the range of numbers.

85. A system in accordance with claim 84 wherein:

the range of numbers is between 1-16.

86. A system in accordance with claim 74 wherein:

the calculation of the integral by the digital signal processor is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

87. A system in accordance with claim 86 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

88. A system in accordance with claim 75 wherein:

the calculation of the integral by the digital signal processor is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

89. A system in accordance with claim 88 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

90. A system in accordance with claim 72 further comprising:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and a control processor, the digital signal processor processes detected individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifies at least one of the first and second parallel information streams so that the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by processing the first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

91. A system in accordance with claim 90 wherein:

the processing of the individual cycles of the subcarrier includes calculating an integral by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

92. A system in accordance with claim 91 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

93. A system in accordance with claim 73 further comprising:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and a control processor, the digital signal processor processes detected individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifies at least one of the first and second parallel information streams so that the signal processor determines if faded information is present by processing the first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

94. A transceiver in accordance with claim 93 wherein:

the processing of the individual cycles of the subcarrier includes calculating an integral by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

95. A transceiver in accordance with claim 94 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

96. A method of two-way atmospheric transmission of information between a transceiver and a base station with the transmission of the information from the base station to the transceiver being subject to fading for a time interval and using a radio frequency carrier modulated with a subcarrier comprising:

providing a first encoded information stream which comprises the information to be atmospherically transmitted from the base station to the transceiver and a second encoded information stream which also comprises the information to be atmospherically transmitted from the base station to the transceiver with the second information stream being delayed in time by a time delay interval with respect to the first information stream which is equal to or greater than the time interval of the atmospheric fading and modulating the subcarrier with the first and second encoded information streams to produce identical first and second parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream, with the second parallel information stream containing the second encoded information stream and with the first parallel information stream as modulated on the subcarrier being time displaced from the second parallel information stream by the time delay interval;

determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams, in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset by the time delay interval from the faded information and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information; and

placing an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and replacing each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information.

97. A method in accordance with claim 96 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams each comprise frames of information with each frame having a plurality of bits encoding error correction information and a plurality of bits encoding the information with the error correction information not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the first parallel information stream and the error correction information of the second encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the second parallel information stream; and

the determination of faded information is performed by determining that the error correction bits cannot correct an error detected by processing the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine using the plurality of error correction bits.

98. A method in accordance with claim 96 further comprising:

processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values are processed for determining if the faded information is present.

99. A method in accordance with claim 97 further comprising:

processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values are processed for determining if the faded information is present.

100. A method in accordance with claim 96 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

101. A method in accordance with claim 96 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

102. A method in accordance with claim 97 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

103. A method in accordance with claim 98 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

104. A method in accordance with claim 99 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at plurality of separated angular positions.

105. A method in accordance with claim 97 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the subcarrier being modulated with first and second encoded information streams.

106. A method in accordance with claim 98 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

107. A method in accordance with claim 99 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

108. A method in accordance with claim 98 wherein:

the calculation of the integral is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

109. A method in accordance with claim 108 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

110. A method in accordance with claim 99 wherein:

the processing of the individual cycles of the subcarrier includes calculating an integral by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

111. A method in accordance with claim 110 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

112. A method in accordance with claim 97 further comprising:

processing individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with stored predetermined patterns and modifying at least one of first and second detected parallel information streams so that determination if faded information is present is by processing the detected first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

113. A method in accordance with claim 112 wherein:

the processing of the individual cycles of the subcarrier includes calculating an integral by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

114. A method in accordance with claim 113 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

115. Receiving circuitry which receives atmospherically transmitted information with the received atmospherically transmitted information being subject atmospheric fading for a time interval and being modulated with a carrier modulated with a subcarrier with the subcarrier being modulated with identical first and second encoded information streams to produce identical first and second parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream and with the second parallel information stream containing the second encoded information stream with the parallel information streams being atmospherically transmitted with a time delay interval between the parallel information streams as modulated on the subcarrier which is equal to or greater than the time interval, the receiving circuitry comprising:

a detector for detecting the transmitted first and second parallel information streams;

a processor, responsive to the detected first and second parallel information streams, for determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams received by the receiving circuitry, in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from at least one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset from the faded information by the time delay interval, and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information; and

wherein

the processor places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and controls replacement of each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information;

the processor processes detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically compares each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substitutes for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

the processor processes the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values for determining if the faded information is present.

116. A two-way transmission system comprising a transceiver and a base station atmospherically transmitting information between the transceiver and the base station with the transmission of the information from the base station to the transceiver being subject to fading for a time interval and using a radio frequency carrier modulated with a subcarrier wherein:

the base station has a processor, responsive to a source of information, for providing a first encoded information stream which comprises the information to be atmospherically transmitted and a second encoded information stream which also comprises the information to be atmospherically transmitted with the second information stream being delayed by a time delay interval with respect to the first information stream which is equal to or greater than the time interval of the atmospheric fading and an encoder, responsive to the first and second encoded information streams, for modulating the subcarrier with the first and second encoded information streams to produce identical first and second parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream, the second parallel information containing the second encoded information stream and with the first parallel information stream as modulated on the subcarrier being time displaced from the second parallel information stream by the time delay interval;

the transceiver has a detector for detecting transmitted first and second parallel information streams and a processor, responsive to the detected first and second parallel information streams, for determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams, in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from at least one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset from the faded information by the time delay interval, and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information; and

wherein

the transceiver processor places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and controls replacement of each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information;

the transceiver processor processes detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically compares each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substitutes for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified range including the calculated stored integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

the transceiver processor processes the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values for determining if the faded information is present.

117. A receiver for receiving atmospherically transmitted information subject to atmospheric fading for a time interval on a channel using a radio frequency carrier modulated with a subcarrier with the subcarrier being modulated with first and second identical encoded information streams to produce first and second identical parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream and with the second parallel information stream containing the second encoded information stream with the parallel information streams being atmospherically transmitted with a time delay interval between the parallel information streams as modulated on the subcarrier which is equal to or greater than the time interval comprising:

a detector for detecting the first and second parallel information streams which have been transmitted with the radio frequency carrier;

at least one processor, responsive to the detected parallel streams, for determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams received by the receiver and in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from at least one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset at transmission from the faded information by the time delay interval and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information; and

wherein

the at least one processor places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and controls replacement of each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information.

118. A receiver in accordance with claim 117 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams each comprise frames of information with each frame having a plurality of bits of error correction information and a plurality of bits encoding the information with the error correction information of the first encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the first parallel information stream and the error correction information of the second encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the second parallel information stream; and

the determination if faded information is present by the at least one processor is performed by a digital signal processor determining that the plurality of bits of error correction information cannot correct an error within the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine using the plurality of bits of error correction information.

119. A receiver in accordance with claim 117 wherein the at least one processor comprises:

a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and a control processor, the digital signal processor processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifying at least one of the first and second parallel information streams so that the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by processing the first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

120. A receiver in accordance with claim 118 wherein:

the digital signal processor is coupled to the detector and a control processor and the digital signal processor processes detected individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifies at least one of the first and second parallel information streams so that the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by processing the first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

121. A receiver in accordance with claim 117 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

122. A receiver in accordance with claim 117 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

123. A receiver in accordance with claim 118 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

124. A receiver in accordance with claim 119 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

125. A receiver in accordance with claim 120 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

126. A receiver in accordance with claim 118 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

127. A receiver in accordance with claim 119 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at plurality of separated angular positions.

128. A receiver in accordance with claim 120 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

129. A receiver in accordance with claim 122 wherein:

the pulse width modulation encodes a range of numbers and the signal processor decodes the range of numbers.

130. A receiver in accordance with claim 129 wherein:

the range of numbers is between 0-15.

131. A receiver in accordance with claim 117 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

132. A receiver in accordance with claim 117 wherein:

a cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the first encoded information stream and a subsequent cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the second encoded information stream.

133. A receiver in accordance with claim 117 further comprising:

at least one memory, coupled to the at least one processor, for storing information; and

wherein

the at least one processor controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker within the at least one memory, controls storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the at least one memory, and controls the outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the at least one memory.

134. A receiver in accordance with claim 133 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor and a control processor and the at least one memory comprises first and second random access memories with the first random access memory being associated with the digital signal processor and the second random access memory being associated with the control processor;

the digital signal processor processes an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, places each error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams and controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker in the first random access memory; and

the control processor controls replacement of each error marker within the at least one of the stored first and second parallel information streams, storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the second random access memory and outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the second random access memory.

135. A receiver in accordance with claim 134 wherein:

the control processor controls transfer of the stored first and second parallel information streams from the first random access memory to the second random access memory.

136. A receiver in accordance with claim 133 wherein:

the at least one processor determines if faded information is present by determining that an error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to a determination that the error correction routine cannot correct the error places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit requiring replacement.

137. A receiver in accordance with claim 134 wherein:

the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by determining that the error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to a determination that the error correction routine cannot correct the error places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit requiring replacement.

138. A receiver in accordance with claim 121 further comprising:

at least one memory, coupled to the at least one processor, for storing information; and

wherein

the at least one processor controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker within the at least one memory, controls storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the at least one memory, and controls the outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the at least one memory.

139. A receiver in accordance with claim 138 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor and a control processor and the at least one memory comprises first and second random access memories with the first random access memory being associated with the digital signal processor and the second random access memory being associated with the control processor;

the digital signal processor processes the error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, places each error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams and controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker in the first random access memory; and

the control processor controls replacement of each error marker within the at least one of the stored first and second parallel information streams, storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the second random access memory and outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the second random access memory.

140. A receiver in accordance with claim 139 wherein:

the control processor controls transfer of the stored first and second parallel information streams from the first random access memory to the second random access memory.

141. A receiver in accordance with claim 138 wherein:

the at least one processor determines if faded information is present by determining that an error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to a determination that the error correction routine cannot correct the error places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit requiring replacement.

142. A receiver in accordance with claim 139 wherein:

the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by determining that an error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to a determination that the error correction routine cannot correct the error places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit requiring replacement.

143. A receiver in accordance with claim 122 further comprising:

at least one memory, coupled to the at least one processor, for storing information; and

wherein

the at least one processor controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker within the at least one memory, controls storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the at least one memory, and controls the outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the at least one memory.

144. A receiver in accordance with claim 143 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor and a control processor and the at least one memory comprises first and second random access memories with the first random access memory being associated with the digital signal processor and the second random access memory being associated with the control processor;

the digital signal processor processes an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, places each error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams and controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker in the first random access memory; and

the control processor controls replacement of each error marker within the at least one of the stored first and second parallel information streams, storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the second random access memory and outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the second random access memory.

145. A receiver in accordance with claim 144 wherein:

the control processor controls transfer of the stored first and second parallel information streams from the first random access memory to the second random access memory.

146. A receiver in accordance with claim 143 wherein:

the at least one processor determines if faded information is present by determining that an error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to a determination that an error correction routine cannot correct the error places the error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit requiring replacement.

147. A receiver in accordance with claim 144 wherein:

the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by determining that an error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to a determination that the error correction routine cannot correct the error places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit requiring replacement.

148. A receiver in accordance with claim 131 further comprising:

at least one memory, coupled to the at least one processor, for storing information; and

wherein

the at least one processor controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker within the at least one memory, controls storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the at least one memory, and controls the outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the at least one memory.

149. A receiver in accordance with claim 148 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor and a control processor and the at least one memory comprises first and second random access memories with the first random access memory being associated with the digital signal processor and the second random access memory being associated with the control processor;

the digital signal processor processes an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, places each error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams and controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker in the first random access memory; and

the control processor controls replacement of each error marker within the at least one of the stored first and second parallel information streams, storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the second random access memory and outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the second random access memory.

150. A receiver in accordance with claim 149 wherein:

the control processor controls transfer of the stored first and second parallel information streams from the first random access memory to the second random access memory.

151. A receiver in accordance with claim 148 wherein:

the at least one processor determines if faded information is present by determining that an error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to a determination that the error correction routine cannot correct the error places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit requiring replacement.

152. A receiver in accordance with claim 149 wherein:

the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by determining that an error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to a determination that the error correction routine cannot correct the error places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit requiring replacement.

153. A receiver in accordance with claim 132 further comprising:

at least one memory, coupled to the at least one processor, for storing information; and

wherein

the at least one processor controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker within the at least one memory, controls storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the at least one memory, and controls the outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the at least one memory.

154. A receiver in accordance with claim 153 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor and a control processor and the at least one memory comprises first and second random access memories with the first random access memory being associated with the digital signal processor and the second random access memory being associated with the control processor;

the digital signal processor processes an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, places each error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams and controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker in the first random access memory; and

the control processor controls replacement of each error marker within the at least one of the stored first and second parallel information streams, storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the second random access memory and outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the second random access memory.

155. A receiver in accordance with claim 154 wherein:

the control processor controls transfer of the stored first and second parallel information streams from the first random access memory to the second random access memory.

156. A receiver in accordance with claim 153 wherein:

the at least one processor determines if faded information is present by determining that an error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to a determination that the error correction routine cannot correct the error places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit requiring replacement.

157. A receiver in accordance with claim 154 wherein:

the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by determining that an error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to a determination that the error correction routine cannot correct the error places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit requiring replacement.

158. A receiver in accordance with claim 117 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and to a control processor, the digital signal processor processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the digital signal processor processes the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values for determining if the faded information is present.

159. A receiver in accordance with claim 158 wherein:

the calculation of the integral is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

160. A receiver in accordance with claim 159 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

161. A method of receiving atmospherically transmitted information subject to atmospheric fading for a time interval on a channel having a radio frequency carrier modulated with a subcarrier with the subcarrier being modulated with identical first and second encoded information streams to produce identical first and second parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream and with the second parallel information stream containing the second encoded information stream with the parallel information streams being atmospherically transmitted with a time delay interval between the parallel streams as modulated on the subcarrier which is equal to or greater than the time interval comprising the steps:

detecting the first and second parallel information streams which have been transmitted with the radio frequency carrier;

determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams by processing electrical signals representing the detected parallel information streams, in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from at least one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset from the faded information at transmission by the time delay interval, and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information; and

placing an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and replacing each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information.

162. A method in accordance with claim 161 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams each comprise frames of information with each frame having a plurality of bits of error correction information and a plurality of bits encoding the information with the error correction information of the first encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the first parallel information stream and the error correction information of the second encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the second parallel information stream; and

the determination if faded information is present is performed by determining that the plurality of bits of error correction information cannot correct an error within the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine using the plurality of error correction bits.

163. A method in accordance with claim 161 further comprising:

processing individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifying at least one of first and second detected parallel information streams so that the determining if faded information is present is performed by processing the detected first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

164. A method in accordance with claim 162 further comprising:

processing individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifying at least one of first and second detected parallel information streams so that the determining if faded information is present is performed by processing the detected first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

165. A method in accordance with claim 161 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

166. A method in accordance with claim 161 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation.

167. A method in accordance with claim 162 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

168. A method in accordance with claim 163 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

169. A method in accordance with claim 164 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

170. A method in accordance with claim 162 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

171. A method in accordance with claim 163 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

172. A method in accordance with claim 164 wherein:

the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

173. A method in accordance with claim 161 wherein:

a single cycle of the subcarrier is modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

174. A method in accordance with claim 161 wherein:

a cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the first encoded information stream and a subsequent cycle of the subcarrier is modulated only with the second encoded information stream.

175. A method in accordance with claim 161 further comprising:

processing the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, storing the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker, storing the error free atmospherically transmitted information, and outputting the stored error free atmospherically transmitted information.

176. A method in accordance with claim 175 wherein:

the determination if faded information is present is made by determining that the error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to each determination that faded information is present marking each faded information unit requiring replacement.

177. A method in accordance with claim 165 further comprising:

processing the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, storing the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker, storing the error free atmospherically transmitted information, and outputting the stored error free atmospherically transmitted information.

178. A method in accordance with claim 177 wherein:

the determination if faded information is present is made by determining that the error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to each determination that faded information is present marking each faded information unit requiring replacement.

179. A method in accordance with claim 166 further comprising:

processing the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, storing the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker, storing the error free atmospherically transmitted information, and outputting the stored error free atmospherically transmitted information.

180. A method in accordance with claim 179 wherein:

the determination if faded information is present is made by determining that the error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to each determination that faded information is present marking each faded information unit requiring replacement.

181. A method in accordance with claim 173 further comprising:

processing the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, storing the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker, storing the error free atmospherically transmitted information, and outputting the stored error free atmospherically transmitted information.

182. A method in accordance with claim 181 wherein:

the determination if faded information is present is by determining that the error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to each determination that faded information is present marking each faded information unit requiring replacement.

183. A method in accordance with claim 174 further comprising:

processing the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, storing the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker, storing the error free atmospherically transmitted information, and outputting the stored error free atmospherically transmitted information.

184. A method in accordance with claim 183 wherein:

the determination if faded information is present is by determining that the error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to each determination that faded information is present marking each faded information unit requiring replacement.

185. A method for receiving in accordance with claim 161 further comprising:

processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values are processed for determining if the faded information is present.

186. A method of receiving in accordance with claim 185 wherein:

the calculation of the integral is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

187. A method of receiving in accordance with claim 186 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

188. A receiver for receiving atmospherically transmitted information subject to atmospheric fading for a time interval on a channel using a radio frequency carrier modulated with a subcarrier with the subcarrier being modulated with first and second identical encoded information streams to produce first and second identical parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream and with the second parallel information stream containing the second encoded information stream with the parallel information streams being atmospherically transmitted with a time delay interval between the parallel information streams as modulated on the subcarrier which is equal to or greater than the time interval comprising:

a detector for detecting the first and second parallel information streams which have been transmitted with the radio frequency carrier; and

at least one processor, responsive to the detected parallel streams, for determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams received by the receiver, in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from at least one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset at transmission from the faded information by the time delay interval, and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information; and

wherein

the at least one processor places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and controls replacement of each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information;

the at least one processor processes detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically compares each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substitutes for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

the at least one processor processes the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values for determining if the faded information is present.

189. A receiver in accordance with claim 188 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams each comprise frames of information with each frame having a plurality of bits of error correction information and a plurality of bits encoding the information with the error correction information of the first encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the first parallel information stream and the error correction information of the second encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the second parallel information stream; and

the determination if faded information is present by the at least one processor is performed by a digital signal processor determining that the plurality of bits of error correction information cannot correct an error within the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine using the plurality of bits of error correction information.

190. A receiver in accordance with claim 188 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions and the selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles processed by the at least one processor is each of the separated angular positions which are modulated by the bits.

191. A method of receiving atmospherically transmitted information subject to atmospheric fading for a time interval on a channel having a radio frequency carrier modulated with a subcarrier with the subcarrier being modulated with identical first and second encoded information streams to produce identical first and second parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream and with the second parallel information stream containing the second encoded information stream with the parallel information streams being atmospherically transmitted with a time delay interval between the parallel streams as modulated on the subcarrier which is equal to or greater than the time interval comprising the steps:

detecting the first and second parallel information streams which have been transmitted with the radio frequency carrier;

determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from at least one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset from the faded information at transmission by the time delay interval and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information;

placing an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and replacing each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information;

processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values are processed for determining if the faded information is present.

192. A method in accordance with claim 191 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams each comprise frames of information with each frame having a plurality of bits of error correction information and a plurality of bits encoding the information with the error correction information of the first encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the first parallel information stream and the error correction information of the second encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the second parallel information stream; and

the determination if faded information is present is performed by determining that the plurality of bits of error correction bits cannot correct an error within the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine using the plurality of error correction bits.

193. A method of receiving in accordance with claim 191 wherein:

the calculation of the integral is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

194. A method of receiving in accordance with claim 193 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

195. A method of receiving in accordance with claim 191 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions and the selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles is each of the plurality of separated angular positions which are modulated by bits.

196. A system for atmospheric transmission of information subject to fading for a time interval by a transmitter using a radio frequency carrier modulated with a subcarrier comprising:

a signal processing system having a processor, responsive to a source of information, for providing first and second identical encoded information streams with the second information stream being delayed by a time delay interval with respect to the first information stream which is equal to or greater than the time interval of the atmospheric fading and an encoder, responsive to the first and second encoded information streams and coupled to the transmitter, for modulating the subcarrier with the first and second encoded information streams to produce first and second identical parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel information stream containing the first encoded information stream and with the second parallel information containing the second encoded information stream with the parallel information streams being atmospherically transmitted with a time delay interval between the parallel information streams as modulated on the subcarrier which is equal to or greater than the time delay interval; and

at least one receiver, the at least one receiver having a detector for detecting the first and second parallel information streams which have been transmitted with the radio frequency carrier, at least one processor, responsive to the detected parallel information streams, for determining if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams received by the at least one receiver and in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset at transmission by the time delay interval from the faded information and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement information; and

wherein

the at least one processor places an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and controls replacement of each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information.

197. A system in accordance with claim 196 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams each comprise frames of information with each frame having a plurality of bits of error correction information and a plurality of bits encoding the information with the error correction information of the first encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the first parallel information stream and the error correction information of the second encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the second parallel information stream; and

the determination if faded information is present by the at least one processor is performed by a digital signal processor determining that the plurality of bits of error correction information cannot correct an error within the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine using the plurality of bits of error correction information.

198. A system in accordance with claim 196 wherein the at least one processor comprises:

a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and a control processor, and wherein the digital signal processor processes detected individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifies at least one of the first and second parallel information streams so that the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by processing the first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

199. A system in accordance with claim 197 wherein:

the digital signal processor is coupled to the detector and a control processor and the digital signal processor processes detected individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifies at least one of the first and second parallel information streams so that the digital signal processor determines if faded information is present by processing the first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

200. A system in accordance with claim 196 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

201. A system in accordance with claim 196 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

202. A system in accordance with claim 197 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

203. A system in accordance with claim 198 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

204. A system in accordance with claim 199 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

205. A system in accordance with claim 196 wherein the at least one receiver comprises:

at least one memory, coupled to the at least one processor, for storing information; and

wherein

the at least one processor controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker within the at least one memory, controls storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the at least one memory, and controls the outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the at least one memory.

206. A system in accordance with claim 205 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor and a control processor and the at least one memory comprises first and second random access memories with the first random access memory being associated with the digital signal processor and the second random access memory being associated with the control processor;

the digital signal processor processes an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, places each error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams and controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker in the first random access memory; and

the control processor controls replacement of each error marker within the at least one of the stored first and second parallel information streams, storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the second random access memory and outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the second random access memory.

207. A system in accordance with claim 206 wherein:

the control processor controls transfer of the stored first and second parallel information streams from the first random access memory to the second random access memory.

208. A system in accordance with claim 200 wherein the at least one receiver comprises:

at least one memory, coupled to the at least one processor, for storing information; and

wherein

the at least one processor controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker within the at least one memory, controls storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the at least one memory, and controls the outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the at least one memory.

209. A system in accordance with claim 208 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor and a control processor and the at least one memory comprises first and second random access memories with the first random access memory being associated with the digital signal processor and the second random access memory being associated with the control processor;

the digital signal processor processes an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, places each error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams and controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker in the first random access memory; and

the control processor controls replacement of each error marker within the at least one of the stored first and second parallel information streams, storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the second random access memory and outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the second random access memory.

210. A system in accordance with claim 209 wherein:

the control processor controls transfer of the stored first and second parallel information streams from the first random access memory to the second random access memory.

211. A system in accordance with claim 201 wherein the at least one receiver comprises:

at least one memory, coupled to the at least one processor, for storing information; and

wherein

the at least one processor controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker within the at least one memory, controls storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the at least one memory, and controls the outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the at least one memory.

212. A system in accordance with claim 211 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor and a control processor and the at least one memory comprises first and second random access memories with the first random access memory being associated with the digital signal processor and the second random access memory being associated with the control processor;

the digital signal processor processes an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, places each error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams and controls storage of the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker in the first random access memory; and

the control processor controls replacement of each error marker within the at least one of the stored first and second parallel information streams, storage of the error free atmospherically transmitted information in the second random access memory and outputting of the error free atmospherically transmitted information from the second random access memory.

213. A system in accordance with claim 212 wherein:

the control processor controls transfer of the stored first and second parallel information streams from the first random access memory to the second random access memory.

214. A system in accordance with claim 196 wherein:

the at least one processor comprises a digital signal processor, coupled to the detector and to a control processor, the digital signal processor processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the digital signal processor processes the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values for determining if the faded information is present.

215. A system in accordance with claim 214 wherein:

the calculation of the integral is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

216. A system in accordance with claim 215 wherein:

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.

217. A method of atmospheric transmission of information subject to atmospheric fading for a time interval by a transmitter to at least one receiver using a radio frequency carrier modulated with a subcarrier comprising:

providing first and second identical encoded information streams with the second information stream being delayed in time by a time delay interval with respect to the first information stream which is equal to or greater than the time interval of the atmospheric fading;

modulating the subcarrier with the first and second encoded information streams to produce first and second identical parallel information streams modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with the first parallel stream containing the first encoded information stream and with the second parallel information stream containing the second encoded information stream with the parallel information streams being atmospherically transmitted with a time delay interval between the parallel information streams as modulated on the subcarrier which is equal to or greater than the time delay interval;

detecting the parallel information streams which have been transmitted with the radio frequency carrier with at least one receiver;

determining with the at least one receiver if faded information is present in at least one of the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to determined faded information replacing the faded information caused by an atmospheric fade with replacement information from one of the first and second parallel information streams which is time offset at transmission by the delay time interval from the faded information and outputting error free atmospherically transmitted information including the replacement; and

placing an error marker within the detected first and second parallel information streams to mark each faded information unit within the faded information requiring replacement and replacing each error marker within at least one of the first and second parallel information streams with replacement bits within one of the first and second parallel information streams which were time offset at transmission by the time delay interval to produce the error free atmospherically transmitted information.

218. A method in accordance with claim 217 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams each comprise frames of information with each frame having a plurality of bits of error correction information and a plurality of bits encoding the information with the error correction information of the first encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the first parallel information stream and the error correction information of the second encoded information stream not being capable of correcting for a fade of the time interval producing faded information in the second parallel information stream; and

the determination if faded information is present is performed by determining that the plurality of bits of error correction information cannot correct an error within the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine using the plurality of error correction bits.

219. A method in accordance with claim 217 wherein:

comprising;

processing individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifying at least one of first and second detected parallel information streams so that the determining if faded information is present is performed by processing the detected first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

220. A method in accordance with claim 218 further comprising:

processing individual cycles of the subcarrier modulated with the first and second parallel information streams to determine any similarity with predetermined stored patterns and modifying at least one of first and second detected parallel information streams so that the determining if faded information is present is performed by processing the detected first and second parallel information streams after modification with at least one of the predetermined stored patterns.

221. A method in accordance with claim 217 wherein:

comprising;

processing the first and second parallel information streams with an error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, storing the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker, storing the error free atmospherically transmitted information, and outputting the stored error free atmospherically transmitted information.

222. A method in accordance with claim 221 wherein:

the determination if faded information is present is made by determining that the error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to each determination that faded information is present marking each faded information unit requiring replacement.

223. A method in accordance with claim 219 further comprising:

processing the first and second parallel information streams with the error correction routine to determine if faded information is present, storing the detected first and second parallel information streams including each error marker, storing the error free atmospherically transmitted information, and outputting the stored error free atmospherically transmitted information.

224. A method in accordance with claim 223 wherein:

the determination if faded information is present is made by determining that the error correction routine cannot correct an error within the detected first and second parallel information streams and in response to each determination that faded information is present marking each faded information unit requiring replacement.

225. A method in accordance with claim 217 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

226. A method in accordance with claim 217 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

227. A method in accordance with claim 218 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

228. A method in accordance with claim 219 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

229. A method in accordance with claim 220 wherein:

bits of each of the first and second parallel information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with each cycle of the subcarrier being modulated by bits at a plurality of separated angular positions.

230. A method in accordance with claim 218 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of the subcarrier being modulated with first and second encoded information streams.

231. A method in accordance with claim 219 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

232. A method in accordance with claim 220 wherein:

the first and second encoded information streams are modulated on cycles of the subcarrier with pulse width modulation with a width of parts of cycles of the subcarrier being modulated with the first and second encoded information streams.

233. A method in accordance with claim 217 further comprising:

processing detected individual cycles of the subcarrier to calculate an integral of at least one selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles, numerically comparing each of the calculated integrals with a plurality of stored numerical ranges which ranges each represent one of a plurality of possible numerical values that the selected part may encode to identify a stored range numerically including the calculated integral and substituting for the at least one selected part of each of the cycles the one of the plurality of numerical values representative of the identified stored range including the calculated integral with each numerical value encoding at least a part of an information unit in one of the first and second parallel information streams; and

wherein

the first and second parallel information streams containing the substituted numerical values are processed for determining if the faded information is present.

234. A method in accordance with claim 233 wherein:

the calculation of the integral is made by taking a plurality of samples of each selected modulated part of each of the individual cycles with each sample having a numerical value and each sample is compared with a range of numerical values representing a valid sample which should be included within the calculation of the integral and when the comparison reveals that the sample value is outside the range of numerical values, the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is a function of the sample values adjacent the sample value which is replaced.

235. A method in accordance with claim 234 wherein

the compared sample value is replaced with a value which is an average of at least one sample value which precedes the compared sample value and at least one sample value which succeeds the compared sample value.