Method and apparatus for converting a video image format to a group III fax format

• US 5,546,194 A
• Filed: 03/23/1994
• Issued: 08/13/1996
• Est. Priority Date: 03/23/1994
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Videofaxx Incorporated
• Original Assignee: Videofaxx Incorporated
• Inventors: Ross, Jay B.
• Primary Examiner(s): Coles, Sr., Edward L.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Williams, Kimberly A.
• Application Number:
  US08/216,666
• Time in Patent Office: 874 Days
• Field of Search: 358/457, 358/407, 358/438, 358/444, 358/456, 358/909, 358/261.1, 358/445, 358/400, 358/448, 358/468, 358/427, 358/479, 358/442, 382/56, 382/54, 382/298, 382/299, 346/76 PH, 379/88, 379/100, 348/441, 348/448, 348/459, 348/573, 348/458
• US Class Current: 358/445
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/4052 by error diffusion, i.e. transferring the binarising error to neighbouring dot decisions
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/4074 using histograms
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/4105 for halftone screened pictures

Abstract

A video-to-FAX conversion system includes a video camera (10) for generating video signals which are then captured by a frame grabber and stored in a frame buffer (14). The data in the frame buffer is comprised of digitized values from the video signal which are stored in pixels with a first aspect ratio. A conversion device (16) is operable to map information in the frame buffer to the binary output space of a Group III FAX protocol and perform contrast enhancement thereon. The contrast enhancement includes the steps of first generating a histogram of all of the pixel values in the frame buffer (14) after expansion thereof into the output space of the Group III FAX. The histogram values are then utilized to generate an adjusted value for each of the gray scale values available for the pixels in the frame buffer 14. Each pixel in the frame buffer (14) is then expanded and the contrast enhancement applied thereto to adjust the values therein. The pixels are then processed through a dithering operation to diffuse error across the output space and then a determination is made as to whether it is a black pixel or a white pixel. This operation is done on-the-fly such that an expanded frame buffer is not required, as only a predetermined number of horizontal scan lines are required for both the contrast enhancement and image dithering operation prior to sending them to a Group III formatter (18) and, subsequently, to a Group III FAX transmitter (20) for the output of the Group III FAX.

Claims

1. A video-to-Group III FAX converter, comprising:

an video input for receiving a video input signal having sequential lines of video information;

a first conversion device for converting said lines of video information to an array of analog pixels in a frame buffer, each of said analog pixels having a digital value that represents an analog sampled value within an associated one of said lines of video information;

a mapping device for mapping said array of said analog pixels in said frame buffer to a binary image space associated with a Group III FAX format as binary image pixels, said binary image space comprising a larger number of binary image pixels than said analog pixels stored in said frame buffer, and wherein said mapping device is operable to expand each of said analog pixels stored in said frame buffer to provide an expanded array of analog pixels having an aspect ratio corresponding to the aspect ratio of said binary image pixels, said mapping device mapping said analog pixels in said frame buffer to said expanded array of analog pixels by mapping said analog pixels to virtual pixels in a virtual frame buffer as intermediate values and having an associated virtual image space substantially similar to the image space of said expanded array of analog pixels such that less than the total number of said virtual pixels corresponding to said binary image pixels are generated and stored at a given time in said virtual frame buffer, said mapping device having a spatial filter for filtering said intermediate mapped pixels in said virtual frame buffer to provide filtered virtual pixels which form said expanded array of analog pixels, said mapping device operable to map said expanded array of analog pixels to said binary image space; and

a FAX transmission device for transmitting said binary image pixels in said binary image space via a Group III FAX protocol over a FAX transmission medium.

2. The converter of claim 1 and further comprising a contrast enhancement device for adjusting the digital values in said frame buffer for optimal contrast in said binary image space.

3. The converter of claim 1, wherein only the ones of said analog pixels in said frame buffer associated with a predetermined number of the sequential lines of video information are mapped into said virtual frame buffer at said given time.

4. The converter of claim 1, wherein said virtual frame buffer is comprised of an intermediate virtual frame buffer having intermediate virtual pixels each corresponding to said virtual pixels and an output virtual frame buffer having output virtual pixels each corresponding to said virtual pixels, and said mapping device comprises:

an intermediate mapping device for mapping the values of said analog pixels stored in said in said frame buffer to corresponding ones of said intermediate virtual pixels in said intermediate virtual frame buffer in the aspect ratio of said binary image space;

a binary image mapping device for mapping said intermediate virtual pixels in said intermediate virtual frame buffer to said output virtual pixels in said output virtual frame buffer; and

a contrast enhancement device for adjusting the values of said intermediate virtual pixels in said intermediate virtual frame buffer prior to mapping into said output virtual frame buffer for optimal contrast in said binary image space.

5. The converter of claim 4, wherein said contrast enhancement device comprises:

a histogram device for generating a histogram of the contents of said intermediate virtual frame buffer for all of said virtual pixels associated therewith; and

an adjustment device for calculating an adjusting factor for each pixel in said intermediate virtual frame buffer in said histogram as a function said generated histogram, and adjusting the value of each of said virtual pixels in said intermediate frame buffer by said associated adjustment factor prior to mapping thereof to said output virtual frame buffer.

6. The converter of claim 5, and further comprising a gamma correction device having a plurality of gamma correction factors stored in a lookup table and operable to correct the values of each of said intermediate virtual pixels in said immediate virtual frame buffer by said associated gamma correction factors stored in said lookup table prior to mapping said intermediate virtual pixels into said output virtual frame buffer by said output mapping device.

7. The converter of claim 5, wherein said binary mapping device comprises means for converting the value of each of said output virtual pixels to a two-state value prior to mapping thereof into said binary image space, one state representing a dark area in said binary image space and one state representing a white image in said binary image space.

8. The converter of claim 7, and further comprising:

an image dithering device for comparing the value of each of said intermediate virtual pixels in said intermediate virtual frame buffer after adjusting the value thereof by said contrast enhancement device to a predetermined threshold and calculating an error relative to said predetermined threshold, said image dithering device operable to diffuse said calculated error across neighboring pixels to said each pixel prior to mapping to said output virtual frame buffer; and

a binary decision device for comparing said error diffused values of said output virtual pixels from said output virtual frame buffer after contrast enhancement thereof such that one binary state is generated when said error diffused values exceed said threshold, and the other of said binary image states is generated when said error diffused values is less than said predetermined threshold.

9. The converter of claim 4, wherein said mapping device is operable to map only the ones of said pixels stored in said frame buffer required to generate a single line in said binary image space.

10. A method for converting a video formatted signal into a Group III FAX formatted signal for transmission as a Group III FAX, comprising the steps of:

receiving a video input signal having sequential fines of video information;

converting with a first conversion device the lines of video information to an array of analog pixels in a frame buffer, each of the analog pixels having a digital value that represents an analog sampled value within an associated one of the lines of video information,

mapping the array of analog pixels in the frame buffer to a binary image space associated with a Group III FAX format as binary image pixels, the binary image space comprises a larger number of binary image pixels than the analog pixels stored in the frame buffer, and wherein the step of mapping is operable to expand each of the analog pixels stored in the frame buffer to provide an expanded array of analog pixels having an aspect ratio corresponding to the aspect ratio of the binary image the step of mapping the analog pixels in the frame buffer to the expanded array of analog pixels mapping the analog pixels to virtual pixels in a virtual frame buffer as intermediate values and having an associated virtual image space substantially similar to the image space of the expanded array of analog pixels such that less than the total number of the virtual pixels corresponding to the binary image pixels are generated and stored at a given time in the virtual frame buffer, the step of mapping filtering the intermediate mapped pixels in said virtual frame buffer with a spatial filter to provide filtered virtual pixels which form the expanded array of analog pixels, the step of mapping operable to map the expanded array of analog pixels to the binary image space; and

transmitting the binary image pixels in the binary image space via a Group III FAX protocol over a FAX transmission medium.

11. The method of claim 10, and further comprising the step of adjusting the digital values in the frame buffer for optimal contrast in the binary image space.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein only the ones of the analog pixels in the frame buffer associated with a predetermined number of the sequential lines of video information are mapped into the virtual frame buffer via the step of mapping at the given time.

13. The method of claim 10, and further comprising providing an intermediate virtual frame buffer having intermediate virtual pixels, each corresponding to the virtual pixels and providing an output virtual frame buffer having output virtual frame pixels, each corresponding to the virtual pixels, and wherein the step of mapping comprises:

mapping in an intermediate mapping step the values of the analog pixels stored in the frame buffer to corresponding ones of the intermediate virtual pixels in the intermediate virtual frame buffer in the aspect ratio of the binary image space;

mapping in a binary image mapping step the intermediate virtual pixels in the intermediate virtual frame buffer to the output virtual pixels in the output virtual frame buffer; and

ajusting the values of the intermediate virtual pixels in the intermediate virtual frame buffer prior to mapping into the output virtual frame buffer for optimal contrast in the binary image phase.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of adjusting the values of intermediate virtual pixels comprises the state of:

generating a histogram of the contents of the intermediate virtual frame buffer from all the virtual pixels associated therewith; and

calculating an adjusting factor for each pixel in the intermediate virtual frame buffer in the histogram as a function of the generated histogram, and adjusting the value of the virtual pixels in the intermediate frame buffer by the associated adjusting factor prior to mapping thereof to the output virtual frame buffer.

15. The method of claim 14, and further comprising the step of storing a plurality of gamma correction values in a lookup table and correcting the values of each of the intermediate virtual pixels in the intermediate virtual frame buffer by the associated gamma correction factors stored in the lookup table prior to the step of mapping the intermediate virtual pixels into the output virtual frame buffer.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of mapping comprises the step of converting the value of each of the output virtual pixels to a two-state value prior to mapping thereof into the binary image space, one state representing a dark area in the binary image space and one state representing a white image in the binary image space.

17. The method of claim 16, and further comprising the steps of:

comparing in an image dithering device the value of each of the intermediate virtual pixels in the intermediate virtual frame buffer after the step of adjusting the value thereof to a predetermined threshold;

calculating an error relative to the predetermined threshold;

diffusing the calculated error across neighboring pixels to each pixel prior to mapping to the output virtual frame buffer; and

comparing the error diffused values of the output virtual pixels from the output virtual frame buffer after the step of adjusting the values thereof by the adjusting factor such that one binary state is generated when the error diffused values exceed the threshold and the other of the binary image states is generated when the error diffused view is less than the predetermined threshold.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of mapping is operable to map only the ones of the pixels stored in the frame buffer required to generate a single line in the binary image space.