Apparatus and method for determining a charge of a battery

• US 5,596,260 A
• Filed: 05/13/1994
• Issued: 01/21/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 05/13/1994
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Apple Computer Incorporated (Apple Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Apple Computer Incorporated (Apple Inc.)
• Inventors: Dowling, Kevin J., Hollowell, J. Rhoads II, Beninghaus, James R., Moravec, Hans P., Blackwell, Michael K.
• Primary Examiner(s): Tso, Edward H.
• Application Number:
  US08/242,541
• Time in Patent Office: 984 Days
• Field of Search: 320/5, 320/12, 320/13, 320/30, 320/31, 320/35, 320/39, 320/48, 324/426, 324/431, 324/433, 340/635, 340/636, 429/61, 429/90
• US Class Current: 320/135
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3648 comprising digital calculation means, e.g. for performing an algorithm
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/367 Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/378 specially adapted for the type of battery or accumulator
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3828 using current integration
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3842 combining voltage and current measurements
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 320/21 State of charge of battery

Abstract

In an electronic device powered by a battery, a method of determining a charge of the battery. Initially, a discharge curve specifying the battery'"'"'s voltage as a function of time is determined. This discharge curve is calibrated according to actual measurements. Next, a battery state model is established. The battery state model is comprised of a number of discrete charge states. The probability of the actual battery'"'"'s charge for a particular charge state is specified by the battery state model for each of the charge states. The battery'"'"'s voltage is periodically measured. Based on the measured voltage and the discharge curve, a voltage probability distribution is computed. The battery discharge model is updated by applying Bayes theorem to the old discharge model and the voltage probability distribution. The charge of the battery based on a mean value of the battery discharge model is then displayed.

Claims

1. In an electronic device powered by a battery, a method of analyzing a voltage signal to determine a charge of said battery for display on a display device, said method comprising the steps of:

determining a discharge curve corresponding to said battery, said discharge curve specifying voltage of said battery as a function of a state of charge of said battery;

calibrating said discharge curve;

formulating a battery state model, said model specifying probabilities of an actual charge of said battery for a plurality of possible battery capacities;

periodically obtaining the voltage signal by measuring a voltage of said battery;

updating said battery state model according to said voltage signal and said discharge curve by applying Bayes theorem;

normalizing said battery state model;

displaying on said display device a representation of said charge of said battery based on a mean value of said battery state model.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

integrating over said battery state model;

integrating over a nominal discharge curve;

determining a mean remaining energy based on said integrating steps;

dividing said mean remaining energy by an average battery usage to predict a remaining amount of time of usage of said battery;

displaying said remaining amount of time.

3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of determining battery parameters from measured discharge curves corresponding to said battery.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said calibrating step is performed according to measured temperature, internal resistances of said battery, and rate of discharge data.

5. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of implementing a plurality of charge states corresponding to said battery, said plurality of charge states representing intervals of charges ranging from no charge to full charge.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said display step displays on said display device said mean value and also displays a variance corresponding to a probability distribution of said battery state model.

7. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

measuring a current discharge from said battery;

shifting a probability distribution of said battery model based on said current discharge.

8. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

periodically obtaining said voltage signal by sampling said voltage of said battery;

multiplying said battery state model by a normal distribution based on said voltage signal.

9. In an electronic device having a charge storage device, a method of analyzing a voltage signal to determine a charge of said charge storing device for display on a display device, said method comprising the steps of:

defining a plurality of discrete intervals of charge ranging from no charge to full charge of said charge storing device;

establishing a probabilistic model of said charge storing device by establishing a probability for each of said discrete intervals of an actual charge corresponding to that particular discrete interval;

establishing a discharge curve specifying voltage of said charge storage device as a function of a state of charge of said charge storing device;

periodically obtaining the voltage signal by measuring a voltage of said charge storage device;

determining a probabilistic distribution of said charge storage device based on said voltage;

updating said probabilistic model by applying Bayes theorem to said probabilistic distribution;

displaying on said display device a representation of said charge of said charge storing device based on a mean of said probabilities.

10. The method of claim 9 further comprising the step estimating a total charge capacity of said charge storing device by:

quantizing said charge capacity into discrete intervals;

periodically updating said charge capacity and said charge of said charge storing device according to current discharge, voltage, and temperature measurements;

determining a probability weighted mean of said charge capacity and said charge intervals;

determining a remaining mean energy of said charge storing device based on said probability weighted mean.

11. The method of claim 9 further comprising the step of empirically determining a discharge curve corresponding to said charge storage device by measuring varying degrees of discharges under a range of temperature environments.

12. The method of claim 11 further comprising the step of updating said probabilistic model by multiplying a probability distribution corresponding to a measured voltage by said probabilistic model.

13. The method of claim 9 further comprising the steps of:

measuring a current discharge from said charge storage device;

shifting said probabilistic model according to said current discharge.

14. The method of claim 9 further comprising the step of calibrating said discharge curve according to estimates of internal resistances of said charge storing device as determined by externally measured parameters.