Passive infrared bullet detection and tracking

• US 5,596,509 A
• Filed: 05/12/1994
• Issued: 01/21/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 05/12/1994
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC (Government of the United States of America)
• Original Assignee: Regents of the University of California (University of California)
• Inventors: Karr, Thomas J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Ramirez, Ellis B.
• Application Number:
  US08/241,907
• Time in Patent Office: 985 Days
• Field of Search: 364/516, 364/517, 235/411, 235/412, 235/413, 235/417, 382/103, 356/4, 356/29, 356/3
• US Class Current: 235/411
• CPC Class Codes: F41J 5/10 Cinematographic hit-indicating systems cinematographic targets F41J9/14
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 3/7864 T.V. type tracking systems

Abstract

An apparatus and method for passively detecting a projectile such as, for example, a bullet using a passive infrared detector. A passive infrared detector is focused onto a region in which a projectile is expected to be located. Successive images of infrared radiation in the region are recorded. Background infrared radiation present in the region is suppressed such that second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile as the projectile passes through the region are produced. A projectile path calculator determines the path and other aspects of the projectile by using the second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile. The present invention, in certain embodiments, also determines the origin of the path of the projectile and takes a photograph of the area surrounding the origin and/or fires at least one projectile at the area surrounding the origin of the path of the projectile.

Claims

1. A method for passively detecting and determining the path of a projectile comprising the steps of:

observing and recording a plurality of first successive images of infrared radiation present in a region in which a projectile is expected to be located using at least one passive infrared detector,

suppressing in each of said plurality of first successive images of said region background infrared radiation present in said region such that second successive images containing substantially only infrared radiation generated by said projectile as said projectile passes through said region are produced, and

calculating the path of said projectile by using said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said projectile.

2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of observing and recording first successive images further comprises using at least one staring array passive infrared detecter.

3. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of observing and recording first successive images further comprises using a single staring array passive infrared detector having accurate relative radiometric calibration.

4. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of observing and recording first successive images further comprises observing and recording images at a frame rate in the range of approximately 200 frames per second.

5. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of observing and recording first successive images further comprises observing and recording images with an exposure rate in the range of approximately 1 millisecond.

6. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of observing and recording first successive images further comprises observing and recording mid wave infrared radiation.

7. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of observing and recording first successive images further comprises observing and recording first successive images of infrared radiation when said at least one passive infrared detector is located at least several hundred yards from said region.

8. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of suppressing in each of said first successive images of said region background infrared radiation produces second successive images of infrared radiation generated by a bullet passing through said region.

9. The method as recited in claim 8 wherein said step of suppressing in each of said first successive images of said region background infrared radiation produces second successive images of infrared radiation generated by a bullet passing through said region at a supersonic speed.

10. The method as recited in claim 8 wherein said step of suppressing in each of said first successive images of said region background infrared radiation produces second successive images of infrared radiation generated by a bullet passing through said region at a subsonic speed.

11. The method as recited in claim 8 wherein said step of suppressing in each of said first successive images of said region background infrared radiation produces second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said bullet wherein said bullet is located several hundred meters from said at least one passive infrared detector.

12. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of suppressing in each of said first successive images of said region background infrared radiation further comprises subtracting from each of said plurality of first successive images of said region a previously observed and recorded image of said region, such that said background infrared radiation present in said region is canceled out leaving only said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said projectile as said projectile passes through said region.

13. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of calculating the path of said projectile by using said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said projectile further comprises determining the distance of said projectile from said at least one passive infrared detector.

14. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of calculating the path of said projectile by using said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said projectile further comprises determining the distance of said projectile from a target at which said projectile is aimed.

15. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of calculating the path of said projectile by using said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said projectile further comprises using a mathematical model to determine said path of said projectile.

16. The method as recited in claim 1 further including the steps of:

displaying said path of said projectile on display means.

17. The method as recited in claim 1 further including the steps of:

determining from said path of said projectile, the origin of said path of said projectile.

18. The method as recited in claim 17 further including the steps of:

photographing the area proximate to said origin of said path of said projectile.

19. The method as recited in claim 17 further including the steps of:

firing at least one second projectile into the area proximate to said origin of said path of said projectile.

20. A passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus comprised of:

at least one passive infrared detector focused onto a region in which a projectile is expected to be located,

image recording means coupled to said at least one passive infrared detector for recording a plurality of first successive images of infrared radiation present in said region,

background infrared radiation suppression means coupled to said at least one passive infrared detector for suppressing in each of said plurality of first successive images of said region background infrared radiation present in said region such that second successive images containing substantially only infrared radiation generated by said projectile as said projectile passes through said region are produced, and

calculating means coupled to said background infrared radiation suppression means for determining the path of said projectile by using said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said projectile.

21. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said at least one passive infrared detector is comprised of at least one staring array passive infrared detector.

22. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said at least one passive infrared detector is comprised of a single staring array passive infrared detector having accurate relative radiometric calibration.

23. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said at least one passive infrared detector is disposed at least several hundred yards from said region in which said projectile is expected to be located.

24. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said at least one passive infrared detector detects mid wave infrared radiation.

25. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said image recording means records said plurality of first successive images of infrared radiation present in said region at a frame rate in the range of approximately 200 frames per second.

26. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said image recording means records said plurality of first successive images of infrared radiation present in said region with an exposure rate in the range of approximately 1 millisecond.

27. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said background infrared radiation suppression means further includes means for subtracting from each of said plurality of first successive images of said region a previously observed and recorded image of said region, such that said background infrared radiation present in said region is canceled out leaving only said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said projectile as said projectile passes through said region.

28. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said projectile is a bullet.

29. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 28 wherein said second successive images of infrared radiation are generated by said bullet as said bullet passes through said region at a supersonic speed.

30. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 28 wherein said second successive images of infrared radiation are generated by said bullet as said bullet passes through said region at a subsonic speed.

31. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 28 wherein said second successive images of infrared radiation are generated by said bullet wherein said bullet is located several hundred meters from said at least one passive infrared detector.

32. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said calculating means further includes means for determining the distance of said projectile from said at least one passive infrared detector.

33. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said calculating means further includes means for determining the distance of said projectile from a target at which said projectile is aimed.

34. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 wherein said calculating means further comprises computational means employing a mathematical model for determining the path of said projectile.

35. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 20 further comprising:

origin locating means coupled to said calculating means for determining from said path of said projectile, the origin of said path of said projectile.

36. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 34 further comprising:

display means coupled to said calculating means for graphically displaying said path of said projectile.

37. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 34 further comprising:

photographing means coupled to said calculating means for photographing the area proximate to said origin of said path of said projectile.

38. The passive infrared projectile detection and projectile path determining apparatus of claim 34 further comprising:

firing means coupled to said calculating means for firing at least one second projectile into the area proximate to said origin of said path of said projectile.

39. An apparatus for passive infrared detection and determining the path of a projectile comprising:

at least one passive infrared detector focused onto a region in which a projectile is expected to be located,

an image recorder coupled to said at least one passive infrared detector, said image recorder recording a plurality of first successive images of infrared radiation present in said region which are observed by said at least one passive infrared detector,

a background infrared radiation suppressor coupled to said image recorder, said background infrared radiation suppressor suppressing from each of said plurality of first successive images of said region background infrared radiation present in said region such that second successive images containing substantially only infrared radiation generated by said projectile as said projectile passes through said region, and

a projectile path calculator coupled to said background infrared radiation suppressor, said projectile path calculator determining the path of said projectile by using said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said projectile.

40. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 39 wherein said at least one passive infrared detector is comprised of at least one staring array passive infrared detector.

41. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 40 wherein said at least one passive infrared detector is comprised of a single stating array passive infrared detector having accurate relative radiometric calibration.

42. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 39 wherein said at least one passive infrared detector is disposed at least several hundred yards from said region in which said projectile is expected to be located.

43. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 39 wherein said at least one passive infrared detector detects mid wave infrared radiation.

44. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 39 wherein said image recorder records said plurality of first successive images of infrared radiation present in said region at a frame rate in the range of approximately 200 frames per second.

45. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 39 wherein said image recorder records said plurality of first successive images of infrared radiation present in said region with an exposure rate in the range of approximately 1 millisecond.

46. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 39 wherein said background infrared radiation suppressor further includes an image subtractor, said image subtractor subtracting from each of said plurality of first successive images of said region a previously observed and recorded image of said region, such that said background infrared radiation present in said region is canceled out leaving only said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said projectile as said projectile passes through said region.

47. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 39 wherein said projectile is a bullet.

48. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 47 wherein said second successive images of infrared radiation are generated by said bullet as said bullet passes through said region at a supersonic speed.

49. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 47 wherein said second successive images of infrared radiation are generated by said bullet as said bullet passes through said region at a subsonic speed.

50. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 47 wherein said second successive images of infrared radiation are generated by said bullet wherein said bullet is located several hundred meters from said at least one passive infrared detector.

51. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 39 wherein said projectile path calculator further comprises a range finder, said range finder determining the distance of said projectile from said at least one passive infrared detector.

52. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 51 wherein said range finder determines the distance of said projectile from a target at which said projectile is aimed.

53. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 39 wherein said projectile path calculator further comprises a mathematical model calculator, said mathematical model calculator determining the path of said projectile using a mathematical model.

54. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 39 further comprising:

an origin locator coupled to said projectile path calculator, said origin locator determining from said path of said projectile, the origin of said path of said projectile.

55. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 54 further comprising:

a display unit coupled to said projectile path calculator, said display unit graphically displaying said path of said projectile.

56. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 54 further comprising:

a camera coupled to said projectile path calculator, said camera photographing the area proximate to said origin of said path of said projectile.

57. The passive infrared projectile detection and path determining apparatus of claim 54 further including the steps of:

a second projectile launcher coupled to said projectile path calculator, said second projectile launcher firing at least one second projectile into the area proximate to said origin of said path of said projectile.

58. An apparatus for passive infrared detection and determining of a path of a bullet comprising:

at least one staring array passive infrared detector focused onto a region in which a bullet is expected to be located, said at least one staring array passive infrared detector disposed at least several hundred yards from said region in which said bullet is expected to be located, said at least one staring array passive infrared detector detecting mid wave infrared radiation,

an image recorder coupled to said at least one staring array passive infrared detector, said image recorder recording a plurality of first successive images of infrared radiation present in said region which are observed by said at least one staring array passive infrared detector, said image recorder recording said plurality of first successive images at a frame rate in the range of approximately 200 frames per second and with an exposure rate in the range of approximately 1 millisecond,

a background infrared radiation suppressor coupled to said image recorder, said background infrared radiation suppressor suppressing in each of said plurality of first successive images of said region background infrared radiation present in said region such that second successive images containing substantially only infrared radiation generated by said bullet as said bullet passes through said region are produced,

a bullet path calculator coupled to said background infrared radiation suppressor, said bullet path calculator determining the path of said bullet by using said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said bullet, said bullet path calculator further comprising;

a range finder, said range finder determining the distance of said bullet from said at least one staring array passive infrared detector, and

an origin locator coupled to said bullet path calculator, said origin locator determining from said path of said bullet the origin of said path of said bullet,

a display unit coupled to said bullet path calculator, said display unit graphically displaying said path of said bullet,

a camera coupled to said bullet path calculator, said camera photographing the area proximate to said origin of said path of said bullet, and

a projectile launcher coupled to said bullet path calculator, said projectile launcher firing at least one projectile into the area proximate to said origin of said path of said bullet.

59. The passive infrared bullet detection and path determining apparatus of claim 58 wherein said at least one staring array passive infrared detector has accurate relative radiometric calibration.

60. The passive infrared bullet detection and path determining apparatus of claim 58 wherein said second successive images of infrared radiation are generated by said bullet as said bullet passes through said region at a supersonic speed.

61. The passive infrared bullet detection and path determining apparatus of claim 58 wherein said second successive images of infrared radiation are generated by said bullet as said bullet passes through said region at a subsonic speed.

62. The passive infrared bullet detection and path determining apparatus of claim 58 wherein said second successive images of infrared radiation are generated by said bullet wherein said bullet is located several hundred meters from said at least one passive infrared detector.

63. The passive infrared bullet detection and path determining apparatus of claim 58 wherein said background infrared radiation suppressor further includes an image subtractor, said image subtractor subtracting from each of said plurality of first successive images of said region a previously observed and recorded image of said region, such that said background infrared radiation present in said region is canceled out leaving only said second successive images of infrared radiation generated by said bullet as said bullet passes through said region.

64. The passive infrared bullet detection and path determining apparatus of claim 58 wherein said range finder further comprises:

a target distance determiner, said target distance determiner calculating the distance of said bullet from a target at which said bullet is aimed.

65. The passive infrared bullet detection and path determining apparatus of claim 58 wherein said range finder further comprises:

a mathematical model calculator, said mathematical model calculator determining the path of said bullet using a mathematical model.