Smart battery algorithm for reporting battery parameters to an external device

• US 5,606,242 A
• Filed: 10/04/1994
• Issued: 02/25/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 10/04/1994
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Microchip Technology Incorporated
• Original Assignee: Duracell Incorporated (Berkshire Hathaway Incorporated)
• Inventors: Friel, Daniel D., Hull, Matthew P., Taylor, Alwyn H., Hruska, Louis W.
• Primary Examiner(s): Wong, Peter S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): TOATLEY, GREGORY J
• Application Number:
  US08/318,004
• Time in Patent Office: 875 Days
• Field of Search: 320/5, 320/19, 320/20, 320/22, 320/30, 320/35, 320/48, 324/426, 365/96, 365/106
• US Class Current: 320/106
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00036 Charger exchanging data with battery
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00047 with provisions for charging different types of batteries
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00714 in response to battery charging or discharging current
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/007182 in response to battery voltage
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/007194 of the battery
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

A smart battery which provides electrical power and which reports predefined battery parameters to an external device having a power management system, includes: at least one rechargeable cell connected to a pair of terminals to provide electrical power to an external device during a discharge mode and to receive electrical power during a charge mode, as provided or determined by the remote device; a data bus for reporting predefined battery identification and charge parameters to the external device; analog devices for generating analog signals representative of battery voltage and current at said terminals, and an analog signal representative of battery temperature at said cell; a hybrid integrated circuit (IC) having a microprocessor for receiving the analog signals and converting them to digital signals representative of battery voltage, current and temperature, and calculating actual charge parameters over time from the digital signals, the calculations including one calculation according to the following algorithm;

CAP.sub.rem =CAP.sub.FC -ΣI.sub.d Δt.sub.d -ΣI.sub.s

Δt+Σε_c I_c Δt_c

wherein ε_c is a function of battery current and temperature; and I_s is a function of battery temperature and CAP_FC. Superimposed on this equation is reset logic, that self corrects the value of CAP_FC with a capacity calculation at each full charge (EOC) and each end of full discharge.

Claims

1. A smart battery which provides electrical power and which reports predefined battery parameters to an external device having a power management system, said smart battery comprising:

(a) at least one rechargeable cell connected to a pair of terminals to provide electrical power to an external device during a discharge mode and to receive electrical power during a charge mode, as provided or determined by said remote device,

(b) a data bus for reporting predefined battery identification and charge parameters to the external device,

(c) an analog means for generating analog signals representative of battery voltage and current at said terminals, and an analog signal representative of battery temperature at said cell,

(d) a hybrid integrated circuit (IC) having a microprocessor for receiving the analog signals and converting them to digital signals representative of battery voltage, current and temperature, and calculating actual charge parameters over time from said digital signals, said calculations including one calculation according to the following algorithm;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">CAP.sub.rem =CAP.sub.rem -Σ

I.sub.d Δ

t.sub.d -Σ

I.sub.s Δ

t.sub.s +Σ

ε

.sub.c I.sub.c Δ

t.sub.c

wherein CAP_rem is remaining battery capacity, CAP_FC is full charge battery capacity, I_d is battery discharge current, Δ

t_d is a period of time of the discharge current I_d, I_s is battery self discharge current and is a function of battery temperature and CAP_FC, Δ

t_s is a period of time of the self discharge current I_s, ε

_c is a charging efficiency factor and is a function of battery current and temperature, I_c is battery charging current, and Δ

t_c is a period of time of the charging current I_c,

(e) a data memory defined within said hybrid IC for storing said predefined battery identification and actual charge parameters, even when nominally fully discharged, said charge parameters including at least full charge capacity and remaining capacity, and

(f) a bus controller defined within said hybrid IC for sending battery messages to said remote device over said data bus, said messages including said predefined battery identification and said actual charge parameters.

2. A smart battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein said hybrid IC sets a desired rate of charge in said data memory, said rate selected from at least a maintenance charge rate and a preferred charge rate.

3. A smart battery as claimed in claim 2 wherein said bus controller broadcasts a battery rate of charge message to a remote device.

4. A smart battery as claimed in claim 3 wherein said rate of charge message is selected by said hybrid IC as a function of said remaining capacity and said battery temperature.

5. A smart battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein said hybrid IC receives a desired remaining capacity alarm value from said remote device, and sends a remaining capacity alarm signal to said remote device when said remaining capacity equals or is less than said remaining capacity alarm value.

6. A smart battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein said hybrid IC calculates and stores an average current value message as a function of battery current and time.

7. A smart battery as claimed in claim 6 wherein said hybrid IC receives a desired remaining time alarm value from said remote device, and sends a remaining time alarm signal to said remote device when a calculated remaining time value equals or is less than said desired remaining time alarm signal.

8. A smart battery as claimed in claim 7 wherein said calculated remaining time value is calculated as a function of remaining capacity and said average current value.

9. A smart battery as claimed in claim 6 wherein said hybrid IC receives an alternate low battery average current value from said remote device, and calculates an optimal remaining time value at said alternate low battery average current value, as a function of remaining capacity.

10. A smart battery as claimed in claim 9 wherein said hybrid IC also calculates an optimal remaining time value, said optimal remaining time value being calculated as a function of remaining capacity and a user-specified current value.

11. A smart battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein said hybrid IC stores a battery mode value and battery voltage, current and temperature values in said data memory, said battery mode value indicating whether said battery is currently charging or discharging.

12. A smart battery as claimed in claim 11, wherein said bus controller will send battery messages reporting present mode, voltage, current and temperature values in response to a query message from said remote device.

13. A smart battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein said cell is NiamH cell and said microprocessor calculates a charge termination as a function of one or more of the following conditions;

a negative voltage slope greater than 12 mV/cell/min at a full charge voltage, a .sup.Δ

T /.sub.Δ

t that exceeds 0.90°

/min where Δ

T is a change in the battery temperature over a period of time Δ

t, or a calculated charge of 120% of full charge capacity.

14. A smart battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein said hybrid IC resets full charge capacity as a learned value after each complete and uninterrupted full discharge cycle.

15. A smart battery as claimed in claim 14, wherein reset full charge capacity is an integration of actual discharge and losses due to self discharge, from a charge termination, to a nominally fully discharged state.

16. A method of charging a rechargeable battery and reporting predefined battery parameters to an external device having a power management system that receives power from, and supplies power to, said rechargeable battery, said method comprising:

(a) generating analog signals representative of battery voltage and current at a battery input terminal and at a battery output terminal, and generating an analog signal representative of battery temperature at said cell,

(b) converting said analog signals to digital signals representative of battery voltage, current and temperature, and integrating actual battery charge parameters over time from said digital signals with a RISC microprocessor associated with said batter according to the following algorithm;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">CAP.sub.rem =CAP.sub.rem -Σ

I.sub.d Δ

t.sub.d -Σ

I.sub.s Δ

t.sub.s +Σ

ε

.sub.c I.sub.c Δ

t.sub.c

wherein CAP_rem is remaining battery capacity, CAP_FC is full charge battery capacity, I_d is battery discharge current, Δ

t_d is a period of time of the discharge current I_d, I_s is battery self discharge current and is a function of battery temperature and CAP_FC, Δ

t_s is a period of time of the self discharge current I_s, ε

_c is a charging efficiency factor and is a function of battery current and temperature, I_c is battery charging current, and Δ

t_c is a period of time of the charging current I_c,

(c) storing ε

_c as an empirical function of battery current, temperature, and remaining capacity in a look-up table;

storing CAP_FC as a learned value between integrations, and storing I_s as an empirical function of battery temperature and CAP_FC, said look-up tables defined by a data memory associated with said battery;

(d) storing said predefined battery identification and actual charge parameters in said data memory, said charge parameters including at least full charge capacity and remaining capacity, and

(e) sending battery messages to said remote device over a data bus, said messages including said predefined battery identification parameters and said actual charge parameters.

17. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein a desired rate of charge is stored in said data memory and sent to said remote device, said rate selected from at least a maintanence charge rate, a preferred charge rate, a fast charge rate, or a top charge rate.

18. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 17, wherein a battery rate of charge message is sent on said data bus to said remote device in response to a query by said remote device.

19. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 17, wherein said rate of charge message is selected as a function of said remaining capacity and said battery temperature.

20. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein said battery receives a desired remaining capacity alarm value from said remote device, and sends a remaining capacity alarm signal to said remote device when said remaining capacity equals or is less than said remaining capacity alarm value.

21. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein average current value message is calculated as a function of battery current and time and stored in said data memory.

22. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 21, wherein said battery receives a desired remaining time alarm value from said remote device, and sends a remaining time alarm signal to said remote device when a calculated remaining time value equals or is less than said desired remaining time alarm signal.

23. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 21, wherein said calculated remaining time value is calculated as a function of remaining capacity and said average current value.

24. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 21, wherein said battery receives an alternate low battery average current value from said remote device, and said RISC microprocessor calculates an optimal remaining time value at said alternate low battery average current value, as a function of remaining capacity.

25. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 24 wherein said RISC microprocessor also calculates an optimal remaining time value, said optimal remaining time value being calculated as a function of remaining capacity and a preselected low battery average current value.

26. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein a battery mode value and battery voltage, current and temperature values are stored in said data memory, said battery mode value indicating whether said battery is currently receiving or supplying power.

27. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 26, wherein said battery sends messages reporting present mode, voltage, current and temperature values in response to a query message from said remote device.

28. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein said battery is formed with NiamH cells and a charge termination is calculated as a function of one or more of the following conditions;

a negative voltage slope greater than 12 mV/cell/min at a full charge voltage, a .sup.Δ

T /.sub.Δ

t that exceeds 0.90°

/min, where Δ

T is a change in the battery temperature over a period of time Δ

t, or a calculated charge of 120% of full charge capacity.

29. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein said RISC microprocessor resets full charge capacity as a learned value after each complete and uninterrupted full discharge cycle.

30. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 29, wherein full charge capacity is reset as an integration of actual discharge, from a charge termination, to a nominally fully discharged state.

31. A method of charging a rechargeable battery as claimed in claim 16, wherein said battery reports an uncertainty factor as a function of time from the last full integration of CAP_FC.