Processes and devices for continuously monitoring levels of analyte

• US 5,615,671 A
• Filed: 07/11/1996
• Issued: 04/01/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 10/22/1993
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Siemens-Elema AB (Siemens AG)
• Original Assignee: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Siemens-Elema AB (Siemens AG)
• Inventors: Schoonen, Adelbert J. M., Wientjes, Klaas-Jan C., Schmidt, Fransiscus J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Sykes, Angela D.
• Assistant Examiner(s): HUANG, STEPHEN D
• Application Number:
  US08/680,280
• Time in Patent Office: 264 Days
• Field of Search: 128/630, 128/632, 128/633, 128/635, 128/637
• US Class Current: 600/322
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14528 invasively
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14532 for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/411 Detecting or monitoring allergy or intolerance reactions to an allergenic agent or substance
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/686 Permanently implanted devices, e.g. pacemakers, other stimulators, biochips A61B5/6861 takes precedence

Abstract

In a process and devices or continuously measuring the concentration of an analyte in tissue. The tissue is provided with a hollow fiber having a pore size between the size of the analyte and the size of macromolecules, hollow fiber is perfused with a solution compatible with the tissue, and that solution is supplied from the hollow fiber through a reactor for the analyte. The reactor has a second hollow fiber having a pore size between the size of the analyte and the size of macromolecules, and the second hollow fiber is located in a container which contains macromolecular reactants for detecting the analyte and a signal producing system coupled therewith. The perfusion fluid is fed from the reactor to an eliminator for the analyte, whereby at least 95% of the remaining analyte is removed from the perfusion fluid and the perfusion fluid is reintroduced into said first hollow fiber.

The process and devices operate as a closed circuit and therefore this method can be continued over a longer period of time than known methods, without the need to replace reservoirs.

Claims

1. A process for continuously measuring a concentration of an analyte in tissue, comprising the steps of:

disposing a hollow fiber in contact with said tissue having a pore size between a size of said analyte and a size of macromolecules;

perfusing said hollow fiber with a macromolecule-free prefusion fluid compatible with said tissue so that said analyte enters said perfusion fluid through said hollow fiber;

feeding said perfusion fluid with said analyte therein from said hollow fiber through a reactor for said analyte, said reactor including a further hollow fiber having a pore size between said size of said analyte and said size of macromolecules, said further hollow fiber being disposed in a non-porous container containing macromolecular reactants so that said perfusion fluid with said analyte therein is exposed to said macromolecular reactants exclusively in said container;

detecting said analyte using macromolecular reactants exclusively in said container and generating an electrical signal corresponding to a detected level of said analyte;

feeding said perfusion fluid from said reactor to an eliminator and, in said eliminator, removing at least 95% of said analyte from said perfusion fluid; and

reintroducing said perfusion fluid, after removing said analyte therefrom, in a closed loop into said hollow fiber with 5% or less of said analyte therein.

2. A process as claimed in claim 1 comprising the additional step of:

disposing a filter in a stream of said perfusion fluid between said reactor and a location at which said perfusion fluid is reintroduced into said hollow fiber in contact with said tissue.

3. A process as claimed in claim 2 wherein the step of disposing a filter in said perfusion fluid stream is further defined by disposing an active carbon filter in said perfusion fluid stream.

4. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of removing said analyte from said perfusion fluid in said eliminator comprises reacting said perfusion fluid in said eliminator with an enzyme for which said analyte is a substrate.

5. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of detecting said analyte in said reactor comprises reacting said perfusion fluid in said reactor with an enzyme for which said analyte is a substrate.

6. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said analyte is glucose, wherein the step of disposing a hollow fiber in contact with said tissue comprises disposing a hollow fiber in contact with said tissue having a pore size between a size of glucose and a size of macromolecules, wherein the step of feeding said solution is further defined by feeding said solution from said hollow fiber through a reactor for glucose, said reactor including a further hollow fiber having a pore size between said size for glucose and said size of said macromolecules, wherein the step of detecting said analyte comprises detecting glucose using macromolecular reactants in said container and generating an electrical signal corresponding to a detected level of glucose, and wherein the step of removing at least 95% of said analyte from said perfusion fluid comprises removing at least 95% of glucose from said perfusion fluid.

7. A process as claimed in claim 6 wherein the step of detecting glucose comprises detecting glucose by reacting glucose with a glucose oxidase in said container to generate said electrical signal corresponding to said detected level of glucose.

8. A process as claimed in claim 7 wherein the step of detecting glucose comprises detecting glucose by reacting glucose with a glucose oxidase in said container thereby resulting in a decreasing amount of O₂ in said perfusion fluid dependent on the reaction of glucose with said glucose oxidase, and wherein the step of generating said electrical signal comprises generating an electrical signal corresponding to the decreasing amount of O₂ in said perfusion fluid.

9. A process as claimed in claim 8 wherein the step of detecting glucose comprises measuring said decreasing amount of O₂ with a measuring cell having an operating electrode, an electrolyte space filled with electrolyte and a reference electrode, passing said perfusion fluid through said measuring cell, and separating said O₂ from said perfusion fluid through an oxygen permeable membrane.

10. A process as claimed in claim 9 wherein the step of measuring said decreasing amount of O₂ with a measuring cell comprises measuring said decreasing amount of O₂ with a measuring cell having a noble metal operating electrode and a silver reference electrode.

11. A process as claimed in claim 6 wherein the step of removing at least 95% of said glucose from said perfusion fluid comprises removing at least 90% of glucose from said perfusion fluid by reacting the glucose with a glucose oxidase.

12. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the step of removing at least 90% of glucose from said perfusion fluid comprises removing at least 90% of glucose from said perfusion fluid by reacting the glucose with catalase.

13. A device for continuously measuring a concentration of an analyte in tissue, comprising:

a hollow fiber adapted for contact with tissue, said hollow fiber having a pore size between a size of said analyte and a size of macromolecules;

means for perfusing said hollow fiber with a macromolecule-free perfusion fluid compatible with said tissue for causing said analyte to enter said perfusion fluid through said hollow fiber;

a reactor for said analyte, said reactor including a non-porous container containing macromolecular reactants and containing a further hollow fiber having a pore size between said size of said analyte and said size of macromolecules;

means for feeding said perfusion fluid from said hollow fiber through said reactor for exposing said perfusion fluid with said analyte therein to said macromolecular reactants exclusively in said container;

means for detecting said analyte using macromolecular reactants exclusively in said container and for generating an electrical signal corresponding to a detected level of said analyte;

eliminator means for removing at least 95% of said analyte from said perfusion fluid;

means for feeding said perfusion fluid from said reactor to said means for eliminating; and

means for reintroducing said perfusion fluid, after the removal of said analyte therefrom in a closed loop, into said hollow fiber adapted for contact with said tissue with 5% or less of said analyte therein.

14. A device as claimed in claim 13 further comprising a filter for said perfusion fluid disposed downstream from said reactor.

15. A device as claimed in claim 14 wherein said filter comprises an active carbon filter.

16. A device as claimed in claim 13 wherein said means for detecting said analyte and for generating an electrical signal comprise a noble metal operating electrode and a silver reference electrode disposed in an electrolyte solution, for measuring a decrease in oxygen in said perfusion fluid, and further comprising a membrane in contact with said perfusion fluid permeable for oxygen.

17. A device as claimed in claim 16 wherein said electrolyte solution comprises a potassium phosphate buffer solution.

18. A device as claimed in claim 13 wherein said macromolecular reactant comprises a glucose oxidase and wherein said analyte comprises glucose.

19. A device as claimed in claim 18 further comprising dosage means for administering glucose to a patient in whom said tissue is disposed dependent on a level of said electrical signal corresponding to said detected level of said analyte.

20. A device as claimed in claim 19 wherein said dosage means comprises means for administering insulin dependent on said level of said electrical signals corresponding to said detected level of said analyte.

21. A device as claimed in claim 17 further comprising means for administering glucose to a patient in whom said tissue is disposed dependent on a level of said electrical signal corresponding to said detected level of said analyte, and means for administering insulin to said patient dependent on said level of said electrical signal corresponding to said detected level of said analyte.