Traction battery management system

• US 5,644,212 A
• Filed: 11/02/1995
• Issued: 07/01/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 11/11/1994
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Fuji Heavy Industries Limited (Subaru Corp.)
• Original Assignee: Fuji Heavy Industries Limited (Subaru Corp.)
• Inventors: Takahashi, Tsutomu
• Primary Examiner(s): Wong, Peter S.
• Assistant Examiner(s): SHIN, KYUNG E
• Application Number:
  US08/552,080
• Time in Patent Office: 607 Days
• Field of Search: 320/48, 320/43, 320/44, 320/17-18, 320/15, 320/5-6, 429/92, 324/425
• US Class Current: 320/134
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/00 Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3648 comprising digital calculation means, e.g. for performing an algorithm
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3828 using current integration
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/441 for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/0016 using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/0071 with a programmable schedule
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/7072 Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/14 Plug-in electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 320/21 State of charge of battery

Abstract

To equally charge a plurality of batteries constituting a traction battery, when the number of times of the ordinary charges increases beyond a reference value or when the sum total watt-hour (charged energy or charged and discharged energy) of the traction battery increases beyond a reference value or when a difference in terminal voltage between the maximum and minimum values among the battery blocks increases beyond a reference value, the traction battery is automatically equalizing charged at a small charge current for a long charge time, continuously after the ordinary battery charge, periodically, thus facilitating the maintenance of an electric vehicle. Further, whenever the traction battery is equalizing charged, the remaining battery capacity meter can be reset to a full scale automatically to eliminate an accumulated error. In addition, the battery life is estimated for battery replacement.

Claims

1. A traction battery management system, comprising:

detecting means for detecting battery conditions of a traction battery composed of a plurality of batteries and mounted on an electric vehicle;

calculating means for calculating battery charge and discharge conditions of the traction battery on the basis of the detected battery conditions; and

means for equalizing charging the traction battery on the basis of the calculated battery charge and discharge conditions, in such charging characteristics that charge current is relatively smaller and charge time is relatively longer, as compared with those in an ordinary battery charge, continuously after the ordinary battery charge.

2. The traction battery management system according to claim 1, wherein the detected battery conditions are current (A), terminal voltages (V) of the respective batteries, and duration time (Δ

t) during both battery charge and discharge of the traction battery.

3. The traction battery management system according to claim 1, wherein the calculated traction battery charge and discharge conditions are charge and discharge power (P₁ =A ×

V), charge and discharge watt-hour (P₂ =P₁ ×

Δ

t), sum total charge or discharge watt-hour (P₂(n) =Σ

P₂) during charge or discharge, sum total charge and discharge watt-hour (P_2ABS =Σ

P_2AB) during both charge and discharge, difference in terminal voltage between maximum and minimum values (V_max -V_min) among the batteries, and the number of times of the ordinary charges (N_c) calculated by counting peaks of watt-hours (P₂) of charged traction battery.

4. The traction battery management system according to claim 3, wherein said equalizing charging means charges the traction battery when the number (N_c) of times of the ordinary charges becomes equal to or larger than a reference value (N_ref), after the preceding equalizing charge.

5. The traction battery management system according to claim 3, wherein said equalizing charging means charges the traction battery when the sum total watt-hour (P_2ABS =Σ

P_2AB) during both battery charges and discharges becomes equal to or larger than a reference watt-hour value (Σ

P_2ABSC), after the preceding equalizing charge.

6. The traction battery management system according to claim 3, wherein said equalizing charging means charges the traction battery when the sum total watt-hours (P_2S(n) =Σ

P₂) during only battery charges becomes equal to or larger than a reference watt-hour value, after the preceding equalizing charge.

7. The traction battery management system according to claim 3, wherein said equalizing charging means charges the traction battery when the difference (V_max -V_min) in terminal voltage between the maximum and minimum values among the respective batteries becomes equal to or larger than a reference difference value (V_ref).

8. The traction battery management system according to claim 1, which further comprises:

means for indicating remaining battery capacity in a ratio by subtracting discharged watt-hour from a full scale; and

means for resetting the remaining battery capacity indicating means whenever the traction battery is charged by said equalizing charging means.

9. The traction battery management system according to claim 1, which further comprises battery life discriminating means, comprising:

means for calculating a sum total watt-hour (Σ

P₂) from when the traction battery is discharged to when a minimum terminal voltage among the respective batteries reaches a discharge end voltage;

means storing the calculated sum total discharge watt-hour (Σ

P₂) as data (P_j(n)) in a memory unit;

means for comparing the stored current data (P_j(n)) with initial data (P_j(o)) calculated when the traction battery was new whenever the traction battery is equalizing charged; and

means for generating an alarm when a difference (P_j(o) -P_j(n)) between the initial data (P_j(o)) and the current data (P_j(n)) is equal to or larger than a reference value (P_jref).

10. The traction battery management system according to claim 2, wherein the terminal voltages of the respective batteries are corrected on the basis of detected temperatures of the respective batteries.

11. A method of equalizing charging a traction battery composed of a plurality of batteries, comprising the steps of:

detecting traction battery current (A);

detecting traction battery voltage (V);

calculating power (P₁ =A×

V) of the traction battery;

calculating watt-hour (P₂ =P₁ ×

Δ

t) of the traction battery;

calculating a sum total watt-hour (P_2S(n) =Σ

P₂) both during charge and discharge;

calculating a difference (Δ

P_2S(n) =P_2S(n) -P_2S(n-1)) in watt-hour between the sum total value (P_2S(n)) to current sampling time and the sum total value (P_2S(n-1)) to preceding sampling time;

checking whether the calculated difference (Δ

P_2S(n-1)) is zero or positive;

if yes, checking whether the calculated difference (Σ

P_2S(n)) is negative;

if yes, counting the number of times that the calculated difference changes from positive to negative as the number of peaks (N_c);

comparing the counted number of peaks (N_c) with a reference value (N_ref); and

if the counted number of peaks (N_c) is equal to or larger than the reference value (N_c), generating an equalizing charge command and clearing the counted peaks (N_c).

14. The method of equalizing charging a traction battery according to claim 11, which further comprises a process of resetting a remaining battery capacity meter, having the steps of:

checking whether the traction battery is connected to a battery charger;

checking whether the equalizing charge command is being outputted;

if no, reading an ordinary charge pattern from a map indicative of current, voltage and time;

if yes, reading a equalizing charge pattern from a map indicative of current, voltage and time;

correcting the read voltage, current and time on the basis of detected temperature and preceding discharge conditions;

outputting the corrected charge voltage and charge current to the charger;

checking whether the ordinary charge ends;

if yes, checking whether the equalizing charge ends; and

if yes, resetting the remaining battery capacity meter to a full scale.

15. The method of equalizing charging a traction battery according to claim 11, which further comprises a battery life estimating processing, having the steps of:

detecting traction battery current (A);

detecting traction battery voltage (V);

calculating power (P₁ =A×

V) of the traction battery;

calculating watt-hour (P₂ =P₁ ×

Δ

t) of the traction battery;

detecting a minimum terminal voltage (V_min) among the respective batteries constituting the traction battery;

checking whether the detected minimum terminal voltage reaches a discharge end voltage;

if yes, calculating a sum total watt-hour (P_2S(n) =Σ

P₂) from when the traction battery is discharged to when the minimum terminal voltage among the respective batteries reaches the discharge end voltage;

checking whether the equalizing charge ends;

if ends, storing the calculated sum total watt-hour (P_2S(n) =Σ

P₂) during discharge as data (P_j(n)) in a memory;

comparing the stored current data (P_j(n)) with initial data (P_j(o)) when the traction battery was new; and

generating an alarm when a difference (P_j(o) -P_j(n)) between the initial data (P_J(o)) and the current data (P_j(n)) is equal to or larger than a reference value (P_jref).

12. A method of equalizing charging a traction battery composed of a plurality of batteries, comprising the steps of:

detecting traction battery current (A);

detecting traction battery voltage (V);

calculating power (P₁ =A×

V) of the traction battery;

calculating watt-hour (P₂ =P₁ ×

Δ

t) of the traction battery;

obtaining an absolute value of the calculated watt-hour (P_2AB =|P₂ |);

calculating a sum total absolute watt-hour (P_2ABS =Σ

P_2AB) both during charge and discharge;

comparing the calculated sum total absolute watt-hour (P_2ABS) With a reference value (P_2ABSC); and

if the calculated sum total absolute watt-hour (P_2ABS) is equal to or larger than the reference value P_2ABSC), generating an equalizing charge command and clearing the calculated sum total absolute watt-hour (P_2ABS).

13. A method of equalizing charging a traction battery composed of a plurality of batteries, comprising the steps of:

detecting traction battery current (A);

detecting traction battery voltage (V);

detecting a maximum terminal voltage (V_max) among the respective batteries constituting the traction battery;

detecting a minimum terminal voltage (V_min) among the respective batteries;

comparing a difference (V_max -V_min) in terminal voltage between the maximum and minimum values among the respective batteries with a reference value (V_ref); and

if the difference (V_max -V_min) is equal to or larger than the reference value (V_ref), generating an equalizing charge command.