Method and apparatus for smooth control of a vehicle with automatic recovery for interference

• US 5,663,879 A
• Filed: 10/26/1992
• Issued: 09/02/1997
• Est. Priority Date: 11/20/1987
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: US Philips Corporation (Koninklijke Philips N.V.)
• Original Assignee: North American Philips Corp. (Koninklijke Philips N.V.)
• Inventors: Dorst, Leendert, Trovato, Karen Irene
• Primary Examiner(s): Teska, Kevin J.
• Assistant Examiner(s): NGUYEN, TAN QUANG
• Application Number:
  US07/966,221
• Time in Patent Office: 1,772 Days
• Field of Search: 364/424.01, 364/424.02, 364/443, 364/444, 364/449, 364/148, 364/274.3, 364/275.3, 364/275.4, 364/275.2, 395/87, 395/88, 395/89, 395/90, 180/167, 180/168, 180/169, 340/935, 340/937, 318/567, 318/568.12, 318/587
• US Class Current: 701/2
• CPC Class Codes: B25J 9/1666 Avoiding collision or forbidden zones
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 19/4061 Avoiding collision or forbidden zones
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 2219/35415 3-D three dimension, space input, spaceball
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 2219/40443 Conditional and iterative planning
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 2219/40448 Preprocess nodes with arm configurations, c-space and planning by connecting nodes
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 2219/40465 Criteria is lowest cost function, minimum work path
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 2219/40471 Using gradient method
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 2219/40476 Collision, planning for collision free path
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 2219/45131 Turret punch press
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 2219/49143 Obstacle, collision avoiding control, move so that no collision occurs
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0217 in accordance with energy consumption, time reduction or distance reduction criteria
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0234 using optical markers or beacons optical beacons per se G01S1/70
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0242 using non-visible light signals, e.g. IR or UV signals
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0246 using a video camera in combination with image processing means
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0255 using acoustic signals, e.g. ultra-sonic singals sonar systems designed for anti-collision purposes G01S15/93
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/028 using a RF signal

Abstract

In order to provide smooth control a vehicle control method includes concatenating like-kind direction arrows in a configuration space. In addition, a stopping criterion is used to change a control signal in time to achieve stopping at a desired setpoint. To improve error recovery, control signals are changed in response to an error exceeding a predetermined limit.

Claims

1. A method of controlling a vehicle comprising the steps of

starting from a stored configuration space representation of an environment of the vehicle, which stored configuration space representation includes a plurality of stored direction arrows defining paths to a goal, which direction arrows are selected from a neighborhood of direction arrows in which some arrows of the neighborhood are of like-kind with each other and some arrows of the neighborhood are of different kind;

concatenating a plurality of like-kind direction arrows in the configuration space to specify a single motion, which is longer than individual motions specified by any of the concatenated like-kind direction arrows, to pose corresponding to a target setpoint; and

controlling the vehicle to reach the pose corresponding to the target setpoint, without separately specifying the individual motions.

2. A method of controlling a vehicle comprising the steps of, during motion of a vehicle under control of control signals:

transmitting a stopping setpoint of the vehicle as the control signals, which stopping setpoint corresponds to the desired stopping pose;

computing a stopping criterion for the vehicle based on the stopping setpoint, which stopping criterion is the vehicle intersecting a geometrical element, which geometrical element extends for a non-zero distance in at least one dimension;

sensing a sensed pose of the vehicle when the vehicle meets the stopping criterion; and

changing the control signals in response to the sensed pose of the vehicle, so that the vehicle moves to the desired stopping pose.

3. The method of controlling a vehicle as recited in claim 2, wherein the steps of computing the stopping criterion based on the stopping setpoint and sensing when the vehicle meets the stopping criterion comprise the further steps of

measuring a distance between a first pose of the vehicle and a second pose of the vehicle which has a known spacing from the desired stopped pose;

and

determining when a distance travelled by the vehicle from the first pose is at least equal to the measured distance between the first pose and the second pose.

4. The method of controlling a vehicle as recited in claim 2, wherein computing the stopping criterion includes finding a stopline running through the pose of the vehicle corresponding to the stopping setpoint and perpendicular to an orientation of the vehicle corresponding to the stopping setpoint.

5. The method of controlling a vehicle as recited in claim 2 wherein computing the stopping criterion includes setting a sensed parameter to a fixed value. criterion is met.

6. The method of controlling a vehicle as recited in claim 2, wherein computing the stopping criterion includes setting ranges of sensed parameters, which ranges define a bounding box around the pose of the vehicle corresponding to the stopping setpoint.

7. The method of controlling a vehicle as recited in claim 2 wherein sensing when the vehicle meets the stopping criterion includes

monitoring a distance between a current pose of the vehicle and a pose corresponding to the stopping setpoint;

and

determining that the stopping criterion is met when the distance begins to increase.

8. The method of controlling a vehicle as recited in claim 2 wherein the vehicle is a farm tractor.

9. The method of controlling a vehicle as recited in claim 2 wherein the vehicle is earth-moving equipment.

10. The method of controlling a vehicle as recited in claim 2 wherein the vehicle is a boat.

11. The method of claim 2 wherein the vehicle is non-holonomic, and further comprising maintaining a representation of the vehicle which takes into account the vehicle'"'"'s non-holonomic nature and using the representation in at least one of the determining, computing, sensing, and transmitting steps.

12. A method of controlling a vehicle for automatic error recovery comprising the following steps, during motion of the vehicle under control of control signals:

maintaining a stored configuration space representation of an environment of the vehicle, which representation includes a plurality of states and a direction arrow value for each state, the direction arrow values pointing to a desired goal;

sensing a parameter of the vehicle;

setting limits defining an acceptable range of error in the sensed parameter of the vehicle;

monitoring the error;

if the error exceeds the limits, revising an estimation of a current state of the vehicle in the configuration space representation and transmitting a changed control signal based on the revised estimation.

13. The method of controlling a vehicle for automatic recovery as recited in claim 12, wherein monitoring the error includes comparing a current pose of the vehicle with the limits as the vehicle progresses to a pose corresponding to a setpoint.

14. The method of controlling a vehicle for automatic recovery as recited in claim 12, wherein monitoring the error includes

determining whether a stopping criterion is met;

and

comparing a current pose of the vehicle with the limits when the stopping criterion is met.

15. The method of controlling a vehicle for automatic recovery as recited in claim 12, wherein setting limits defining an acceptable range of error in a parameter includes determining if a kinematically feasible motion of the vehicle leads from a current pose of the vehicle to a target pose of the vehicle.