Microwave tomographic spectroscopy system and method

• US 5,715,819 A
• Filed: 05/26/1994
• Issued: 02/10/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 05/26/1994
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: EMTensor GmbH, The Carolinas Heart Institute
• Original Assignee: The Carolinas Heart Institute
• Inventors: Svenson, Robert H., Semenov, Serguei Y., Baranov, Vladimir Y.
• Primary Examiner(s): Casler, Brian L.
• Application Number:
  US08/250,762
• Time in Patent Office: 1,356 Days
• Field of Search: 128/653.1, 600/10, 600/2, 606/27, 606/32-34, 607/89, 607/101, 324/637, 324/638, 324/639, 364/481, 364/482
• US Class Current: 600/425
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 17/00234 for minimally invasive surgery A61B17/0218, A61B17/0469, A61B17/12013, A61B17/1285, A61B17/29, A61B17/320016 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 18/00 Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body eye surgery A61F9/007; ear surgery A61F11/00
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 18/14 Probes or electrodes therefor
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 18/18 by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves radiation therapy A61N5/00
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 18/1815 using microwaves
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 18/24 with a catheter A61B18/26, A61B18/28 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/05 Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves impedance plethysmography A61B5/0295; measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof A61B5/11; detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof A61B5/24
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0507 using microwaves or terahertz waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 22/00 Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwaves or radio waves, i.e. electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of one millimetre or more G01N3/00 - G01N17/00, G01N24/00 take precedence

Abstract

The invention is a system for non-invasive microwave tomographic spectroscopy of tissue using a plurality of microwave emitter-receivers spatially oriented to the tissue, an interface medium placed between the emitter-receivers, and a control subsystem operably coupled to the plurality of microwave emitter-receivers for selectively controlling power to the plurality of emitter-receivers and for receiving microwave signals from the plurality of emitter-receivers so that multiple frequency microwave radiation is emitted from a selected plurality of emitter-receivers and received by a selected plurality of emitter-receivers after interacting with and passing through the tissue, and a computational subsystem operably connected to the control subsystem for computing a tomographic spectroscopic image of the tissue from the microwave signals received from the selected plurality of emitter-receivers.

Claims

1. A system for non-invasive microwave tomographic spectroscopy of tissue, the system comprising:

a) power source means for supplying microwave radiation;

b) a plurality of microwave emitter-receivers spatially oriented to the tissue;

c) an interface medium placed between the emitter-receivers;

d) control means operably coupled between the power source means and the plurality of microwave emitter-receivers for selectively controlling power to the plurality of emitter-receivers and for receiving microwave signals from the plurality of emitter-receivers so that multiple frequency microwave radiation is emitted from a selected plurality of emitter-receivers and received by a selected plurality of emitter-receivers after interacting with and passing through the tissue;

e) encoding means for encoding the microwave radiation supplied to the selected plurality of emitter-receivers so that when the microwave signals are received from the selected receiving plurality of emitter-receivers after interacting with the tissue, the signals are distinguishable by their originating emitter; and

,

f) computational means operably connected to the control means for computing a tomographic spectroscopic image of the tissue from the microwave signals received from the selected plurality of emitter-receivers.

2. The system of claim 1 in which the interface medium comprises a fluid having a preliminary dielectrically adjustable dielectric permittivity between about 50 and 90 at 2.45 GHz and a dielectric loss between about 5 and 25.

3. The system of claim 1 in which the multiple frequency microwave radiation is preferably within a range of about 0.2 GHz to about 5 GHz.

4. The system of claim 1 in which the multiple frequencies of microwave radiation are generated using pulse width emissions from one of the emitter-receivers, each emission having a power level so that the incident power density at the irradiating body is no more than about 1 mW/cm².

5. The system of claim 1 in which the plurality of microwave emitter-receivers comprises an array of emitter-receivers arranged in a circular configuration.

6. The system of claim 5 in which the emitter-receivers are radially adjustable relative to the circular array.

7. The system of claim 1 in which the plurality of microwave emitter-receivers comprises a plurality of stacked emitter-receivers arranged in a circular configuration.

8. The system of claim 1 in which the control means comprises means for selecting a multiple of emitter-receivers to act as emitters and a separate multiple of emitter-receivers to act as receivers.

9. The system of claim 1 in which the computational means comprises:

a) an input data formation component for receiving and formatting data to be used in a direct problem solution component;

b) a direct problem solution component configured to receive data from the input data formation component and to calculate an image of the biological tissue based on knowing what the amplitude and phase of the emitted microwave energy is and making an assumption as to what the biological tissue dielectric effects will be and calculating an expected amplitude and phase value for the transmitted microwave energy;

c) a reverse problem solution component which receives the solution from the direct problem solution component and then calculates an image of the biological tissue based on known emitted microwave amplitude and phase values and known received amplitude and phase values from the emitter-receiver arrays; and

d) a frequency correction component.

10. The system of claim 9 in which the reverse problem solution component comprises:

a) a functional formation component configured to sum the inputs from all emitters-receivers;

b) a gradient formation component configured for use as a derivative of the functional component to simplify processing speed;

c) a minimization parameter tau calculation component configured to verify the accuracy of the gradient function and to allow image reconstruction in the most accurate manner; and

d) an .di-elect cons.* calculation component configured to calculate .di-elect cons.* as a representative value of dielectric contrast between tissue regions or tissue physiologic states, where .di-elect cons.*=.di-elect cons.'"'"'+i .di-elect cons." and where .di-elect cons.'"'"' and .di-elect cons." are the values of measured dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss and i represents the imaginary number.

11. The system of claim 1 in which the encoding means comprises means for altering the microwave radiation phase.

12. The system of claim 1 in which the encoding means comprises means for altering the microwave radiation amplitude.

13. The system of claim 1 in which the encoding means comprises means for altering the microwave radiation polarity.

14. A method for non-invasive microwave tomographic spectroscopy of tissue, the method comprising the steps of:

a) providing a microwave radiation power source;

b) providing a plurality of microwave radiation emitter-receivers;

c) controlling the plurality of microwave radiation emitter-receivers so that a plurality of emitter-receivers are able to emit multiple frequency microwave radiation from the power source to a plurality of emitter-receivers that are receiving the microwave radiation;

d) placing an interface medium between the emitting and receiving microwave emitter-receivers;

e) placing tissue to be irradiated within the interface medium;

f) encoding the microwave radiation which is to be emitted to distinguish an origin among the plurality of emitter-receivers and emitting the microwave radiation from the microwave emitter-receivers;

g) receiving the microwave radiation in the microwave emitter-receivers after interacting with the tissue and decoding the received microwave radiation so that the origin of the received microwave radiation is distinguishable by the originating emitter; and

h) measuring a change in the microwave radiation after interacting with the tissue.

15. The method of claim 14 in which the multiple frequency microwave radiation is simultaneously emitted from a plurality of emitter-receivers.

16. The method of claim 14 in which the measuring step includes the steps of solving the mathematical reverse problem to compute a tomographic image of the tissue based on the measured change of the microwave radiation, the reverse problem solution comprising the steps of:

a) determining a functional formation component;

b) calculating a derivative value of the functional formation component to create a gradient formation component useful for increasing the processing speed of the mathematical reconstruction calculations;

c) calculating a minimization parameter tau; and

d) performing an .di-elect cons.* calculation.

17. The method of claim 16 in which the .di-elect cons.* calculation is a value derived by calculating the dielectric characteristics, .di-elect cons.'"'"' and .di-elect cons.", derived from the measured differences in the amplitude and phase changes of emitted and received microwave energy across a specified range, with the .di-elect cons.* calculation functioning as a representative value of dielectric contrast between tissue regions or tissue physiologic states, where .di-elect cons.*=.di-elect cons.'"'"'+i .di-elect cons." and where .di-elect cons.'"'"' and .di-elect cons." are the values of measured dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss and i represents the imaginary number.

28. The method of claim 14, 18 or 23 further comprising the step of ablating designated tissue regions using an ablation catheter subsystem.

29. The method of claim 28 in which the ablation catheter subsystem uses laser energy for ablation.

30. The method of claim 28 in which the ablation catheter subsystem uses microwave energy for ablation.

31. The method of claim 28 in which the ablation catheter subsystem uses radio frequency energy for ablation.

18. A method of identifying discrete signals correlating to specific antenna arrays in a microwave tomographic spectroscopy tissue imaging system, comprising the steps of:

a) providing a microwave tomographic spectroscopy system having a microwave power source, a plurality of microwave emitters-receivers, an interface medium between the microwave emitters-receivers, control means for providing microwave signals to the emitters-receivers and for receiving microwave signals from the emitters-receivers after the microwave signals have interacted with the tissue;

b) orienting a tissue to be imaged in the interface medium;

c) encoding the signals originating simultaneously from different emitters and interacting with the tissue; and

d) decoding the signals received by different receivers so that the signals are distinguishable according to the originating emitter.

19. The method of claim 18 in which the step of encoding comprises changing the phase of the microwave radiation.

20. The method of claim 18 in which the step of encoding comprises changing the amplitude of the microwave radiation.

21. The method of claim 18 in which the step of encoding comprises changing the polarization of the microwave radiation.

22. The method of claim 18 in which the step of encoding comprises changing the frequency of the microwave radiation.

23. A method of non-invasive microwave tomographic spectroscopy of tissue, the method comprising the steps of:

a) designating a target tissue area for microwave irradiation;

b) determining expected tissue dielectric values for the designated target tissue area;

c) providing a multiple frequency microwave radiation emitting and receiving system having microwave emission means comprising a plurality of emitter-receiver locations, microwave receiving means comprising a plurality of emitter-receiver locations, and microwave analysis means;

d) irradiating the target tissue area with the multiple frequency microwave radiation simultaneously emitted from a plurality of emitter-receiver locations;

e) receiving the microwave radiation from the irradiated target tissue area with the microwave receiving means; and

f) analyzing the received microwave radiation with the microwave analysis means to obtain observed tissue dielectric values and comparing the observed tissue dielectric values with the expected tissue dielectric values to determine a physiologic state of the tissue within the designated target tissue area;

the analyzing and comparing step including the step of solving the reverse problem to compute a tomographic image of the tissue based on the measured change of the microwave radiation, the reverse problem solution comprising the steps of determining a functional formation component, calculating a derivative value of the functional formation component to create a gradient formation component useful for increasing the processing speed of the mathematical reconstruction calculations, calculating a minimization parameter tau, and performing an E* calculation.

24. The method of claim 23 in which the comparing step comprises comparing the received microwave radiation in real time permitting real time determination of a changing physiologic state.

25. The method of claim 23 in which the determined physiologic state is a physiologic state selected from the list of physiologic states consisting of temperature, electrical excitation state, oxyhemoglobin saturation, blood oxygen content, total hemoglobin, blood gas partial pressures, ischemia, infarction, and myocardial viability.

26. The method of claim 25 in which the blood gas partial pressures include PO₂.

27. The method of claim 23 in which the designated target tissue area includes a patient'"'"'s cardiac region to locate the origin of cardiac arrhythmias.

32. The method of claim 27 in which the emitting and receiving steps are performed in time intervals which are a fraction of a tissue physiological event cycle time so that data acquisition relating to radiated tissue may occur many times during each tissue event.

33. A tomographic spectroscopic method of rapid non-invasive mapping of cardiac tissue to localize different physiologic states of the tissue, comprising the steps of:

a) designating a target cardiac tissue area for irradiation;

b) determining expected cardiac tissue dielectric values for the designated cardiac tissue area;

c) providing a multiple frequency radiation emitting and receiving system having radiation emission means comprising a plurality of emitter-receiver locations, radiation receiving means comprising a plurality of emitter-receiver locations, and radiation analysis means;

d) irradiating the target cardiac tissue area with the multiple frequency radiation simultaneously emitted from a plurality of emitter-receiver locations;

e) receiving the radiation from the irradiated target cardiac tissue area with the radiation receiving means;

f) analyzing the received radiation with the radiation analysis means to obtain observed tissue dielectric values and comparing the observed tissue dielectric values with the expected tissue dielectric values to determine the physiologic states of the tissue within the designated target tissue area;

the analyzing and comparing step utilizing an .di-elect cons.* calculation which functions as a representative value of dielectric contrast between tissue regions or tissue physiologic states, where .di-elect cons.*=.di-elect cons.'"'"'+i.di-elect cons." and where .di-elect cons.'"'"' and .di-elect cons." are the values of measured dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss and i represents the imaginary number; and

h) displaying a representation of the irradiated target cardiac tissue area on a display means so that different physiologic states of the tissue are recognizable.

34. The method of claim 33 in which the step of determining expected cardiac tissue dielectric values includes determination of values for ischemic tissue, scar tissue, and normal healthy tissue so that each tissue state is selectively displayable during the displaying step.

35. The method of claim 33 in which the analyzing and comparing step includes the step of solving the reverse problem to reconstruct tomographic biophysical images of the tissue based on the measured change of the radiation, the reverse problem solution step comprising the steps of:

a) determining a functional formation component;

b) calculating a derivative value of the functional formation component to create a gradient formation component useful for increasing the processing speed of the mathematical reconstruction calculations;

c) calculating a minimization parameter tau; and

d) performing an E* calculation.

36. A method of detecting the onset of biological tissue disease comprising the method of:

a) designating a target tissue area for microwave irradiation;

b) determining expected tissue dielectric values for the designated target tissue area;

c) providing a multiple frequency microwave radiation emitting and receiving system having microwave emission means comprising a plurality of emitter-receiver locations, microwave receiving means comprising a plurality of emitter-receiver locations, and microwave analysis means;

d) irradiating the target tissue area with the multiple frequency microwave radiation simultaneously emitted from a plurality of emitter-receiver locations;

e) receiving the microwave radiation from the irradiated target tissue area with the microwave receiving means;

f) analyzing the received microwave radiation with the microwave analysis means to obtain observed tissue dielectric values and comparing the observed tissue dielectric values for a desired range of frequencies best correlating to the target tissue with the expected tissue dielectric values to determine a change in the physiologic state of the target tissue indicative of an onset of tissue disease;

the analyzing and comparing step including the step of solving the reverse problem to reconstruct tomographic biophysical images of the tissue based on the measured change of the radiation, and the reverse problem solution step comprising the steps of determining a functional formation component, calculating a derivative value of the functional formation component to create a gradient formation component useful for increasing the processing speed of the mathematical reconstruction calculations, calculating a minimization parameter tau, and performing an E* calculation.