Intelligent vehicle highway system sensor and method

• US 5,757,472 A
• Filed: 08/09/1996
• Issued: 05/26/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 11/23/1992
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: OSI Defense Systems LLC (OSI Systems Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: Schwartz Electro-Optics Incorporated
• Inventors: Gustavson, Robert L., Wangler, Richard J., McConnell, Robert E. II, Fowler, Keith L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Hellner, Mark
• Application Number:
  US08/693,667
• Time in Patent Office: 655 Days
• Field of Search: 356/4.01, 356/5.01, 356/376, 356/398
• US Class Current: 356/4.01
• CPC Class Codes: A01M 7/0089 Regulating or controlling systems the delivery being related to the movement of a vehicle B05B9/06
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/04 Systems determining the presence of a target
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/10 using transmission of interrupted, pulse-modulated waves determination of distance by phase measurements G01S17/32
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/14 wherein a voltage or current pulse is initiated and terminated in accordance with the pulse transmission and echo reception respectively, e.g. using counters
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/18 wherein range gates are used
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/42 Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates indirect measurement G01S17/46
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/50 Systems of measurement based on relative movement of target
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/58 Velocity or trajectory determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/88 Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/89 for mapping or imaging
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/4802 using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation; Target signature; Target cross-section
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/4813 Housing arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/4817 relating to scanning
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/484 Transmitters
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/486 Receivers
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/487 Extracting wanted echo signals , e.g. pulse detection
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/497 Means for monitoring or calibrating
• CPC Class Codes: G08G 1/04 using optical or ultrasonic detectors

Abstract

A sensor using pulsed laser range imaging technology is adapted for determining a three-dimensional profile of a vehicle passing the sensor for use in Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems. A continuously pulsed laser beam scanned across a detection area determines the presence of a vehicle. Range, angle and time date for a vehicle passing the sensor are collected and stored for use in determining its three-dimensional profile. Forward and backward beams are directed for scanning across the detection area. Pulsed energy is sent into the two divergent beams, which are received as reflective energy in a receiver. The receiver accepts reflections from the beams and provides inputs for purposes of determining time of flight, and for measuring the time interval between interceptions of the two divergent beams for a given vehicle. An encoder tracks the position of the mirror for providing angle data with associated range measurements.

Claims

1. A laser sensor useful in determining the shape of a vehicle, the sensor comprising:

laser rangefinder means for generating a laser beam and for determining a range from the sensor to a point on a vehicle when the vehicle travels within a sensing zone, the laser means providing range data for a sensor laser beam angle corresponding to a range from the sensor to the point on the vehicle;

means for scanning the laser beam within a plane across the vehicle and for providing a beam angle for a corresponding range for a plurality of points across the vehicle, the scanning means having a scanning direction generally orthogonal to a direction of travel for the vehicle,; and

means for processing the ranges and angles, the processing means communicating with the rangefinder and scanning means for providing cross-sectional profiles of the vehicle, the processing means positioning the profiles for providing a three-dimensional image representative of the vehicle.

2. The sensor according to claim 1, further comprising means for measuring a speed of the vehicle as the vehicle travels within the sensing zone, the speed measuring means communicating with the processing means for providing the three dimensional-image.

3. The sensor according to claim 1, further comprising means for splitting the scanned laser beam into longitudinally forward directed and backward directed beams, and wherein the laser rangefinder means further communicates with the processing means for providing a vehicle travel time between the forward and backward beams and thus a vehicle speed within the sensing zone, the vehicle speed useful in positioning the two-dimensional profiles for providing the three-dimensional image of the vehicle.

4. The sensor according to claim 3, wherein the beam splitting means comprises a mirror having a facet for receiving the laser beam and deflecting the beam for the forward direction when the mirror facet is at a first angle to the beam, and to the backward direction when the mirror facet is at a second angle to the beam.

5. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the beam scanning means comprises:

a polygon shape mirror having multiple reflective facets forming sides of the polygon shape mirror for rotating about an axis of the mirror, the facets for receiving the laser beam from an incident angle and deflecting the beam at multiple angles as the mirror facets are rotated about the mirror axis; and

means for rotating the mirror, the rotating means communicating with the processing means for providing mirror angle and thus the laser beam angle.

6. The sensor according to claim 5, wherein the beam scanning means further comprises the mirror having adjacent mirror facets formed at first and second angles to the incident laser beam for splitting the scanned laser beam into longitudinally forward directed and backward directed beams, and wherein the laser rangefinder means further communicates with the processing means for providing a vehicle travel time between the forward and backward beams and thus a vehicle speed within the sensing zone, the vehicle speed useful in positioning the two-dimensional profiles for providing the three-dimensional image of the vehicle.

7. A sensor for detection and classification of vehicular traffic data, the sensor comprising:

a housing adapted for extending above a roadway over which a vehicles travels;

laser rangefinder means carried by the housing, the rangefinder means emitting a pulsed laser beam communicating with the roadway for measuring a range from the sensor to a point on the roadway and on a vehicle when the vehicle travels across the roadway;

scanning means carried by the housing, the scanning means communicating with the rangefinder means for scanning the laser beam transversely across the roadway, the scanning means further providing beam diverging means for dividing the scanning beam into a forward scanning beam and a backward scanning beam, the scanned beams defining a sensor zone across the roadway through which zone the vehicle to be detected passes, the scanning means further communicating with the laser means for providing a beam angle corresponding to a measured range for scanned points across the vehicle passing through the sensor zone; and

processing means carried by the housing, the processing means communicating with the rangefinder and scanning means for processing the ranges and angles and for providing transverse cross-sectional profiles incrementally along a longitudinal dimension of the vehicle as the vehicle travels through the sensor zone, the processing means forming a three-dimensional image representative of the vehicle, the processing means further providing an indication of a vehicle presence within the sensor zone.

8. The sensor according to claim 7, further comprising:

a transmissive window within a wall of the housing, the window adapted for permitting laser beam communication with the rangefinder means; and

temperature controlling means carried by the housing, the temperature controlling means communicating with the window for maintaining a desired window temperature during varying ambient temperature conditions.

9. The sensor according to claim 7, wherein the scanning means comprises a polygon shape mirror having multiple reflective facets forming sides of the polygon shape mirror for rotating about an axis of the mirror, the facets adapted for receiving the laser beam from an incident angle and deflecting the beam at multiple scanning angles a facet receiving the laser beam is rotated about the mirror axis, thus providing the laser beam scanning transversely across the roadway, the mirror further having adjacent mirror facets formed at first and second angles to the incident laser beam for diverging the scanned laser beam into the forward directed and backward directed beams, and wherein the scanning means further communicates with the processing means for providing a vehicle travel time between the forward and backward beams and thus a vehicle speed through the sensor zone, the vehicle speed useful in positioning the two-dimensional profiles for providing the three-dimensional image of the vehicle.

10. The sensor according to claim 9, further comprising means for rotating the mirror, the rotating means communicating with the rangefinder and processing means using a shaft encoder for providing an axis orientation and thus the laser beam angle.

11. The sensor according to claim 10, wherein the mirror includes twelve sides, each side having a facet, and wherein the mirror is rotated for providing a scanning rate of 720 scans per second transversely across the roadway.

12. The sensor according to claim 7, wherein the laser rangefinder means comprises:

transmitting means for transmitting the pulsed laser beam toward the roadway;

receiving means for receiving a portion of returning pulsed beam reflected from the sensor zone; and

means for determining a time between a transmitted beam pulse and its corresponding returning portion caused by the vehicle presence.

13. A sensor for detection and classification of vehicular traffic, the sensor comprising:

laser rangefinder means emitting a pulsed laser beam for communicating with a roadway for measuring a range from the sensor to a point on the roadway and on a vehicle when the vehicle travels across the roadway;

scanning means communicating with the rangefinder means for scanning the laser beam across the roadway, the scanning means further providing beam diverging means for dividing the scanning beam into a forward scanning beam and a backward scanning beam, the scanned beams defining a sensor zone across the roadway through which zone the vehicle to be detected passes, the scanning means further communicating with the laser means for providing a beam angle corresponding to a measured range for scanned points across the vehicle passing through the sensor zone; and

processing means communicating with the rangefinder and scanning means for processing the ranges and angles and for providing cross-sectional profiles of the vehicle as the vehicle travels through the sensor zone, the processing means forming a three-dimensional image representative of the vehicle.

14. The sensor according to claim 13, wherein the processing means further provides an indication of vehicle presence within the sensor zone.

15. The sensor according to claim 13, further comprising a housing adapted for affixing above the roadway, the housing carrying the rangefinder, scanning, and processing means therein, the housing having a transmissive window within a wall of the housing for transmission of the laser beam therethrough.

16. The sensor according to claim 15, further comprising temperature controlling means carried by the housing, the temperature controlling means communicating with the window for maintaining a desired window temperature during varying ambient temperature conditions.

17. The sensor according to claim 13, wherein the scanning means comprises a reflective surface adapted for reflecting the laser beam therefrom at multiple scanning angles as the mirror is rotated about an axis, thus providing the laser beam scanning across the roadway.

18. The sensor according to claim 13, wherein the scanning means comprises a reflective surface having adjacent surface facets formed at first and second angles for diverging a received laser beam into the forward directed and backward directed beams, and wherein the scanning means further communicates with the processing means for providing a vehicle travel time between the forward and backward beams and thus a vehicle speed through the sensor zone, the vehicle speed useful in positioning the two-dimensional profiles for providing the three-dimensional image of the vehicle.

19. The sensor according to claim 13, wherein the scanning means comprises wherein the scanning means comprises a polygon shape mirror having a plurality of reflective facets forming sides of the polygon shape mirror for rotating about an axis of the mirror, the facets adapted for receiving the laser beam from an incident angle and deflecting the beam at multiple scanning angles, a facet receiving the laser beam is rotated about the mirror axis, thus providing the laser beam scanning transversely across the roadway, the mirror further having adjacent mirror facets formed at offset angles to the incident laser beam for diverging the scanned laser beam into the forward directed and backward directed beams.

20. A method for determining a presence and shape of a vehicle traveling across a roadway for classification of the vehicle, the method comprising the steps of:

providing a laser rangefinder emitting a pulsed laser beam;

scanning the pulsed laser beam across a roadway;

measuring a range from the roadway to the rangefinder;

sensing a vehicle from a roadway measured range change;

scanning the beam transversely across a vehicle traveling over the roadway;

measuring ranges to points positioned transversely across the vehicle;

forming cross-sectional profiles longitudinally along the vehicle;

determining a vehicle speed;

spacing the cross-sectional profiles based on vehicle speed;

forming a three dimensional image of the vehicle; and

comparing the formed image to a stored image for classifying the vehicle.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the vehicle speed determining step comprises the steps of:

deflecting the scanned laser beam into a forward scanned beam and a rearward scanned beam, the beams separated by a predetermined distance;

scanning the vehicle passing through the forward deflected beam;

scanning the vehicle passing through the rearward deflected beam;

measuring ranges to the vehicle within each deflected beam;

comparing vehicle profiles measured within the forward and rearward scanned beams; and

measuring the time for the vehicle to pass between the forward and rearward deflected beams for determining vehicle speed between the deflected beams.

22. The method according to claim 20, wherein the beam scanning steps comprise the steps of:

providing a polygon shape mirror having a plurality of facets forming sides of the mirror;

directing the laser beam for reflecting from a facet of the mirror; and

rotating the mirror for changing a reflected angle for the laser beam and thus providing a scanning of the reflected laser beam as the mirror is rotated.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the vehicle speed determining step comprises the steps of:

positioning alternating mirror facets at forward and rearward deflected angles for deflecting the scanned laser beam into a forward scanned beam and a rearward scanned beam, the beams separated by a predetermined distance;

scanning the vehicle passing through the forward deflected beam;

scanning the vehicle passing through the rearward deflected beam;

measuring ranges to the vehicle within each deflected beam;

comparing vehicle profiles measured within the forward and rearward scanned beams; and

measuring the time for the vehicle to pass between the forward and rearward deflected beams for determining vehicle speed between the deflected beams.

24. A method for determining a presence and shape of a vehicle traveling across a roadway for classification of the vehicle, the method comprising the steps of:

providing a laser rangefinder emitting a pulsed laser beam;

scanning the pulsed laser beam transversely across a vehicle traveling over the roadway;

measuring ranges to points positioned transversely across the vehicle;

forming cross-sectional profiles longitudinally along the vehicle;

determining a vehicle speed;

spacing the cross-sectional profiles based on vehicle speed; and

forming a three dimensional image of the vehicle.

25. The method according to claim 24, further comprising the step of comparing the formed image to a stored image for classifying the vehicle.

26. The method according to claim 24, wherein the vehicle speed determining step comprises the steps of:

deflecting the scanned laser beam into a forward scanned beam and a rearward scanned beam, the beams separated by a predetermined distance along the roadway;

measuring ranges to the vehicle within each deflected beam;

measuring the time between range measurements to a point on the vehicle for the forward and rearward deflected beams for determining vehicle speed between the deflected beams.

27. The method according to claim 24, wherein the beam scanning steps comprise the steps of:

providing a mirror;

reflecting the laser beam from the mirror; and

rotating the mirror for changing a reflected angle an incident laser beam and thus providing a scanning of the reflected laser beam during the mirror rotation.