Graphics processing system employing embedded code signals

• US 5,768,426 A
• Filed: 10/21/1994
• Issued: 06/16/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 11/18/1993
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Original Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Inventors: Rhoads, Geoffrey B.
• Primary Examiner(s): Boudreau, Leo
• Assistant Examiner(s): KELLEY, CHRISTOPHER S
• Application Number:
  US08/327,426
• Time in Patent Office: 1,334 Days
• Field of Search: 382/232, 380/23, 380/25, 380/3, 380/5, 902/1, 902/4, 902/5, 902/6, 340/825.34, 348/460
• US Class Current: 382/232
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 20/341 Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 20/40145 Biometric identity checks
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/005 Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0057 Compression invariant watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0052 Embedding of the watermark in the frequency domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0065 Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0081 whereby both original and watermarked images are required at decoder, e.g. destination-based, non-blind, non-oblivious
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 9/253 visually
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/0032 using holograms
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/004 using digital security elements, e.g. information coded on a magnetic thread or strip
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 17/16 for devices exhibiting advertisements, announcements, pictures or the like
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 17/26 for printing, stamping, franking, typing or teleprinting apparatus ticket printing or the like apparatus G07F17/42
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/08 by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means without personal verification means G07F7/02
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/086 by passive credit-cards adapted therefor, e.g. constructive particularities to avoid counterfeiting, e.g. by inclusion of a physical or chemical security-layer for security documents G07D7/00; for the reading of record-carriers in general G06K7/00; for the design of coded credit-cards G06K19/10
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/1008 Active credit-cards provided with means to personalise their use, e.g. with PIN-introduction/comparison system
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/1016 Devices or methods for securing the PIN and other transaction-data, e.g. by encryption arrangements for secret communication, see H04L9/00
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/12 Card verification
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 19/018 Audio watermarking, i.e. embedding inaudible data in the audio signal
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00086 Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy indicating unauthorised use of record carriers in general G11B23/28; scrambling for television signal recording H04N5/913; network architectures or network protocols for network security H04L63/00; cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00094 involving measures which result in a restriction to authorised record carriers
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00115 : wherein the record carrier stores a unique medium identifier
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00166 : involving measures which result in a restriction to authorised contents recorded on or reproduced from a record carrier, e.g. music or software
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00181 : using a content identifier, e.g. an international standard recording code [ISRC] or a digital object identifier [DOI]
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/0021 : involving encryption or decryption of contents recorded on or reproduced from a record carrier
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00884 : involving a watermark, i.e. a barely perceptible transformation of the original data which can nevertheless be recognised by an algorithm
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00891 : embedded in audio data
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/665 : using psychoacoustic properties of the ear, e.g. masking effect
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/00005 : relating to image data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/00037 : Detecting, i.e. determining the occurrence of a predetermined state H04N1/00031 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/00079 : remotely
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/00838 : Preventing unauthorised reproduction
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/00846 : based on detection of a dedicated indication, e.g. marks or the like
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32144 : embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32149 : Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32208 : involving changing the magnitude of selected pixels, e.g. overlay of information or super-imposition H04N1/32219, H04N1/32224 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32251 : in multilevel data, e.g. greyscale or continuous tone data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32288 : Multiple embedding, e.g. cocktail embedding, or redundant embedding, e.g. repeating the additional information at a plurality of locations in the image
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2005/91321 : the copy protection signal being a copy protection control signal, e.g. a record inhibit signal
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2005/91335 : the copy protection signal being a watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3205 : of identification information, e.g. name or ID code H04N2201/3209 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3207 : of an address
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3226 : of identification information or the like, e.g. ID code, index, title, part of an image, reduced-size image
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 : of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 : which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3271 : Printing or stamping
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/328 : Processing of the additional information
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 5/913 : for scrambling ; for copy protection

Abstract

An identification code signal is impressed on a carrier to be identified (such as an electronic data signal or a physical medium) in a manner that permits the identification signal later to be discerned and the carrier thereby identified. The method and apparatus are characterized by robustness despite degradation of the encoded carrier, and by holographic permeation of the identification signal throughout the carrier. An exemplary embodiment is a processor that embeds the identification signal onto a carrier signal in real time.

Claims

1. A steganographic method that includes changing values of input pixels corresponding to an input two-dimensional image to encode an N-bit auxiliary data signal therein, thereby yielding encoded output pixels defining an encoded output image, N being at least two, the method characterized as follows:

a difference between the output image and the input image yields a two-dimensional frame of difference data, each difference datum corresponding to an input pixel;

each bit of the N-bit auxiliary data signal corresponds to a plurality of said input pixels;

there exists first and second input pixels, each having the same value and each encoded by a same bit of the auxiliary data signal, where a difference datum corresponding to the first input pixel is positive, and a difference datum corresponding to the second input pixel is negative; and

there exists third and fourth input pixels, each encoded by a same bit of the auxiliary data signal, for which a value of the third input pixel is greater than a value of the fourth input pixel by a first ratio in excess of 1.0, and an absolute value of a difference datum corresponding to the third input pixel is greater than an absolute value of a difference datum corresponding to the fourth input pixel by a second ratio, where said second ratio is less than the first ratio, and the absolute value of the difference datum corresponding to the fourth input pixel is greater than zero.

8. The method of claim 1 which further includes storing at least a portion of the N-bit auxiliary data signal in an automated machine-implemented public registry in association with data identifying a proprietor of said image, whereby a third party can consult the registry to identify the proprietor to whom the image encoded with said N-bit auxiliary data signal corresponds.

9. The method of claim 8 which includes encoding first and second N-bit auxiliary data in said image, and storing only data from said first N-bit auxiliary data in said automated machine-implemented public registry, wherein said second N-bit auxiliary data is private auxiliary data not known to said registry.

10. The method of claim 8 which further includes discerning the N-bit auxiliary data from the encoded image and determining, from said automated machine-implemented registry and from said discerned auxiliary data, the proprietor of said graphical image.

11. The method of claim 10 which includes making a copyright royalty payment to said proprietor through said automated machine-implemented registry.

12. The method of claim 1 which includes encoding the N-bit auxiliary data at least first and second times in the image, wherein changes to said pixel values caused by the first encoding of the auxiliary data differ, both in absolute value and percentage value, from changes to said pixel values caused by encoding of the auxiliary data the second time.

2. A computer-implemented digital steganography method for conveying digital signature data, the method comprising encoding and decoding processes in which:

(a) the encoding process comprises;

providing input pixel data corresponding to a two-dimensional graphical image, each input pixel datum having a value;

for each of a plurality of regions of the graphical image, determining a data hiding parameter related thereto, the data hiding parameter being related by a non-proportional function to pixel value data corresponding to said region; and

for each of substantially all of said input pixels meeting a criterion, processing the value thereof in accordance both with a data hiding parameter corresponding thereto and with at least a portion of said digital signature data, wherein encoded pixel data is produced having said digital signature data steganographically encoded therein; and

wherein;

the encoded pixel data is neither shrunk nor expanded in total size, compared to the input pixel data;

there is substantially no part of the encoded pixel data corresponding to input pixel data meeting said criterion, for which the encoded signature data is not present to some degree;

the digital signature data is redundantly encoded at least first and second times in the graphical image, so said signature data can be decoded both from first and second excerpts of the encoded pixel data, where said first and second excerpts have no pixels in common, and wherein changes to said pixel values caused by the first encoding of the digital signature data differ, both in absolute value and percentage value, from changes to said pixel values caused by encoding of the digital signature data the second time; and

(b) the decoding process comprises;

discerning the digital signature data from the encoded pixel data, said discerning including performing a plurality of statistical analyses relating to the encoded pixel data;

wherein the digital signature data is discerned without reference to data corresponding to an original, unencoded version of said graphical image.

3. A computer-implemented digital steganography method for conveying digital signature data, the method comprising encoding and decoding processes in which:

(a) the encoding process comprises;

providing input pixel data corresponding to a two-dimensional graphical image, each input pixel datum having a value;

for each of a plurality of regions of the graphical image, determining a data hiding parameter related thereto, the data hiding parameter being related by a non-proportional function to pixel value data corresponding to said region; and

for each of substantially all of said input pixels meeting a criterion, processing the value thereof in accordance both with a data hiding parameter corresponding thereto and with at least a portion of said digital signature data, wherein encoded pixel data is produced having said digital signature data steganographically encoded therein; and

wherein;

the encoded pixel data is neither shrunk nor expanded in total size, compared to the input pixel data;

there is substantially no part of the encoded pixel data, corresponding to input pixel data meeting said criterion, for which the encoded signature data is not present to some degree; and

the digital signature data is encoded redundantly through the encoded pixel data, so said signature data can be decoded both from first and second excerpts of the encoded pixel data, where said first and second excerpts have no pixels in common; and

(b) the decoding process comprises;

discerning the digital signature data from the encoded pixel data, said discerning including performing a plurality of statistical analyses relating to the encoded pixel data;

said discerning including discerning the digital signature data from corrupted encoded pixel data, the corrupted encoded pixel data comprising said encoded pixel data transformed to effect a rotation of the graphical image corresponding thereto;

wherein the digital signature data is discerned without reference to data corresponding to an original, unencoded version of said graphical image, and wherein at least certain rotations of the encoded pixel data do not defeat said decoding.

4. A computer-implemented digital steganography method for use by proprietors of graphical images to convey digital signature data, the digital signature data comprising a plurality of binary bits, the method comprising:

providing input pixel data corresponding to a two-dimensional graphical image, each input pixel datum having a value;

for each of a plurality of regions of the graphical image, determining a data hiding parameter related thereto, the data hiding parameter being related by a non-proportional function to pixel value data corresponding to said region; and

for each of substantialy all of said input pixels meeting a criterion, processing the value thereof in accordance both with a data hiding parameter corresponding thereto and with at least a portion of said digital signature data, wherein encoded pixel data is produced having said digital signature data steganographically encoded therein;

said processing including encoding the digital signature data at least first and second times in the graphical image, wherein changes to said pixel values caused by the first encoding of the digital signature data differ, both in absolute value and percentage value, from changes to said pixel values caused by encoding of the digital signature data the second time;

said method resulting in steganographic encoding of digital signature data into regions of the image having substantially non-uniform pixel values;

wherein the encoded pixel data is neither shrunk nor expanded in total size, compared to the input pixel data; and

the digital signature data is encoded redundantly through the encoded pixel data, so said signature data can be decoded both from first and second excerpts of the encoded pixel data, where said first and second excerpts have no pixels in common.

5. A computer program stored in a computer-readable storage medium, said program causing a computer programmed thereby to perform the following digital steganography method on input pixel data corresponding to a two-dimensional graphical image;

for each of a plurality of regions of the graphical image, determining a data hiding parameter related thereto, the data hiding parameter being related by a non-proportional function to pixel value data corresponding to said region; and

for each of substantially all of said input pixels meeting a criterion, processing the value thereof in accordance with a data hiding parameter corresponding thereto to produce encoded pixel data having digital signature data steganographically encoded therein;

said method including encoding the digital signature data at least first and second times in the graphical image, wherein changes to said pixel values caused by the first encoding of the digital signature data differ, both in absolute value and percentage value, from changes to said pixel values caused by encoding of the digital signature data the second time;

said method resulting in steganographic encoding of digital signature data into regions of the image having substantially non-uniform pixel values.

6. A computer program stored in a computer-readable storage medium, said program causing a computer programmed thereby to selectively perform the following digital steganography methods:

(a) steganographically encoding input pixel data with digital signature data, said input pixel data corresponding to a two-dimensional graphical image, the method comprising;

for each of a plurality of regions of the graphical image, determining a data hiding parameter related thereto, the data hiding parameter being related by a non-proportional function to pixel value data corresponding to said region; and

for each of substantially all of said input pixels meeting a criterion, processing the value thereof in accordance both with a data hiding parameter corresponding thereto and with at least a portion of said digital signature data, wherein encoded pixel data is produced having said digital signature data steganographically encoded therein;

said encoding including encoding the digital signature data at least first and second times in the graphical image, wherein changes to said pixel values caused by the first encoding of the digital signature data differ, both in absolute value and percentage value, from changes to said pixel values caused by encoding of the digital signature data the second time;

said digital signature data including a plurality of binary bits collectively representing first and second data fields, one of said fields serving to identify a proprietor of the image, the other of said fields serving to track a particular graphical image;

(b) steganographically decoding encoded pixel data corresponding to an encoded two-dimensional graphical image, the method comprising;

discerning from the encoded pixel data, first and second data fields, one of said fields serving to identify a proprietor of the image, and the other of said fields serving to track a particular image, said discerning including performing a plurality of statistical analyses relating to the encoded pixel data;

wherein said first and second fields are discerned without reference to data corresponding to an original, unencoded version of said graphical image.

7. A computer program stored in a computer-readable storage medium, said program causing a computer programmed thereby to selectively perform the following digital steganography methods:

(a) steganographically encoding input pixel data with digital signature data, said input pixel data corresponding to a two-dimensional graphical image, the method comprising;

for each of a plurality of regions of the graphical image, determining a data hiding parameter related thereto, the data hiding parameter being related by a non-proportional function to pixel value data corresponding to said region; and

for each of substantially all of said input pixels meeting a criterion, processing the value thereof in accordance both with a data hiding parameter corresponding thereto and with at least a portion of said digital signature data, wherein encoded pixel data is produced having said digital signature data steganographically encoded therein;

said digital signature data including a plurality of binary bits collectively representing first and second data fields, one of said fields serving to identify a proprietor of the image, the other of said fields serving to track a particular graphical image;

(b) steganographically decoding encoded pixel data corresponding to an encoded two-dimensional graphical image, the method comprising;

discerning from the encoded pixel data, first and second data fields, one of said fields serving to identify a proprietor of the image, and the other of said fields serving to track a particular image, said discerning including performing a plurality of statistical analyses relating to the encoded pixel data;

said discerning including discerning the digital signature data from corrupted encoded pixel data, the corrupted encoded pixel data comprising said encoded pixel data transformed to effect a rotation of the graphical image corresponding thereto;

wherein said first and second fields are discerned without reference to data corresponding to an original, unencoded version of said graphical image, and wherein at least certain rotations of the encoded pixel data do not defeat said decoding.