System and method for near-field human-body coupling for encrypted communication with identification cards

• US 5,796,827 A
• Filed: 11/14/1996
• Issued: 08/18/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 11/14/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation
• Original Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation
• Inventors: Zimmerman, Thomas G., Raghavan, Prabhakar, Coppersmith, Don
• Primary Examiner(s): Cain, David C.
• Application Number:
  US08/749,865
• Time in Patent Office: 642 Days
• Field of Search: 380/9, 380/4, 380/23, 380/52
• US Class Current: 713/182
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0024 for multiple sensor units attached to the patient, e.g. using a body or personal area network
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0028 Body tissue as transmission medium, i.e. transmission systems where the medium is the human body
• CPC Class Codes: B60R 25/2027 with data signals passing through the human body
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/041 Constructional details G06K19/06 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/07749 the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/07758 arrangements for adhering the record carrier to further objects or living beings, functioning as an identification tag
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/07788 the antenna being of the capacitive type
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 7/10326 the antenna being of the very-near field type, e.g. capacitive
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 20/4012 Verifying personal identification numbers [PIN]
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 9/28 the pass enabling tracking or indicating presence
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 13/005 Transmission systems in which the medium consists of the human body
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/56 Financial cryptography, e.g. electronic payment or e-cash
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/805 Lightweight hardware, e.g. radio-frequency identification [RFID] or sensor
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 9/3226 using a predetermined code, e.g. password, passphrase or PIN network architectures or network communication protocols for supporting authentication of entities using passwords in a packet data network H04L63/083
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 9/3297 involving time stamps, e.g. generation of time stamps

Abstract

An apparatus and method are disclosed for encoding and transferring data from a transmitter to a receiver, using the human body as a transmission medium. The transmitter includes an electric field generator, a data encoder which operates by modulating the electric field, and electrodes to couple the electric field through the human body. The receiver includes electrodes, in physical contact with, or close proximity to, a part of the human body, for detecting an electric field carried through the body, and a demodulator for extracting the data from the modulated electric field. An authenticator, connected to the receiver, processes the encoded data and validates the authenticity of the transmission. The apparatus and method are used to identify and authorize a possessor of the transmitter. The possessor then has secure access to, and can obtain delivery of, goods and services such as the distribution of money, phone privileges, building access, and commodities. Encryption provides rapid transmission and authentication of the transmitter, and a plurality of similar transmitters, with minimum vulnerability to counterfeit. Signal processing and digital communication components accommodate variations in location and orientation of the transmitter and receiver, and provide transmitters with long life times and high reliability.

Claims

1. An electronic communication apparatus comprising:

a portable transmitter, to be carried or worn on a user'"'"'s person, the transmitter including;

(i) means for storing an item of information,

(ii) means for producing an encrypted electrical signal representative of the item of information, and

(iii) a physical interface for coupling the signal from the means for producing to the user'"'"'s body; and

a receiver including;

(i) a physical interface for establishing an electrical coupling between the receiver and the user'"'"'s body,

(ii) means for receiving the encrypted signal from the user'"'"'s body through the physical interface,

(iii) means for decrypting the signal to obtain the item of information, and

(iv) means for performing an action responsive to the item of information.

2. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein:

the transmitter includes means for modulating; and

the receiver includes means for demodulating.

3. An apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein the means for modulating and for demodulating include direct sequence spread spectrum means for modulating and for demodulating.

4. An apparatus as recited in claim 3, wherein:

the transmitter has a unique identifier (ID);

the encrypted electrical signal has a phase; and

the direct sequence spread spectrum means of the transmitter includes (i) means for synchronizing with the phase of the encrypted electrical signal, and (ii) means for delaying based on the ID of the transmitter.

5. An apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein the means for demodulating includes On-Off keying means.

6. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, further comprising a server.

7. An apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the server includes the receiver.

8. An apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the server includes an authenticator having, for each respective user, a public ID, a private key, and a time offset value.

9. An apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein the transmitter includes means for periodically sending authentication information.

10. An apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the means for periodically sending authentication information includes means for sending time-of-day information, the user'"'"'s public ID, and an encrypted version of a random number.

11. An apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the server includes means for providing centralized unique ID authentication for a population of users, one of the users having the transmitter.

12. An apparatus as recited in claim 11, wherein:

each user has a unique ID; and

the transmitter includes means for periodically transmitting a message, encrypted by an encryption function unique to the user having the transmitter, of the user'"'"'s ID and a time.

13. An apparatus as recited in claim 12, wherein the means for producing an encrypted electrical signal includes:

a shift register A for outputting a bit having first and second possible states; and

a shift register B which corresponds with the first possible state of the bit output from the shift register A;

a shift register C which corresponds with the second possible state of the bit output from the shift register A; and

means for providing, to the physical interface, an output of the shift register B responsive to the output bit of the shift register A having the first possible state; and

an output of the shift register C responsive to the output bit of the shift register A having the second possible state.

14. An apparatus as recited in claim 13, wherein:

the shift registers A, B, and C include respective sets of taps common to all users; and

the apparatus further comprises means for loading initial settings into the registers, the initial settings being secret and unique to each user.

15. An apparatus as recited in claim 12, wherein the encryption function is the Data Encryption Standard (DES).

16. An apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the server includes means for providing local authentication for autonomous receivers.

17. An apparatus recited in claim 1, wherein the transmitter is contained within one of:

a credit card;

a dining card;

a telephone calling card;

a health card;

a driver'"'"'s license;

a video store card;

a car access card; and

a computer access card.