Three dimensional printing system

• US 5,807,437 A
• Filed: 02/05/1996
• Issued: 09/15/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 12/08/1989
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Original Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Inventors: Bredt, James F., Fan, Tailin, Curodeau, Alain, Cima, Michael, Brancazio, David, Sachs, Emanuel
• Primary Examiner(s): Griffin, Steven P.
• Application Number:
  US08/596,707
• Time in Patent Office: 953 Days
• Field of Search: 118/669, 118/688, 118/697, 118/663, 118/623, 118/624, 118/625, 118/636, 118/313, 118/315, 118/323, 118/620, 118/712, 347/82, 347/78, 347/79, 347/80, 347/1, 239/690, 239/695, 239/698, 156/64, 156/356, 264/113, 264/255, 264/128, 425/427
• US Class Current: 118/688
• CPC Class Codes: B05C 19/04 the particulate material being projected, poured or allowed to flow onto the surface of the work B05C19/02 takes precedence; involving spraying or electrostatic projection B05B B05C19/005 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 10/14 by jetting of binder onto a bed of metal powder
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 10/22 Direct deposition of molten metal
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 10/366 Scanning parameters, e.g. hatch distance or scanning strategy
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 10/50 Treatment of workpieces or articles during build-up, e.g. treatments applied to fused layers during build-up
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 12/224 for motion along a direction within the plane of a layer
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 12/53 Nozzles
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 12/55 Two or more means for feeding material
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 2998/00 Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 3/004 Filling molds with powder feeding material to presses in general B30B15/302
• CPC Class Codes: B28B 1/001 Rapid manufacturing of 3D objects by additive depositing, agglomerating or laminating of material selective deposition modelling of metallic powder B22F10/00; rapid manufacturing of 3D objects in general and in particular of plastics B29C64/00
• CPC Class Codes: B29C 41/006 using an electrostatic field for applying the material
• CPC Class Codes: B29C 41/12 Spreading-out the material on a substrate , e.g. on the surface of a liquid
• CPC Class Codes: B29C 41/36 Feeding the material on to the mould, core or other substrate
• CPC Class Codes: B29C 64/112 using individual droplets, e.g. from jetting heads
• CPC Class Codes: B29C 64/165 using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber
• CPC Class Codes: B29C 67/02 Moulding by agglomerating B29C67/20 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: B29C 67/04 Sintering combined with compression B29C43/00
• CPC Class Codes: B29C 67/243 for making articles of definite length
• CPC Class Codes: B30B 15/302 Feeding material in particulate or plastic state to moulding presses
• CPC Class Codes: B33Y 10/00 : Processes of additive manufacturing
• CPC Class Codes: B33Y 40/00 : Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
• CPC Class Codes: B33Y 40/20 : Post-treatment, e.g. curing, coating or polishing
• CPC Class Codes: B33Y 50/02 : for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
• CPC Class Codes: B33Y 70/00 : Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
• CPC Class Codes: B41J 2/01 : Ink jet
• CPC Class Codes: B41J 2/085 : Charge means, e.g. electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: B41J 2/09 : Deflection means
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 2219/49013 : Deposit layers, cured by scanning laser, stereo lithography SLA, prototyping
• CPC Class Codes: H05K 2203/013 : Inkjet printing, e.g. for printing insulating material or resist using ink-jet printing to form a conductive pattern H05K3/125
• CPC Class Codes: H05K 2203/0522 : Using an adhesive pattern
• CPC Class Codes: H05K 3/102 : by bonding of conductive powder, i.e. metallic powder H05K3/12 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 10/25 : Process efficiency
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/12014 : having metal particles
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/12021 : having composition or density gradient or differential porosity

Abstract

A system for producing three dimensional components by bonding together successive layers of a porous material with droplets of a binder material. A binder printhead has an array of nozzles which controllably supply jets of binder material droplets to the layers of porous material. The printhead is scanned in a raster scan fashion over each layer of porous material along a first scan axis in one direction to provide first fast scanning paths of droplets. The printhead is then moved laterally of such one direction and is then moved along the fast-scan axis in the opposite direction to provide second fast scanning paths of droplets which are interlaced with the first scanning paths. The supply of the droplets to the porous material can be controlled so as to control the overlapping thereof to produce various desired surface and interior characteristics of the components.

Claims

1. A system for producing a three dimensional component by bonding together successive layers of a porous material with droplets of a binder material, said system comprising:

a binder printhead having an array of nozzles for supplying jets of binder material droplets to selected regions of layers of porous material;

means for controlling the supplying of said jets of droplets;

means for moving said printhead in a raster scan fashion over a layer of said porous material so that during each scan said printhead is moved along a fast-scan axis in at least one direction to provide a plurality of fast-scanning paths for supplying said droplets to said layer of said porous material;

wherein said controlling means controls the supplying of droplets so as to variably deflect said droplets which are supplied from said array of nozzles in a direction having a component which is perpendicular to said fast-scanning paths so that the deflection thereof is large enough to cover substantially a distance between adjacent ones of the fast-scanning paths of said droplets so that a selected region of said layer of porous material can be completely covered by said droplets;

said controlling means further controls the variable deflection of said droplets on to the layer of porous material at which edges of the component are to be formed so that positions of said droplets on said layer provide smooth surface contours at said edges; and

means for making measurements of changes in times of flight of said droplets from the time at which they are formed at the nozzles of the array to the time at which they impact onto the porous material, the controlling means responding to the measurements to control the placements of said droplets on the porous material, and means for making measurements including;

means for charging said droplets as they are formed;

means for imposing a periodic voltage on said charging means to produce charges on said droplets as they are formed;

means for detecting a signal representative of a periodic charge on said droplets at a level of said layer of porous material; and

means for determining a phase delay between the periodic voltage imposed on said charging means and the periodic charge on the droplets to provide a measurement of the time of flight of said droplets.

8. A system in accordance with claims 1 or 2 wherein said system includes a data file which defines a model of said component and said controlling means controls the supplying of said droplets in accordance with information supplied to said controlling means from said data file and in accordance with variable deflections of said droplets from said nozzles, said controlling means responding to measurements measured by said means for making measurements to advance or retard the supplying of said information from said data file and to control said variable deflections to control the placements of said droplets on said porous material.

2. a system for producing a three dimensional component by bonding together successive layers of a porous material with droplets of a binder material, said system comprising:

a binder printhead having an array of nozzles for supplying jets of binder material droplets to selected regions of said layers of porous material;

means for controlling the supplying of said jets of droplets;

means for moving said printhead in a raster scan fashion over a layer of said porous material so that during each scan said printhead is moved along a fast-scan axis in at least one direction to provide a first plurality of fast-scanning paths for supplying said droplets to said layer of said porous material;

wherein said controlling means controls the supplying of droplets so as to variably deflect said droplets which are supplied from said array of nozzles in a direction having a component which is perpendicular to said fast-scanning paths so that the deflection thereof is large enough to cover substantially a distance between adjacent ones of the fast-scanning paths of said droplets so that a selected region of said layer of porous material can be completely covered by said droplets;

said controlling means further controls the variable deflection of said droplets on to the layers of porous material at which interior portions of the component are to be formed so that positions of said droplets on said layers provide a selected pattern of bonded porous material within the interior portions of the component; and

means for making measurements of changes in times of flight of said droplets from the time at which they are formed at the nozzles of the array to the time at which they impact onto the porous material, the controlling means responding to the measurements to control the placements of said droplets on the porous material, said means for making measurements including;

means for charging said droplets as they are formed;

means for imposing a periodic voltage on said charging means to produce charges on said droplets as they are formed;

means for detecting a signal representative of a periodic charge on said droplets at a level of said layer of porous material; and

means for determining a phase delay between the periodic voltage imposed on said charging means and the periodic charge on the droplets to provide a measurement of the time of flight of said droplets.

3. A system in accordance with claim 2 wherein said controlling means controls the positions of said droplets so as to produce an isotropic pattern within interior portions of said component.

4. A system in accordance with claim 2 wherein said controlling means controls the positions of said droplets so as to produce an anisotropic pattern within interior portions of said component.

5. A system in accordance with claim 2 wherein the controlling means controls the positions of said droplets so as to produce a cellular structure within an interior of said component.

6. A system in accordance with claim 2 wherein the controlling means controls the positions of said droplets so as to produce substantially little or no overlapping of droplets in the layers of said porous material and to produce overlapping of droplets in a direction perpendicular to planes of the layers of said porous material.

7. A system in accordance with claims l or 2, further comprising means for making measurements of changes in positions of said droplets, said controlling means also responding to measurements measured by said means for making measurements of changes in positions to control the placements of said droplets on said porous material.

9. A system for measuring the times of flight of droplets from an ink jet printhead to a material, said system comprising:

a printhead having a nozzle for supplying a jet of droplets to selected regions of said material;

means for controlling the supplying of said jet of droplets;

means for providing relative motion between said printhead and said material; and

means for making measurements of changes in times of flight of said droplets from the time at which they are formed at the nozzle to the time at which they impact onto the material, the controlling means responding to measurements measured by said means for making measurements to control the placements of said droplets on the material, said means for making measurements including;

means for charging said droplets as they are formed;

means for imposing a periodic voltage on said charging means to produce charges on said droplets as they are formed;

means for detecting a signal representative of a periodic charge on said droplets at a predetermined point along a flight path; and

means for determining a phase delay between the periodic voltage imposed on said charging means and the periodic charge on said droplets at the predetermined point along the flight path to provide a measurement of the time of flight of said droplets.

10. A system for producing a three dimensional component by bonding together successive layers of a porous material with droplets of a binder material, the system comprising:

a binder printhead having an array of nozzles for supplying jets of binder material droplets to selected regions of layers of porous material;

means for moving the printhead in a raster scan fashion over a layer of the porous material so that during each scan the printhead is moved along a fast-scan axis in at least one direction to provide a plurality of fast-scanning paths for supplying the droplets to the layer of the porous material; and

means for controlling the supplying of the jets of droplets to variably deflect the supplied droplets in a direction having a component which is perpendicular to the fast-scanning paths on to the successive layers of porous material at which interior portions of the component are to be formed so that the positions of the droplets on the successive layers provide a selected three-dimensional pattern of bonded porous material within the interior portions of the component.

11. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein the controlling means controls the positions of the droplets so as to produce an isotropic pattern within interior portions of the component.

12. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein the controlling means controls the positions of the droplets so as to produce an anisotropic pattern within interior portions of the component.

13. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein the controlling means controls the positions of the droplets so as to produce a cellular structure within an interior of said component.

14. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein the controlling means controls the positions of the droplets so as to produce substantially little or no overlapping of droplets in a first layer of the porous material and to position droplets in an adjacent layer over areas with little or no overlapping in said first layer.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein said means for moving said printhead is operative to subsequently move said printhead along said fast-scan axis to provide at least a second plurality of fast-scanning paths of said droplets which are interlaced with said plurality of fast-scanning paths.

16. A system in accordance with claim 14 further comprising deflection plates oriented to produce an electric field which has a component perpendicular to the direction of said fast-scan axis to produce the variable deflection.

17. A system for producing a three dimensional component by bonding together successive layers of a porous material with droplets of a binder material, the system comprising:

a binder printhead having an array of nozzles for supplying jets of binder material droplets to selected regions of layers of porous material;

means for moving the printhead in a raster scan fashion over a layer of the porous material so that during each scan the printhead is moved along a fast-scan axis in at least one direction to provide a plurality of fast-scanning paths for supplying the droplets to the layer of the porous material; and

means for controlling the supplying of the jets of droplets to variably deflect the supplied droplets in a direction having a component which is perpendicular to the fast-scanning paths on to the successive layers of porous material at which edges of the component are to be formed so that the positions of the droplets on the successive layers provide three-dimensional surface contours.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein said means for moving said printhead is operative to subsequently move said printhead along said fast-scan axis to provide at least a second plurality of fast-scanning paths of said droplets which are interlaced with said plurality of fast-scanning paths.

19. A system in accordance with claim 17 further comprising deflection plates oriented to produce an electric field which has a component perpendicular to the direction of said fast-scan axis to produce the variable deflection.

20. A system for producing a three dimensional component by bonding together successive layers of a porous material with droplets of a binder material, the system comprising:

a binder printhead having an array of nozzles for supplying jets of binder material droplets to selected regions of the layers of porous material, the binder printhead mounted for movement in a raster scan fashion over a layer of the porous material;

a controller in communication with the binder printhead for controlling the movement of the binder printhead and the supplying of the jets of droplets;

the controller including instructions for moving the printhead in a raster scan fashion over a layer of the porous material so that during each scan the printhead is moved along a fast-scan axis in at least one direction to provide a plurality of fast-scanning paths for supplying the droplets to the layer of the porous material; and

the controller including further instructions for variably deflecting the droplets which are supplied from the array of nozzles in a direction having a component which is perpendicular to the fast-scanning paths to create a preselected three dimensional interior pattern of bonded material within the three dimensional component.

21. The system of claim 20, wherein the further instructions to create a preselected interior pattern include an instruction for producing an isotropic pattern.

22. The system of claim 20, wherein the further instructions to create a preselected interior pattern include an instruction for producing an anisotropic pattern.

23. The system of claim 20, wherein the further instructions to create a preselected interior pattern include an instruction for producing a cellular structure.

24. The system of claim 20, wherein the further instructions to create a preselected interior pattern include an instruction for producing substantially little or no overlapping of droplets in a first layer of the porous material and to position droplets in an adjacent layer over areas with little or no overlapping in said first layer.

25. The system of claim 20, wherein the controller further includes instructions for moving said printhead subsequently along said fast-scan axis to provide at least a second plurality of fast-scanning paths of said droplets which are interlaced with said plurality of fast-scanning paths.

26. A system in accordance with claim 20 further comprising deflection plates oriented to produce an electric field which has a component perpendicular to the direction of said fast-scan axis to produce the variable deflection.

27. A system for producing a three dimensional component by bonding together successive layers of a porous material with droplets of a binder material, the system comprising:

a binder printhead having an array of nozzles for supplying jets of binder material droplets to selected regions of the layers of porous material, the binder printhead mounted for movement in a raster scan fashion over a layer of the porous material;

a controller in communication with the binder printhead for controlling the movement of the binder printhead and the supplying of the jets of droplets;

the controller including instructions for moving the printhead in a raster scan fashion over a layer of the porous material so that during each scan the printhead is moved along a fast-scan axis in at least one direction to provide a plurality of fast-scanning paths for supplying the droplets to the layer of the porous material; and

the controller including further instructions for variably deflecting the droplets which are supplied from the array of nozzles in a direction having a component which is perpendicular to the fast-scanning paths to create a three dimensional surface contour of the three dimensional component.

28. The system of claim 27, wherein said controller further comprises instructions for moving said printhead subsequently along said fast-scan axis to provide at least a second plurality of fast-scanning paths of said droplets which are interlaced with said plurality of fast-scanning paths.

29. A system in accordance with claim 27 further comprising deflection plates oriented to produce an electric field which has a component perpendicular to the direction of said fast-scan axis to produce the variable deflection.

30. A system for producing a three dimensional component by bonding together successive layers of a porous material with droplets of a binder material, said system comprising:

a binder printhead having an array of nozzles for supplying jets of binder material droplets to selected regions of said layers of porous material;

means for controlling the supplying of said jets of droplets;

means for moving said printhead in a raster scan fashion over a layer of said porous material so that said printhead is moved along a fast-scan axis to provide a plurality of fast-scanning paths for supplying said droplets to said layer of porous material; and

wherein said controlling means controls the supplying of droplets to variably deflect said droplets which are supplied from said array of nozzles in a direction having a component which is perpendicular to said fast-scanning paths; and

first means for making measurements of changes in positions of said droplets; and

second means for making measurements in times of flight of said droplets from the time at which they are formed at the nozzles of the array to the time at which they impact onto the porous material,

the controlling means responding to measurements measured by said first and second means for making measurements to control placement of said droplets on the porous material to maintain drop placement accuracy.

31. A system in accordance with claim 30, wherein said system includes a data file which defines a model of said component and said controlling means controls the supplying of said droplets in accordance with information supplied to said controlling means from said data file, said controlling means responding to changes in positions measurements measured by said first means for making measurements and time of flight measurements measured by said second means for making measurements to advance or retard the supplying of said information from said data file to control the placement of said droplets on said porous material.

32. A system in accordance with claim 30 wherein said controlling means responds to changes in position measurements measured by said first means for making measurements to control said variable deflections to control the placement of said droplets on said porous material.

33. The system of claim 30, said second means for making measurements of changes in times of flight further comprising:

means for charging said droplets as they are formed;

means for imposing a periodic voltage on said charging means to produce charges on said droplets as they are formed;

means for detecting a signal representative of a periodic charge on said droplets at a predetermined point along a flight path; and

means for determining a phase delay between the periodic voltage imposed on said charging means and the periodic charge on said droplets at the predetermined point along the flight path to provide a measurement of the time of flight of said droplets.

34. A system in accordance with claim 33, wherein said means for imposing a periodic voltage imposes a sinusoidally varying voltage signal on said charging means.

35. A system in accordance with claim 33, wherein said means for detecting a signal representative of a periodic charge on said droplets at a predetermined point along the flight path further comprises means for detecting said signal at a level of said porous material.

36. The system of claim 30, further comprising means for moving said printhead subsequently along said fast-scan axis to provide at least a second plurality of fast-scanning paths of said droplets which are interlaced with said plurality of fast-scanning paths.

37. A system in accordance with claim 30, wherein said array of nozzles is a linear array thereof which is arranged so as to be perpendicular to the direction of said fast-scan axis and further including a plurality of deflection plates, each of said nozzles being positioned between a pair of said deflection plates.

38. A system in accordance with claim 37, wherein the distance separating said nozzles in said linear array is substantially large than the diameter of said nozzles.

39. A system in accordance with claim 30, wherein said controlling means controls the variable deflection of said droplets on to the layer of porous material at which edges of the component are to be formed so that positions of said droplets on said layer provide smooth surface contours at said edges.

40. A system in accordance with claim 30, wherein said controlling means controls the variable deflection of said droplets on to the layers of porous material at which interior portions of the component are to be formed so that positions of droplets on said layers provide a selected pattern of said bonded porous material within an interior of the component.

41. The system in accordance with claim 40, wherein the controlling means controls the positions of the droplets so as to produce an isotropic pattern within interior portions of the component.

42. The system in accordance with claim 40, wherein the controlling means controls the positions of the droplets so as to produce an anisotropic pattern within interior portions of the component.

43. The system in accordance with claim 40, wherein the controlling means controls the positions of the droplets so as to produce a cellular structure within an interior of said component.

44. The system in accordance with claim 40, wherein the controlling means controls the positions of the droplets so as to produce substantially little or no overlapping of droplets in a first layer of the porous material and to position droplets in an adjacent layer over areas with little or no overlapping in said first layer.