Image mapping system and process using panel shear transforms

• US 5,850,225 A
• Filed: 01/24/1996
• Issued: 12/15/1998
• Est. Priority Date: 01/24/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Rockwell Collins Simulation and Training Solutions, LLC
• Original Assignee: Evans & Sutherland Computer Corp. (Elevate Entertainment, Inc.)
• Inventors: Cosman, Michael A.
• Primary Examiner(s): FETTING, ANTON W
• Application Number:
  US08/590,504
• Time in Patent Office: 1,056 Days
• Field of Search: 395/119-120, 395/125-129, 345/419-420, 345/425-429
• US Class Current: 345/427
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 3/08 Projecting images onto non-planar surfaces, e.g. geodetic screens
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 9/3185 Geometric adjustment, e.g. keystone or convergence optical or mechanical adjustment of convergence H04N9/317; using scanning means H04N3/22; optical or mechanical adjustments of projectors not peculiar to the presence of an electronic spatial light modulator G03B21/14

Abstract

Images for non-planar display systems are generated using polygon definitions that are pre-distorted using panel shear transforms. Initially, panel shear transforms are generated based on the configuration and orientation of a screen, a projector and a viewer. Polygons defined in model space are mapped to a two-dimensional space and then transformed to a panel space using the panel shear transforms. This transformation technique enables the use of standard two-dimensional rendering processes to scan-convert the polygons.

Claims

1. A computer graphics system for providing picture element (pixel) signals to a display for displaying a plurality of objects defined as irregularly shaped quadrilaterals in a model space, said pixel signals being generated from said objects and a plurality of panel transforms, said panel transforms being representative of a mapping of a plurality of panels between an image space, a curved surface and a two-dimensional space, said system comprising:

an object memory for storing said objects;

a panel transform generator for generating said panel transforms representative of said mapping of said panels between said image space, said curved surface and said two-dimensional space by mapping geometric parameters of the panels in the image space to corresponding geometric parameters in the two-dimensional space and substituting parallelograms for the irregularly shaped quadrilaterals; and

a graphics processor for processing said objects using said panel transforms to provide said pixel signals.

2. The computer graphics system of claim 1 wherein said panel transform generator maps a plurality of vertices of said panels to a plurality of vertices in said two-dimensional space.

3. The computer graphics system of claim 2 wherein said panel transform generator defines a plurality of parallelograms using said vertices in said two-dimensional space.

4. The computer graphics system of claim 1 wherein said panel transforms comprise two-by-two matrices defined by a formula:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">DXj=(Xlr+Xur-Xll-Xul)÷

2

DYj=(Ylr+Yur-Yll-Yul)÷

2

DXi=(Xul+Xur-Xll-Xlr)÷

2

DYi=(Yul+Yur-Yll-Ylr)÷

2

Where DXj, DYj, DXi and DYi are elements of said two-by-two matrix and where Xll, Xlr, Xul and Xur and Yll, Ylr, Yul and Yur are X and Y coordinates of lower left, lower right, upper left and upper right corners, respectively, of a panel mapped to said two-dimensional space.

5. The computer graphics system of claim 1 further including a display device, coupled to receive said pixel signals, for displaying images on said curved surface.

6. The computer graphics system of claim 5 further including a tracking device and a positioning device wherein said positioning device moves said display device to point in a direction based on a view defined by said tracking device and wherein said panel transform generator generates said panel transforms based on said direction and said view.

7. The computer graphics system of claim 1 wherein said processing includes panel walking.

8. A dome projection system including a tan-theta plane, comprising:

a curved screen;

an object memory for storing an object representative of an image having irregularly shaped quadrilaterals in the tan-theta plane to be displayed on said curved screen;

a panel transform generator for generating a panel transform representative of a mapping from an image space to said screen and from said screen to a two-dimensional space, wherein said panel transforms are generated by mapping geometric parameters of the panels in the image space to corresponding geometric parameters in the two-dimensional space and substituting parallelograms for the irregularly shaped quadrilaterals;

a graphics processor for processing said object and said panel transform to provide picture element data for display; and

a display device for displaying said picture element data on said screen.

9. The dome projection system of claim 8 further including a tracking device and a positioning device wherein said positioning device moves said display device to point in a direction based on a view defined by said tracking device and said panel transform generator generates said panel transform based on said direction and said view.

10. A computer graphics process for generating picture element data to display an image on a curved surface, comprising the steps of:

defining an object representative of an image having irregularly shaped quadrilateral panels on a tan-theta plane to be displayed on said curved surface;

defining a panel in an image space;

generating a panel transform representative of a mapping of said panel to a two-dimensional space wherein parallelograms are substituted for the irregularly shaped quadrilaterals; and

generating picture element data using said object and said panel transform, wherein two-dimensional arithmetic operations are used to generate the picture element data.

11. The computer graphics process of claim 10 wherein said mapping includes the step of mapping a plurality vertices of said panel to a plurality of vertices in said two-dimensional space.

12. The computer graphics process of claim 11 wherein said generating a panel transform includes the step of defining a parallelogram using said vertices in said two-dimensional space.

13. The computer graphics process of claim 10 wherein said generating a panel transform includes the step of defining a two-by-two matrix using a formula:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">DXj=(Xlr+Xur-Xll-Xul)÷

2

DYj=(Ylr+Yur-Yll-Yul)÷

2

DXi=(Xul+Xur-Xll-Xlr)÷

2

DYi=(Yul+Yur-Yll-Ylr)÷

2

Where DXj, DYj, DXi and DYi are elements of said two-by-two matrix and where Xll, Xlr, Xul and Xur and Yll, Ylr, Yul and Yur are X and Y coordinates of lower left, lower right, upper left and upper right corners, respectively, of said panel mapped to said two-dimensional space.

14. The computer graphics process of claim 10 wherein said panel transform is generated based on a direction of a display device and a view defined by a tracking device.

15. The computer graphics process of claim 10 wherein said processing includes the steps of:

transforming said object into said two-dimensional space;

edge-walking said object to determine whether said panel bounds said object; and

shearing said object into a panel space.

16. The computer graphics process of claim 15 wherein said edge-walking includes the steps of:

finding a starting panel;

walking an edge of said object;

identifying boundary panels; and

identifying interior panels.

17. The computer graphics process of claim 10 wherein said processing includes the step of transforming a vertex coordinate of said object to a panel space using a formula:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">Xpixel=Xn*DYi'"'"'-Yn*DXi'"'"'

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">Ypixel=-Xn*DYj'"'"'+Yn*DXj'"'"'

where

Xn=Xtantheta-PCX

Yn=Ytantheta-PCY

and where Xpixel and Ypixel are X and Y coordinates of a vertex of said object in said panel space, PCX and PCY are X and Y coordinates of a panel center, Xtantheta and Ytantheta are X and Y coordinates of a vertex of said object in said two-dimensional space, DXi'"'"', DYi'"'"', DXj'"'"' and DYj'"'"' are components of a two-by-two matrix defined for said panel normalized by a factor 1÷

(DXj*DYi-DXi*DYj) and multiplied by a size of said panel in pixels.

18. The computer graphics process of claim 10 further including the step of displaying said picture element data on said curved surface.