Apparatus for measuring optical properties

• US 5,883,708 A
• Filed: 08/12/1997
• Issued: 03/16/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 01/02/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: RPX Corporation
• Original Assignee: LJ Laboratories L.L.C.
• Inventors: Jung, Wayne D., Jung, Russell W., Loudermilk, Alan R.
• Primary Examiner(s): EVANS, FANNIE L
• Application Number:
  US08/909,989
• Time in Patent Office: 581 Days
• Field of Search: 356/73, 356/402, 356/416, 356/371, 356/417, 356/419, 356/446, 356/317, 356/318, 356/326, 356/328
• US Class Current: 356/73
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2560/0233 Optical standards
• CPC Class Codes: A61C 19/10 Supports for artificial teeth for transport or for comparison of the colour
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/02 Details
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0218 using optical fibers
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/04 Slit arrangements slit adjustment
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/10 Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for spectrometry or colorimetry
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/46 Measurement of colour; Colour measuring devices, e.g. colorimeters measuring colour temperature G01J5/60
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/50 using electric radiation detectors
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/508 measuring the colour of teeth
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/51 using colour filters
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/513 having fixed filter-detector pairs
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/524 Calibration of colorimeters
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/474 Details of optical heads therefor, e.g. using optical fibres
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/57 Measuring gloss

Abstract

Color measuring systems and methods are disclosed. Perimeter receiver fiber optics are spaced apart from a central source fiber optic and receive light reflected from the surface of the object being measured. Light from the perimeter fiber optics pass to a variety of filters. The system utilizes the perimeter receiver fiber optics to determine information regarding the height and angle of the probe with respect to the object being measured. Under processor control, the color measurement may be made at a predetermined height and angle. Various color spectral photometer arrangements are disclosed. Translucency, fluorescence and/or surface texture data also may be obtained. Audio feedback may be provided to guide operator use of the system. The probe may have a removable or shielded tip for contamination prevention.

Claims

1. An apparatus for determining optical characteristics of an object, comprising:

a probe having one or more light sources and a plurality of light receivers, wherein the probe provides light to a surface of the object from the one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers, wherein one or more of the light receivers are coupled to one or more first optical sensors for generating data indicative of spectral characteristics of the object, and wherein one or more of the light receivers are coupled to one or more second optical sensors for generating data indicative of translucence characteristics of the object; and

a processor, wherein the processor controls the taking of a plurality of first and second measurements with the first and second optical sensors, wherein the optical characteristics of the object are determined based on the first and second measurements.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics comprise color characteristics.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics comprise translucence characteristics.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics comprise fluorescence characteristics.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics comprise surface texture characteristics.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the probe comprises one or more light source fiber optics coupled to a light source and a plurality of light receiver fiber optics coupled to the first and second optical sensors.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of light receivers are each spaced a first distance from a first light source on the probe, and wherein the plurality of light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers on the probe by a second distance.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the probe comprises three light receivers spaced around the first light source, wherein the light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers with an angular spacing of about 120 degrees.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the first optical sensors comprise a spectrophotometer.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first optical sensors comprise a plurality of filters optically coupled to a plurality of light measuring devices.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the filters pass light of predetermined frequencies.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the first optical sensors comprise a color tristimulus measuring device.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a display device, wherein the display device displays a representation of the optical characteristics.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processor is coupled to the display device, wherein the processor processes data received from the first and second optical sensors.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a speaker, wherein the speaker generates audio information, wherein the audio information is indicative of the status of the optical characteristics determination.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the probe has a removable cover element.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the removable cover element comprises a shield.

18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the removable cover element is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable cover element is positioned on the probe.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the removable cover element is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

20. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the probe has a removable tip.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the removable tip is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable tip is positioned on the probe.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the removable tip is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

23. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the probe is moveable, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object by relative movement of the probe in proximity to the object.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the processor monitors intensity values by:

determining a first peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved towards the object; and

determining a second peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved away from the object.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein optical characteristics of the object are determined with the optical sensors if the first and second peak intensity values are substantially equal.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the processor:

compares the first and second peak intensity values;

accepts data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are within a predetermined range; and

rejects data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are outside the predetermined range.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the processor compensates rejected data.

28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein an audio unit is coupled to the processor, wherein the audio unit:

generates first audio information if the measured data is accepted; and

generates second audio information if the measured data is rejected.

29. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the predetermined range may be modified by a user.

30. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the processor determines an intermediate intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors at a time intermediate between the time when the first and second peak intensity values are determined, wherein the intermediate intensity value corresponds to the translucence of the object.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the intermediate intensity value is determined when the probe is in contact or near contact with the object.

32. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor comprises a microprocessor system.

33. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor comprises a logic array.

34. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor comprises a programmable logic array.

35. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics of the object are determined without the probe contacting the object.

36. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein optical characteristics of the object are determined at a time when a plurality of the optical sensors measure peak intensity values as the probe moves with respect to the object.

37. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein optical characteristics of the object are determined when the probe is at a predetermined distance from the object.

38. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein optical characteristics of the object are determined when the probe is at a predetermined distance and angle with respect to the object.

39. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a material mixing unit receives data indicative of the optical characteristics, wherein the material mixing unit prepares constituent materials for a second object based on the data indicative of the optical characteristics, wherein the constituent materials of the second object are selected based on the data indicative of the optical characteristics.

40. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the probe is handheld.

41. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a finger activated switch, wherein the first and second measurements are taken in response to activation of the finger activated switch.

42. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light receivers are arranged in one or more rings, wherein one or more of the light sources are positioned within the one or more rings.

43. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring temperature, wherein the first or second measurements are compensated based on the measured temperature.

44. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a color standard, wherein the probe and optical sensors are calibrated by positioning of the probe in proximity to the color standard.

45. The apparatus of claim 44, wherein the probe is positioned in a fixture.

46. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise step index fiber optics.

47. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise gradient index fiber optics.

48. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers are spaced apart on a front face of the probe, wherein at least a portion of the front face of the probe between the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers comprises a non-reflective surface.

49. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein the non-reflective surface comprises a black surface.

50. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object comprises skin.

51. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object comprises paint or fabric.

52. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object comprises a photograph.

53. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object comprises a printed object.

54. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object comprises hair.

55. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the object comprises makeup.

56. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics are determined by the generation of first data indicative of color characteristics and second data indicative of translucence characteristics, wherein the first data are adjusted based on the second data.

57. A apparatus for determining optical characteristics of an object, comprising:

a probe having one or more light sources and a plurality of light receivers, wherein the probe provides light to a surface of the object from the one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through the plurality of light receivers, wherein light from the light receivers is coupled to one or more optical sensors; and

a processor, wherein the processor controls the taking of a plurality of first and second measurements with the one or more optical sensors, wherein the first and second measurements include at least measurements taken at first and second distances from the surface of the object, wherein data indicative of translucence characteristics and data indicative of color characteristics are generated based on the first and second measurements, respectively.

58. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein data indicative of fluorescence characteristics or data indicative of surface texture characteristics are generated based on the measurements.

59. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the probe comprises one or more light source fiber optics coupled to a light source and a plurality of light receiver fiber optics coupled to the optical sensors.

60. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the plurality of light receivers are each spaced a first distance from a first light source on the probe, and wherein the plurality of light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers on the probe by a second distance.

61. The apparatus of claim 60, wherein the probe comprises three light receivers spaced around the first light source, wherein the light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers with an angular spacing of about 120 degrees.

62. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the optical sensors further comprise a spectrophotometer.

63. The apparatus of claim 62, wherein the spectrophotometer comprises a plurality of filters optically coupled to a plurality of light measuring devices.

64. The apparatus of claim 63, wherein the filters pass light of predetermined frequencies.

65. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the optical sensors further comprise a color tristimulus measuring device.

66. The apparatus of claim 57, further comprising a display device, wherein the display device displays a representation of data indicative of translucence characteristics or data indicative of color characteristics.

67. The apparatus of claim 66, wherein the processor is coupled to the display device, wherein the processor processes data received from the one or more optical sensors.

68. The apparatus of claim 57, further comprising a speaker, wherein the speaker generates audio information, wherein the audio information is indicative of the status of the first or second measurements.

69. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the probe has a removable cover element.

70. The apparatus of claim 69, wherein the removable cover element comprises a shield.

71. The apparatus of claim 69, wherein the removable cover element is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable cover element after the removable cover element is positioned on the probe.

72. The apparatus of claim 71, wherein the removable cover element is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

73. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the probe has a removable tip.

74. The apparatus of claim 73, wherein the removable tip is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable tip is positioned on the probe.

75. The apparatus of claim 74, wherein the removable tip is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

76. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object by relative movement of the probe in proximity to the object.

77. The apparatus of claim 76, wherein the processor monitors intensity values by:

determining a first peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved towards the object; and

determining a second peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved away from the object.

78. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein data indicative of translucence characteristics or data indicative of color characteristics are generated if the first and second peak intensity values are substantially equal.

79. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the processor:

compares the first and second peak intensity values;

accepts data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are within a predetermined range; and

rejects data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are outside the predetermined range.

80. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein the processor compensates rejected data.

81. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein an audio unit is coupled to the processor, wherein the audio unit:

generates first audio information if the measured data is accepted; and

generates second audio information if the measured data is rejected.

82. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein the predetermined range may be modified by a user.

83. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the processor determines an intermediate intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors at a time intermediate between the time when the first and second peak intensity values are determined, wherein the intermediate intensity value corresponds to the translucence of the object.

84. The apparatus of claim 83, wherein the intermediate intensity value is determined when the probe is in contact or near contact with the object.

85. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the processor comprises a microprocessor system.

86. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the processor comprises a logic array.

87. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the processor comprises a programmable logic array.

88. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated without the probe contacting the object.

89. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated at a time when a plurality of the optical sensors measure peak intensity values as the probe moves with respect to the object.

90. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated when the probe is at a predetermined distance from the object.

91. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated when the probe is at a predetermined distance and angle with respect to the object.

92. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein a material mixing unit receives data indicative of translucence or color characteristics of the object, wherein the material mixing unit prepares constituent materials for a second object based on the data indicative of the translucence or color characteristics, wherein the constituent materials of the second object are selected based on the data indicative of the translucence or color characteristics.

93. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the probe is handheld.

94. The apparatus of claim 57, further comprising a finger activated switch, wherein the first and second measurements are taken in response to activation of the finger activated switch.

95. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the light receivers are arranged in one or more rings, wherein one or more of the light sources are positioned within the one or more rings.

96. The apparatus of claim 57, further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring temperature, wherein the first or second measurements are compensated based on the measured temperature.

97. The apparatus of claim 57, further comprising a color standard, wherein the probe and optical sensors are calibrated by positioning of the probe in proximity to the color standard.

98. The apparatus of claim 97, wherein the probe is positioned in a fixture.

99. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise step index fiber optics.

100. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise gradient index fiber optics.

101. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers are spaced apart on a front face of the probe, wherein at least a portion of the front face of the probe between the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers comprises a non-reflective surface.

102. The apparatus of claim 101, wherein the non-reflective surface comprises a black surface.

103. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the object comprises skin.

104. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the object comprises paint or fabric.

105. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the object comprises a photograph.

106. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the object comprises a printed object.

107. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the object comprises hair.

108. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the object comprises makeup.

109. The apparatus of clam 57, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are adjusted based on data indicative of translucence characteristics.

110. A apparatus for determining optical characteristics of an object, comprising:

a probe having one or more light sources and a plurality of light receivers, wherein the probe provides light to a surface of the object from the one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through the plurality of light receivers, wherein light from the light receivers is coupled to one or more optical sensors, and

a processor, wherein the processor controls the taking of a plurality of measurements with the one or more optical sensors, wherein the plurality of measurements include at least measurements taken at first and second distances from the surface of the object;

wherein data indicative of translucency characteristics of the object are generated based on the measurements, and data indicative of color characteristics of the object are generated based on the measurements.

111. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein data indicative of fluorescence characteristics or data indicative of surface texture characteristics are generated based on the measurements.

112. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the probe comprises one or more light source fiber optics coupled to a light source and a plurality of light receiver fiber optics coupled to the optical sensors.

113. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the plurality of light receivers are each spaced a first distance from a first light source on the probe, and wherein the plurality of light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers on the probe by a second distance.

114. The apparatus of claim 113, wherein the probe comprises three light receivers spaced around the first light source, wherein the light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers with an angular spacing of about 120 degrees.

115. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the optical sensors further comprise a spectrophotometer.

116. The apparatus of claim 115, wherein the spectrophotometer comprises a plurality of filters optically coupled to a plurality of light measuring devices.

117. The apparatus of claim 116, wherein the filters pass light of predetermined frequencies.

118. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the optical sensors further comprise a color tristimulus measuring device.

119. The apparatus of claim 110, further comprising a display device, wherein the display device displays data indicative of the translucence characteristics or the color characteristics.

120. The apparatus of claim 119, wherein the processor is coupled to the display device, wherein the processor processes data received from the one or more optical sensors.

121. The apparatus of claim 110, further comprising a speaker, wherein the speaker generates audio information, wherein the audio information is indicative of the status of the measurements.

122. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the probe has a removable cover element.

123. The apparatus of claim 122, wherein the removable cover element comprises a shield.

124. The apparatus of claim 122, wherein the removable cover element is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable cover element is positioned on the probe.

125. The apparatus of claim 124, wherein the removable cover element is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

126. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the probe has a removable tip.

127. The apparatus of claim 126, wherein the removable tip is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable tip is positioned on the probe.

128. The apparatus of claim 127, wherein the removable tip is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

129. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object by relative movement of the probe in proximity to the object.

130. The apparatus of claim 129, wherein the processor monitors intensity values by:

determining a first peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved towards the object; and

determining a second peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved away from the object.

131. The apparatus of claim 130, wherein data indicative of the translucence characteristics or color characteristics are generated if the first and second peak intensity values are substantially equal.

132. The apparatus of claim 130, wherein the processor:

compares the first and second peak intensity values;

accepts data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are within a predetermined range; and

rejects data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are outside the predetermined range.

133. The apparatus of claim 132, wherein the processor compensates the rejected data.

134. The apparatus of claim 132, wherein an audio unit is coupled to the processor, wherein the audio unit:

generates first audio information if the measured data is accepted; and

generates second audio information if the measured data is rejected.

135. The apparatus of claim 132, wherein the predetermined range may be modified by a user.

136. The apparatus of claim 130, wherein the processor determines an intermediate intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors at a time intermediate between the time when the first and second peak intensity values are determined, wherein the intermediate intensity value corresponds to the translucence of the object.

137. The apparatus of claim 136, wherein the intermediate intensity value is determined when the probe is in contact or near contact with the object.

138. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the processor comprises a microprocessor system.

139. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the processor comprises a logic array.

140. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the processor comprises a programmable logic array.

141. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated without the probe contacting the object.

142. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated at a time when a plurality of the optical sensors measure peak intensity values as the probe moves with respect to the object.

143. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated when the probe is at a predetermined distance from the object.

144. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated when the probe is at a predetermined distance and angle with respect to the object.

145. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein a material mixing unit receives data indicative of translucence or color characteristics of the object, wherein the material mixing unit prepares constituent materials for a second object based on data indicative of the translucence or color characteristics, wherein the constituent materials of the second object are selected based on the data indicative of the translucence or color characteristics.

146. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the probe is handheld.

147. The apparatus of claim 110, further comprising a finger activated switch, wherein the measurements are taken in response to activation of the finger activated switch.

148. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the light receivers are arranged in one or more rings, wherein one or more of the light sources are positioned within the one or more rings.

149. The apparatus of claim 110, further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring temperature, wherein the measurements are compensated based on the measured temperature.

150. The apparatus of claim 110, further comprising a color standard, wherein the probe and optical sensors are calibrated by positioning of the probe in proximity to the color standard.

151. The apparatus of claim 150, wherein the probe is positioned in a fixture.

152. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise step index fiber optics.

153. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise gradient index fiber optics.

154. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers are spaced apart on a front face of the probe, wherein at least a portion of the front face of the probe between the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers comprises a non-reflective surface.

155. The apparatus of claim 154, wherein the non-reflective surface comprises a black surface.

156. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the object comprises skin.

157. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the object comprises paint or fabric.

158. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the object comprises a photograph.

159. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the object comprises a printed object.

160. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the object comprises hair.

161. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the object comprises makeup.

162. The apparatus of claim 110, wherein the processor generates first data indicative of color characteristics and generates second data indicative of translucence characteristics, wherein the first data are adjusted based on the second data.

163. A apparatus for determining optical characteristics of an object, comprising:

a probe having a one or more light sources and a plurality of light receivers, wherein the probe provides light to a surface of the object from the one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through the plurality of light receivers, wherein light from the light receivers is coupled to one or more optical sensors; and

a processor, wherein the processor controls the taking of a plurality of measurements with the one or more optical sensors, wherein the plurality of measurements include at least measurements taken at first and second distances from the surface of the object;

wherein second data are determined based on the measurements indicative of translucence characteristics of the object, and first data are determined based on the measurements indicative of color characteristics of the object, wherein the first data are adjusted based on the second data.

164. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein data indicative of fluorescence characteristics or data indicative of surface texture characteristics are generated based on the measurements.

165. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the probe comprises one or more light source fiber optics coupled to a light source and a plurality of light receiver fiber optics coupled to the optical sensors.

166. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the plurality of light receivers are each spaced a first distance from a first light source on the probe, and wherein the plurality of light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers on the probe by a second distance.

167. The apparatus of claim 166, wherein the probe comprises three light receivers spaced around the first light source, wherein the light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers with an angular spacing of about 120 degrees.

168. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the optical sensors further comprise a spectrophotometer.

169. The apparatus of claim 168, wherein the spectrophotometer comprises a plurality of filters optically coupled to a plurality of light measuring devices.

170. The apparatus of claim 169, wherein the filters pass light of predetermined frequencies.

171. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the optical sensors further comprise a color tristimulus measuring device.

172. The apparatus of claim 163, further comprising a display device, wherein the display device displays a representation of the first data or the second data.

173. The apparatus of claim 172, wherein the processor is coupled to the display device, wherein the processor processes data received from the one or more optical sensors.

174. The apparatus of claim 163, further comprising a speaker, wherein the speaker generates audio information, wherein the audio information is indicative of the status of the measurements.

175. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the probe has a removable cover element.

176. The apparatus of claim 175, wherein the removable cover element comprises a shield.

177. The apparatus of claim 175, wherein the removable cover element is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable cover element is positioned on the probe.

178. The apparatus of claim 177, wherein the removable cover element is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

179. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the probe has a removable tip.

180. The apparatus of claim 179, wherein the removable tip is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable tip is positioned on the probe.

181. The apparatus of claim 180, wherein the removable tip is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

182. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object by relative movement of the probe in proximity to the object.

183. The apparatus of claim 182, wherein the processor monitors intensity values by:

determining a first peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved towards the object, and

determining a second peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved away from the object.

184. The apparatus of claim 183, wherein the first data or second data are generated if the first and second peak intensity values are substantially equal.

185. The apparatus of claim 183, wherein the processor:

compares the first and second peak intensity values;

accepts data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are within a predetermined range; and

rejects data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are outside the predetermined range.

186. The apparatus of claim 185, wherein the processor compensates the rejected data.

187. The apparatus of claim 185, wherein an audio unit is coupled to the processor, wherein the audio unit:

generates first audio information if the measured data is accepted; and

generates second audio information if the measured data is rejected.

188. The apparatus of claim 185, wherein the predetermined range may be modified by a user.

189. The apparatus of claim 183, wherein the processor determines an intermediate intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors at a time intermediate between the time when the first and second peak intensity values are determined, wherein the intermediate intensity value corresponds to the translucence of the object.

190. The apparatus of claim 189, wherein the intermediate intensity value is determined when the probe is in contact or near contact with the object.

191. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the processor comprises a microprocessor system.

192. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the processor comprises a logic array.

193. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the processor comprises a programmable logic array.

194. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the first data are generated without the probe contacting the object.

195. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the first data are generated at a time when a plurality of the optical sensors measure peak intensity values as the probe moves with respect to the object.

196. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the first data are generated when the probe is at a predetermined distance from the object.

197. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the first data are generated when the probe is at a predetermined distance and angle with respect to the object.

198. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein a material mixing unit receives data indicative of translucence or color characteristics of the object, wherein the material mixing unit prepares constituent materials for a second object based on the data indicative of the translucence or color characteristics, wherein the constituent materials of the second object are selected based on the data indicative of the translucence or color characteristics.

199. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the probe is handheld.

200. The apparatus of claim 163, further comprising a finger activated switch, wherein the measurements are taken in response to activation of the finger activated switch.

201. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the light receivers are arranged in one or more rings, wherein one or more of the light sources are positioned within the one or more rings.

202. The apparatus of claim 163, further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring temperature, wherein the measurements are compensated based on the measured temperature.

203. The apparatus of claim 163, further comprising a color standard, wherein the probe and optical sensors are calibrated by positioning of the probe in proximity to the color standard.

204. The apparatus of claim 203, wherein the probe is positioned in a fixture.

205. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise step index fiber optics.

206. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise gradient index fiber optics.

207. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers are spaced apart on a front face of the probe, wherein at least a portion of the front face of the probe between the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers comprises a non-reflective surface.

208. The apparatus of claim 207, wherein the non-reflective surface comprises a black surface.

209. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the object comprises skin.

210. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the object comprises paint or fabric.

211. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the object comprises a photograph.

212. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the object comprises a printed object.

213. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the object comprises hair.

214. The apparatus of claim 163, wherein the object comprises makeup.

215. A apparatus for determining optical characteristics of an object, comprising:

a probe having one or more light sources and a plurality of light receivers, wherein the probe provides light to a surface of the object from the one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through the plurality of light receivers, wherein light from the light receivers is coupled to one or more optical sensors; and

a processor, wherein the processors controls the taking of a plurality of measurements with the one or more optical sensors, wherein at least a peak intensity of received light is determined based on the measurements as the probe is a distance away from the surface of the object, and at least an intensity of light is determined as the probe is at or about the surface of the object, wherein data indicative of translucence characteristics and data indicative of color characteristics are generated based on at least the peak intensity and the intensity.

216. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein data indicative of fluorescence characteristics or data indicative of surface texture characteristics are generated based on the measurements.

217. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the probe comprises one or more light source fiber optics coupled to a light source and a plurality of light receiver fiber optics coupled to the optical sensors.

218. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the plurality of light receivers are each spaced a first distance from a first light source on the probe, and wherein the plurality of light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers on the probe by a second distance.

219. The apparatus of claim 218, wherein the probe comprises three light receivers spaced around the first light source, wherein the light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers with an angular spacing of about 120 degrees.

220. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the optical sensors further comprise a spectrophotometer.

221. The apparatus of claim 220, wherein the spectrophotometer comprises a plurality of filters optically coupled to a plurality of light measuring devices.

222. The apparatus of claim 221, wherein the filters pass light of predetermined frequencies.

223. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the optical sensors further comprise a color tristimulus measuring device.

224. The apparatus of claim 215, further comprising a display device, wherein the display device displays a representation of data indicative of translucence characteristics or data indicative of color characteristics.

225. The apparatus of claim 224, wherein the processor is coupled to the display device, wherein the processor processes data received from the one or more optical sensors.

226. The apparatus of claim 215, further comprising a speaker, wherein the speaker generates audio information, wherein the audio information is indicative of the status of the measurements.

227. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the probe has a removable cover element.

228. The apparatus of claim 227, wherein the removable cover element comprises a shield.

229. The apparatus of claim 227, wherein the removable cover element is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable cover element is positioned on the probe.

230. The apparatus of claim 229, wherein the removable cover element is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

231. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the probe has a removable tip.

232. The apparatus of claim 231, wherein the removable tip is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable tip is positioned on the probe.

233. The apparatus of claim 232, wherein the removable tip is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

234. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object by relative movement of the probe in proximity to the object.

235. The apparatus of claim 234, wherein the processor monitors intensity values by:

determining a first peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved towards the object; and

determining a second peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved away from the object.

236. The apparatus of claim 235, wherein data indicative of translucence characteristics or data indicative of color characteristics are generated if the first and second peak intensity values are substantially equal.

237. The apparatus of claim 235, wherein the processor:

compares the first and second peak intensity values;

accepts data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are within a predetermined range; and

rejects data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are outside the predetermined range.

238. The apparatus of claim 237, wherein the processor compensates the rejected data.

239. The apparatus of claim 237, wherein an audio unit is coupled to the processor, wherein the audio unit:

generates first audio information if the measured data is accepted; and

generates second audio information if the measured data is rejected.

240. The apparatus of claim 237, wherein the predetermined range may be modified by a user.

241. The apparatus of claim 235, wherein the processor determines an intermediate intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors at a time intermediate between the time when the first and second peak intensity values are determined, wherein the intermediate intensity value corresponds to the translucence of the object.

242. The apparatus of claim 241, wherein the intermediate intensity value is determined when the probe is in contact or near contact with the object.

243. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the processor comprises a microprocessor system.

244. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the processor comprises a logic array.

245. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the processor comprises a programmable logic array.

246. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated without the probe contacting the object.

247. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated at a time when a plurality of the optical sensors measure peak intensity values as the probe moves with respect to the object.

248. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated when the probe is at a predetermined distance from the object.

249. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein data indicative of color characteristics are generated when the probe is at a predetermined distance and angle with respect to the object.

250. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein a material mixing unit receives data indicative of translucence or color characteristics of the object, wherein the material mixing unit prepares constituent materials for a second object based on the data indicative of the translucence or color characteristics, wherein the constituent materials of the second object are selected based on the data indicative of the translucence or color characteristics.

251. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the probe is handheld.

252. The apparatus of claim 215, further comprising a finger activated switch, wherein the measurements are taken in response to activation of the finger activated switch.

253. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the light receivers are arranged in one or more rings, wherein one or more of the light sources are positioned within the one or more rings.

254. The apparatus of claim 215, further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature, wherein the measurements are compensated based on the measured temperature.

255. The apparatus of claim 215, further comprising a color standard, wherein the probe and optical sensors are calibrated by positioning of the probe in proximity to the color standard.

256. The apparatus of claim 255, wherein the probe is positioned in a fixture.

257. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise step index fiber optics.

258. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise gradient index fiber optics.

259. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers are spaced apart on a front face of the probe, wherein at least a portion of the front face of the probe between the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers comprises a non-reflective surface.

260. The apparatus of claim 259, wherein the non-reflective surface comprises a black surface.

261. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the object comprises skin.

262. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the object comprises paint or fabric.

263. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the object comprises a photograph.

264. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the object comprises a printed object.

265. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the object comprises hair.

266. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the object comprises makeup.

267. The apparatus of claim 215, wherein the color data are adjusted based on the translucence data.

268. A apparatus for determining optical characteristics of an object, comprising:

a probe having one or more light sources and a plurality of light receivers, wherein the probe provides light to a surface of the object from the one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through the plurality of light receivers; and

a processor, wherein the processor determines the intensity of light received by more than one of the light receivers with second optical sensors, and controls the taking of a measurement of the optical characteristics of the object with first optical sensors based on light received by one or more of the light receivers in response to the intensity determinations made by the second optical sensors, wherein the measurement produces data indicative of the optical characteristics of the object.

269. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the optical characteristics comprise color characteristics.

270. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the optical characteristics comprise translucence characteristics.

271. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the optical characteristics comprise fluorescence characteristics.

272. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the optical characteristics comprise surface texture characteristics.

273. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the probe comprises one or more light source fiber optics coupled to a light source and a plurality of light receiver fiber optics coupled to the first and second optical sensors.

274. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the plurality of light receivers are each spaced a first distance from a first light source on the probe, and wherein the plurality of light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers on the probe by a second distance.

275. The apparatus of claim 274, wherein the probe comprises three light receivers spaced around the first light source, wherein the light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers with an angular spacing of about 120 degrees.

276. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the second optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the first optical sensors comprise a spectrophotometer.

277. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the first optical sensors comprise a plurality of filters optically coupled to a plurality of light measuring devices.

278. The apparatus of claim 277, wherein the filters pass light of predetermined frequencies.

279. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the second optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the first optical sensors comprise a color tristimulus measuring device.

280. The apparatus of claim 268, further comprising a display device, wherein the display device displays a representation of the optical characteristics.

281. The apparatus of claim 280, wherein the processor is coupled to the display device, wherein the processor processes data received from the first and second optical sensors.

282. The apparatus of claim 268, further comprising a speaker, wherein the speaker generates audio information, wherein the audio information is indicative of the status of the optical characteristics measurement.

283. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the probe has a removable cover element.

284. The apparatus of claim 283, wherein the removable cover element comprises a shield.

285. The apparatus of claim 283, wherein the removable cover element is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable cover element is positioned on the probe.

286. The apparatus of claim 285, wherein the removable cover element is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

287. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the probe has a removable tip.

288. The apparatus of claim 287, wherein the removable tip is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable tip is positioned on the probe.

289. The apparatus of claim 288, wherein the removable tip is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

290. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object by relative movement of the probe in proximity to the object.

291. The apparatus of claim 290, wherein the processor monitors intensity values by:

determining a first peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved towards the object; and

determining a second peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved away from the object.

292. The apparatus of claim 291, wherein optical characteristics of the object are measured with the optical sensors if the first and second peak intensity values are substantially equal.

293. The apparatus of claim 291, wherein the processor:

compares the first and second peak intensity values;

accepts data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are within a predetermined range; and

rejects data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are outside the predetermined range.

294. The apparatus of claim 293, wherein the processor compensates the rejected data.

295. The apparatus of claim 293, wherein an audio unit is coupled to the processor, wherein the audio unit:

generates first audio information if the measured data is accepted; and

generates second audio information if the measured data is rejected.

296. The apparatus of claim 293, wherein the predetermined range may be modified by a user.

297. The apparatus of claim 291, wherein the processor determines an intermediate intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors at a time intermediate between the time when the first and second peak intensity values are determined, wherein the intermediate intensity value corresponds to the translucence of the object.

298. The apparatus of claim 297, wherein the intermediate intensity value is determined when the probe is in contact or near contact with the object.

299. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the processor comprises a microprocessor system.

300. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the processor comprises a logic array.

301. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the processor comprises a programmable logic array.

302. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the optical characteristics of the object are measured without the probe contacting the object.

303. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein optical characteristics of the object are measured at a time when a plurality of the optical sensors measure peak intensity values as the probe moves with respect to the object.

304. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein optical characteristics of the object are measured when the probe is at a predetermined distance from the object.

305. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein optical characteristics of the object are measured when the probe is at a predetermined distance and angle with respect to the object.

306. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein a material mixing unit receives data indicative of the optical characteristics, wherein the material mixing unit prepares constituent materials for a second object based on the data indicative of the optical characteristics, wherein the constituent materials of the second object are selected based on the data indicative of the optical characteristics.

307. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the probe is handheld.

308. The apparatus of claim 268, further comprising a finger activated switch, wherein the measurement is taken in response to activation of the finger activated switch.

309. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the light receivers are arranged in one or more rings, wherein one or more of the light sources are positioned within the one or more rings.

310. The apparatus of claim 268, further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature, wherein the measurement is compensated based on the measured temperature.

311. The apparatus of claim 268, further comprising a color standard, wherein the probe and optical sensors are calibrated by positioning of the probe in proximity to the color standard.

312. The apparatus of claim 311, wherein the probe is positioned in a fixture.

313. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise step index fiber optics.

314. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the one or more light sources or plurality of light receivers comprise gradient index fiber optics.

315. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers are spaced apart on a front face of the probe, wherein at least a portion of the front face of the probe between the one or more light sources and plurality of light receivers comprises a non-reflective surface.

316. The apparatus of claim 315, wherein the non-reflective surface comprises a black surface.

317. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the object comprises skin.

318. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the object comprises paint or fabric.

319. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the object comprises a photograph.

320. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the object comprises a printed object.

321. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the object comprises hair.

322. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the object comprises makeup.

323. The apparatus of claim 268, wherein the optical characteristics are determined by generating first data indicative of color characteristics and generating second data indicative of translucence characteristics, wherein the first data are adjusted based on the second data.

324. An apparatus for generating data indicative of optical characteristics including at least spectral and translucence characteristics of an object, comprising:

a probe providing light to a surface of the object and receiving light from the object, wherein the received light is coupled to one or more optical sensors for generating data indicative of said spectral and translucence characteristics of the object; and

a processor, wherein the processor controls the taking of first and second measurements with the optical sensors as the probe is directed towards the surface of the object, wherein the first and second measurements measure light that is incident on the surface of the object and returned from the object, wherein the processor determines said data indicative of optical characteristics of the object based on the first and second measurements, wherein data indicative of the translucence characteristics of the object are determined based on the probe being directed towards the object and without requiring the positioning of an optical implement behind the object.

325. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the probe includes a source that emits light on a first area of the object, wherein the probe includes a receiver that receives light reflected from a second area of the object, wherein the step of taking first and second measurements includes at least one measurement taken when the first area does not intersect with the second area.

326. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein light received by the probe is coupled to one or more sensing elements comprising light-to-frequency converters.

327. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the optical characteristics comprise fluorescence characteristics.

328. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the optical characteristics comprise surface texture characteristics.

329. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the probe comprises one or more light source fiber optics coupled to a light source and a plurality of light receiver fiber optics coupled to the optical sensors.

330. The apparatus of claim 329, wherein the plurality of light receivers are each spaced a first distance from a first light source on the probe, and wherein the plurality of light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers on the probe by a second distance.

331. The apparatus of claim 330, wherein the probe comprises three light receivers spaced around the first light source, wherein the light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers with an angular spacing of about 120 degrees.

332. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the optical sensors further comprise a spectrophotometer.

333. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the optical sensors comprise a plurality of filters optically coupled to a plurality of light measuring devices.

334. The apparatus of claim 333, wherein the filters pass light of predetermined frequencies.

335. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the optical sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the optical sensors further comprise a color tristimulus measuring device.

336. The apparatus of claim 324, further comprising a display device, wherein the display device displays a representation of the optical characteristics.

337. The apparatus of claim 336, wherein the processor is coupled to the display device, wherein the processor processes data received from the optical sensors.

338. The apparatus of claim 324, further comprising a speaker, wherein the speaker generates audio information, wherein the audio information is indicative of the status of the optical characteristics determination.

339. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the probe has a removable cover element.

340. The apparatus of claim 339, wherein the removable cover element comprises a shield.

341. The apparatus of claim 339, wherein the removable cover element is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable cover element is positioned on the probe.

342. The apparatus of claim 341, wherein the removable cover element is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

343. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the probe has a removable tip.

344. The apparatus of claim 343, wherein the removable tip is positioned on the probe, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object after the removable tip is positioned on the probe.

345. The apparatus of claim 344, wherein the removable tip is sterilized prior to being positioned on the probe.

346. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the probe is moveable, wherein the probe is positioned in proximity to the object by relative movement of the probe in proximity to the object.

347. The apparatus of claim 346, wherein the processor monitors intensity values by:

determining a first peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved towards the object; and

determining a second peak intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors as the probe is moved away from the object.

348. The apparatus of claim 347, wherein optical characteristics of the object are determined with the optical sensors if the first and second peak intensity values are substantially equal.

349. The apparatus of claim 347, wherein the processor:

compares the first and second peak intensity values;

accepts data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are within a predetermined range; and

rejects data measured by the optical sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are outside the predetermined range.

350. The apparatus of claim 349, wherein the processor compensates rejected data.

351. The apparatus of claim 349, wherein an audio unit is coupled to the processor, wherein the audio unit:

generates first audio information if the measured data is accepted; and

generates second audio information if the measured data is rejected.

352. The apparatus of claim 349, wherein the predetermined range may be modified by a user.

353. The apparatus of claim 347, wherein the processor determines an intermediate intensity value with one or more of the optical sensors at a time intermediate between the time when the first and second peak intensity values are determined, wherein the intermediate intensity value corresponds to the translucence of the object.

354. The apparatus of claim 353, wherein the intermediate intensity value is determined when the probe is in contact or near contact with the object.

355. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the processor comprises a microprocessor system.

356. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the processor comprises a logic array.

357. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the processor comprises a programmable logic array.

358. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the optical characteristics of the object are determined without the probe contacting the object.

359. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein optical characteristics of the object are determined at a time when a plurality of the optical sensors measure peak intensity values as the probe moves with respect to the object.

360. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein optical characteristics of the object are determined when the probe is at a predetermined distance from the object.

361. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein optical characteristics of the object are determined when the probe is at a predetermined distance and angle with respect to the object.

362. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein a material mixing unit receives data indicative of the optical characteristics, wherein the material mixing unit prepares constituent materials for a second object based on the data indicative of the optical characteristics, wherein the constituent materials of the second object are selected based on the data indicative of the optical characteristics.

363. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the probe is handheld.

364. The apparatus of claim 324, further comprising a finger activated switch, wherein the first and second measurements are taken in response to activation of the finger activated switch.

365. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein light receivers are arranged in one or more rings, wherein one or more of light sources are positioned within the one or more rings.

366. The apparatus of claim 324, further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring temperature, wherein the first or second measurements are compensated based on the measured temperature.

367. The apparatus of claim 324, further comprising a color standard, wherein the probe and optical sensors are calibrated by positioning of the probe in proximity to the color standard.

368. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the probe is positioned in a fixture.

369. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein one or more light sources or a plurality of light receivers comprise step index fiber optics.

370. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein one or more light sources or a plurality of light receivers comprise gradient index fiber optics.

371. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein one or more light sources and one or more light receivers are spaced apart on a front face of the probe, wherein at least a portion of the front face of the probe between the one or more light sources and one or more light receivers comprise a non-reflective surface.

372. The apparatus of claim 371, wherein the non-reflective surface comprises a black surface.

373. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the object comprises skin.

374. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the object comprises paint or fabric.

375. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the object comprises a photograph.

376. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the object comprises a printed object.

377. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the object comprises hair.

378. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the object comprises makeup.

379. The apparatus of claim 324, wherein the optical characteristics are determined by the generation of first data indicative of color characteristics and second data indicative of translucence characteristics, wherein the first data are adjusted based on the second data.