Self-correcting and adjustable method and apparatus for predicting the remaining capacity and reserve time of a battery on discharge

• US 5,936,383 A
• Filed: 04/02/1998
• Issued: 08/10/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 04/02/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Alcatel-Lucent USA, Inc. (Nokia Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Lucent Technologies, Inc. (Nokia Corporation)
• Inventors: Ng, Patrick Kwok-Yeung, Hirsch, Marc D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Tso, Edward H.
• Application Number:
  US09/054,143
• Time in Patent Office: 495 Days
• Field of Search: 320/124, 320/127, 320/128, 320/131, 320/132, 320/134, 320/136, 320/150, 320/153, 320/DIG. 19, 320/DIG. 21, 324/427, 324/431, 340/636
• US Class Current: 320/132
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/374 with means for correcting the measurement for temperature or ageing
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3828 using current integration
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/389 Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/396 Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 320/21 State of charge of battery

Abstract

A self-correcting and adjustable apparatus and method of predicting remaining capacity (Q) and reserve time (t) of a discharging battery to a selected end voltage determined by an arrangement considering the open circuit voltage (E_oc), battery voltage (V) battery temperature (T) and battery internal resistance (R_int). The apparatus and method of the present invention utilize a calculation process which first compares calculated and measured capacity discharged between two times (Q_dis.calc. -Q_dis.act.). If this difference exceeds a certain predetermined tolerance or limit of error, the calculation process is adjusted or tuned and the comparison is repeated until the difference between the actual capacity and the calculated capacity are within a predetermined tolerance. The calculation process is tuned by adjusting the value attributed to the battery'"'"'s internal resistance (R_int). A correlation between battery capacity and battery internal resistance is used to make a reasoned initial adjustment to the calculation process. Then an iterative process of successive approximations is used to tune the calculation process within a given tolerance factor. Once the calculation process has been tuned, the adjusted internal resistance (R_int) is then used for subsequent calculations of remaining battery capacity (Q) and reserve time (t). The calculation process may be tuned or adjusted initially, intermittently, or throughout the battery discharge.

Claims

1. A method of predicting a remaining reserve capacity and reserve time of a battery during discharge, comprising the steps of:

a) sensing a battery discharge;

b) collecting a first set of battery parameters at a first sample time (t₁) and a second set of battery parameters at a second sample time (t₂), wherein said parameters collected include battery voltage (V), discharge current (I), and battery temperature (T);

c) determining a discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) representing the battery capacity discharged between said first sample time and said second sample time using a calculation process incorporating said battery parameters;

d) determining an actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) representing the actual battery capacity discharged between said first sample time and said second sample time;

e) determining a difference between said discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and said actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.);

f) comparing said difference between said discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and said actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) to a tolerance factor;

g) adjusting said calculation process if said difference is greater than said tolerance factor; and

h) using the adjusted calculation process to determine the remaining battery reserve capacity.

2. The method as described in claim 1, further comprising the steps of:

i) using the remaining battery reserve capacity to determine the reserve time of the battery.

3. The method as described in claim 1, further comprising the steps of:

i) displaying the remaining battery capacity to a user access interface.

4. The method as described in claim 2, further comprising the steps of:

j) displaying the battery reserve time to a user access interface.

5. The method as described in claim 1, further comprising the steps of:

i) activating an alarm if the remaining battery capacity has reached a preset alarm limit.

6. The method as described in claim 2, further comprising the steps of:

j) activating an alarm if the reserve time has reached a preset alarm limit.

7. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the steps a) through g) are repeated until said difference between said discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and said actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) is less than or equal to said tolerance factor.

8. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step h) is repeated until the battery discharge ends.

9. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the steps a) through h) are repeated until the battery discharge ends.

10. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of sensing a battery discharge comprises the steps of:

a) monitoring a discharge current (I);

b) determining the direction of current flow; and

c) sensing a battery discharge if current is flowing from the battery to a load.

11. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of sensing a battery discharge comprises the steps of:

a) monitoring a plant voltage (V_plant); and

b) sensing a battery discharge when the plant voltage drops a predetermined amount.

12. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of sensing a battery discharge comprises the steps of:

a) monitoring a load voltage (V_load); and

b) sensing a battery discharge when the load voltage drops a predetermined amount.

13. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of collecting two sets of battery parameters at a first and second sample time (t₁ and t₂) comprises the steps of:

a) measuring a first set of battery parameters at time (t₁), including battery voltage (V₁), discharge current (I₁), and battery temperature (T₁);

b) storing the values of said first set of battery parameters;

c) measuring a second set of battery parameters at time (t₂), including battery voltage (V₂), discharge current (I₂), and battery temperature (T₂); and

d) storing the values of said second set of battery parameters.

14. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of determining a discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) comprises the steps of:

a) determining the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q₁) at said first sample time (t₁) using a calculation process;

b) determining the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q₂) at said second sample time (t₂) using a calculation process; and

c) determining the discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) as the difference between the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q₁) at said first sample time (t₁) and the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q₂) at said second sample time (t₂).

15. The method as described in claim 14, wherein the calculation process to determine the remaining battery reserve capacity comprises the steps of:

a) collecting a discharge voltage of the battery (V), a discharge current of the battery (I) and a temperature of the battery (T);

b) determining a temperature-corrected battery overvoltage (η

) defined as;

##EQU8## where E_oc is the battery open circuit voltage, and R_int is the internal resistance of the battery; and

c) determining the remaining reserve capacity (Q) using a discharge characteristic curve for the battery, the curve defined by the equation;

##EQU9## where Q_max, a, b, c, d and e are predetermined parameters determined by a discharge characteristic curve of the battery.

16. The method as described in claim 15, wherein the battery open circuit voltage (E_oc) is adjusted to account for the temperature (T) using the following relation:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">E.sub.oc =E.sub.oc (@25°

C.)+0.0002 T-298!.

17. The method as described in claim 15, wherein the internal resistance of the battery (R_int) is adjusted to account for the temperature (T) using the following relation:

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">R.sub.int =R.sub.int (@25°

C.) EXP f/T-f/298!

where f is a predetermined parameter for the subject battery.

18. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of determining actual battery capacity (Q_dis.act.) comprises the steps of:

collecting a first discharge current (I₁) at a first sample time (t₁);

b) collecting a second discharge current (I₂) at a second sample time (t₂); and

c) determining actual battery capacity (Q_dis.act.) using the relation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">Q.sub.dis.act. =1/2(t.sub.1 -t.sub.2) (I.sub.1 +I.sub.2).

19. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of adjusting the calculation process if said difference between the discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and the actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) is greater than said tolerance factor comprises the steps of:

a) determining whether the difference between the discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and the actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) is as a result of the calculated discharge capacity being too small or too large;

b) adjusting the battery internal resistance (R_int) based on a predetermined correlation between calculated battery capacity (Q) and battery internal resistance (R_int); and

c) storing the adjusted value of the battery internal resistance (R_int) to be used in subsequent calculation processes.

20. The method as described in claim 19, wherein the internal resistance of the battery (R_int) is adjusted using an iterative process of successive approximations until the difference between the discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and the actual discharged capacity (Q_dis.act.) is less than or equal to the tolerance factor.

21. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the step of using the adjusted calculation process to determine the remaining battery reserve capacity comprises the steps of:

a) measuring a discharge voltage of the battery (V), a discharge current of the battery (I) and a temperature of the battery (T);

b) determining a temperature-corrected battery overvoltage (η

) defined as;

##EQU10## where E_oc is the battery open circuit voltage, and R_int is the internal resistance of the battery; and

c) determining the remaining reserve capacity (Q) using a discharge characteristic curve for the battery, the curve defined by the equation;

##EQU11## Where Q_max, a, b, c, d and e are predetermined parameters determined by a discharge characteristic curve of the battery.

22. The method as described in claim 2, wherein the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q) is used to determine the reserve time (t) of the battery according to the relation:

##EQU12## where (I) is the discharge current.

23. The method as described in claim 2, wherein the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q) is used to determine the reserve time (t) of the battery according to the relation:

##EQU13## where (I_avg) is the average discharge current determined by the relation

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">I.sub.avg =1/2(I.sub.end +I)

where (I) is the present discharge current and (I_end) is the end discharge current determined by the relation;

##EQU14## where (V) is the present voltage and (V_end) is the end voltage.

24. The method as described in claim 1, wherein said tolerance factor is expressed as a percentage such that said difference between said discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and said actual discharged capacity (Q_dis.act.) must be expressed as a percentage in order to compare said difference to said tolerance factor.

25. The method as described in claim 19, wherein the step of determining a difference between said discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and said actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) comprises the steps of:

a) determining an actual difference by subtracting said actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) from said discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.);

b) determining a proportionate difference by dividing said absolute difference by said actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.); and

c) determining a percentage difference by multiplying said proportionate difference by 100.

26. The method as described in claim 1, wherein said tolerance factor can be changed according to input from the user access interface.

27. A method of predicting a remaining reserve capacity and reserve time of a battery during discharge, comprising the steps of:

a) waiting until a battery discharge is detected;

b) calculating a discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) representing the battery capacity discharged between a first sample time (t₁) and said second sample time (t₂) using a calculation process incorporating battery parameters;

c) determining an actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) representing the actual battery capacity discharged between said first sample time and said second sample time;

d) comparing the difference between said discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.act.) and said actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) to a tolerance factor;

e) adjusting said calculation process if said difference is greater than said tolerance factor; and

f) using the adjusted calculation process to determine the remaining battery reserve capacity.

28. The method as described in claim 27, wherein the step of wailing until a battery discharge is detected includes a delay after the discharge begins in order to allow the battery to reach a more steady portion of its discharge curve.

29. The method as described in claim 28, wherein the length of said delay is adjusted relative to the amount of discharge current (I).

30. A method of predicting a remaining reserve capacity and reserve time of a battery during discharge, comprising the steps of:

a) waiting until a battery discharge is sensed;

b) monitoring battery parameters indicative of the battery performance during discharge;

c) at a present sample time (t_n) during the battery discharge, calculating a discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) representing the battery capacity discharged between said present sample time (t_n) and a previous sample time (t_n-1) using a calculation process incorporating said battery parameters;

d) determining an actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) representing the battery capacity discharged between said present sample time (t_n) and said previous sample time (t_n-1);

e) determining a total discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.total) by summing all previous discharge capacities calculated from a first sample time (T₁) to said present sample time (t_n);

f) determining a total actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.total) by summing all previous actual discharge capacities from a first sample time (T₁) to said present sample time (t_n);

g) comparing the difference between said total discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.total) and said total actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.total) to a tolerance factor;

h) adjusting said calculation process if said difference is greater than said tolerance factor; and

i) using the adjusted calculation process to determine the remaining battery reserve capacity.

31. A method of predicting a remaining reserve capacity and reserve time of a battery during discharge, comprising the steps of:

a) determining if a battery discharge is occurring;

b) when a battery discharge is detected, collecting a first set of battery parameters at a first sample time (t₁) and a second set of battery parameters at a second sample time (t₂), wherein said parameters collected include battery voltage (V), discharge current (I), and battery temperature (T);

c) calculating a discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) representing the battery capacity discharged between said first sample time and said second sample time using said battery parameters in a calculation process, comprising the sub-steps of;

(1) determining the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q₁) at said first sample time (t₁) using said calculation process;

(2) determining the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q₂) at said second sample time (t₂) using said calculation process; and

(3) determining the discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) as the difference between the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q₁) at said first sample time (t₁) and the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q₂) at said second sample time (t₂);

wherein said calculation process comprises the sub-steps of;

(1) collecting a discharge voltage of the battery (V), a discharge current of the battery (I), and a temperature of the battery (T);

(2) determining a temperature-corrected battery overvoltage (η

) defined as;

##EQU15## where E_oc is the battery open circuit voltage, and R_int is the internal resistance of the battery; and

(3) determining the remaining reserve capacity (Q) using a discharge characteristic curve for the battery, the curve defined by the equation;

##EQU16## where Q_max, a, b, c, d and e are predetermined parameters determined by a discharge characteristic curve of the battery;

d) determining an actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) representing the actual battery capacity discharged between said first sample time and said second sample time, comprising the sub-steps of;

(1) collecting a first discharge current (I₁) at a first sample time (t₁);

(2) collecting a second discharge current (I₂) at a second sample time (t₂); and

(3) determining actual battery capacity (Q_dis.act.) using the relation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">Q.sub.dis.act. =1/2(t.sub.1 -t.sub.2)(I.sub.1 +I.sub.2);

e) determining a difference between said discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and said actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.);

f) comparing said difference between said discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and said actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) to a tolerance factor;

g) adjusting said calculation process if said difference is greater than said tolerance factor;

h) repeating said steps a) through g) until said difference is less than or equal to said tolerance factor; and

i) using the adjusted calculation process to determine the remaining battery reserve capacity.

32. Apparatus for predicting a remaining reserve capacity and reserve time of a battery, comprising:

voltage sensing circuitry connected for sensing a voltage (V) of a battery;

current sensing circuitry connected for sensing a discharge current (I) of the battery;

a temperature sensing device positioned for sensing a temperature (T) of the battery;

a battery monitoring unit connected to receive input from the voltage sensing circuitry, the current sensing circuitry, and the temperature sensing device, and including a reserve time prediction sub-unit having;

a stored program controller for controlling and receiving input from the voltage sensing circuitry, the current sensing circuitry, and the temperature sensing device and determining if the battery is discharging;

memory associated with the stored program controller and including data indicative of a battery open circuit voltage (E_oc), a battery internal resistance (R_int), a maximum theoretical capacity (Q_max), and a tolerance factor;

the stored program controller including instructions for adjusting a calculation process when the difference between a discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and an actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) exceeds said tolerance factor.

33. The apparatus as described in claim 32, further comprising a battery.

34. The apparatus as described in claim 33, wherein said battery comprises a plurality of electrical storage devices connected to provide additive storage capacity.

35. The apparatus as described in claim 32, wherein the discharged capacity is determined between a first sample time (t₁) and a second sample time (t₂) during a battery discharge;

wherein (Q_dis.act.) is determined using the relation;

space="preserve" listing-type="equation">Q.sub.dis.act. =1/2(t.sub.1 +t.sub.2)(I.sub.1 +I.sub.2);

and

wherein (Q_dis.calc.) is determined as the difference between the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q₁) at said first sample time (t₁) and the remaining battery reserve capacity (Q₂) at said second sample time (t₂) as calculated using a calculation process; and

wherein said calculation process includes instructions for determining remaining battery reserve (Q) using a discharge characteristic curve for the battery, the curve defined by the equation;

##EQU17## where a, b, c, d and e are curve-fitting parameters, and η

is a temperature-corrected battery overvoltage parameter of the battery defined as;

##EQU18## where E_oc is the battery open circuit voltage, and R_int is the internal resistance of the battery, and includes instruction for calculating the reserve time using the relation;

##EQU19##

36. Apparatus for predicting a remaining reserve capacity and reserve time of a battery in an electrical system, comprising:

voltage sensing circuitry connected for sensing a voltage (V) of the system;

a battery monitoring unit connected to receive input from the voltage sensing circuitry and including a reserve time prediction sub-unit having;

a stored program controller for controlling and receiving input from the voltage sensing circuitry and determining if the battery is discharging;

memory associated with the stored program controller and including data indicative of a battery open circuit voltage (E_oc), a battery internal resistance (R_int), a maximum theoretical capacity (Q_max), and a tolerance factor;

the stored program controller including instructions for adjusting a calculation process when the difference between a discharge capacity calculated (Q_dis.calc.) and an actual discharge capacity (Q_dis.act.) exceeds said tolerance factor.

37. The method as described in claim 36, wherein a battery discharge is recognized by a drop in the system voltage (V).