Apparatus and method for determining angles-of-arrival and polarization of incoming RF signals

• US 5,936,575 A
• Filed: 02/13/1998
• Issued: 08/10/1999
• Est. Priority Date: 02/13/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, Inc. (Northrop Grumman Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Scientific & Efficient Technologies, Ltd.
• Inventors: Azzarelli, Teodoro, Mendelovicz, Ephraim
• Primary Examiner(s): Tarcza, Thomas
• Assistant Examiner(s): PHAN, DAO LINDA
• Application Number:
  US09/023,381
• Time in Patent Office: 543 Days
• Field of Search: 342/127, 342/361, 342/362, 342/374, 342/424, 342/442, 342/445, 367/125, 367/128
• US Class Current: 342/362
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 3/06 Means for increasing effective directivity, e.g. by combining signals having differently oriented directivity characteristics or by sharpening the envelope waveform of the signal derived from a rotating or oscillating beam antenna comparing amplitude of signals having differently oriented directivity characteristics to determine direction G01S3/16, G01S3/28
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 3/48 the waves arriving at the antennas being continuous or intermittent and the phase difference of signals derived therefrom being measured
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 21/24 Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction circularly polarised patch antennas H01Q9/0428; circularly polarised horns H01Q13/0241; cross-polarised horns H01Q13/0258; polarisation converters H01Q15/242; cross-polarised rear feeds H01Q19/136; crossed polarisation dual antenna H01Q25/001
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 3/26 varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture H01Q3/12, H01Q3/22, H01Q3/24 take precedence

Abstract

An apparatus and method for determining the angles-of-arrival and the polarization states of incoming RF signals of unknown polarization using three or more RF sensing antenna elements of differing yet known orientations of polarization. The apparatus includes an array of broad gain, substantially identical, RF sensing antenna elements of differing yet known orientations of polarization, an antenna element selection network, RF receiver channels, processing means for determining uncorrected phase differences from received RF signal phases for pairs of antennas, processing means for determining received signal powers, processing means for determining from RF signal powers corrections to the phase difference errors caused by polarization diversity between pairs of antennas, processing means for correcting uncorrected phase differences with determined phase difference corrections, processing means for determining incoming RF signal frequencies, processing means for determining ambiguous and unambiguous angles-of-arrival of incoming RF signals and processing means for determining the polarization states of incoming RF signals.

Claims

1. An apparatus for determining angles-of-arrival and polarization states of a plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves comprising:

(a) an antenna element selection network for electrically and switchably conducting said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as voltages to a receiver comprising at least three channels for receiving said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as voltages;

said antenna element selection network providing at least three output signals;

(b) means for determining signal power of said voltages of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as produced by said receiver;

(c) means for determining frequencies of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves;

(d) a plurality of differencing junctions for determining phase differences of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as produced by said receiver;

(e) processing means for determining corrections to said phase differences of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves from said signal power of said voltages;

(f) at least one summing junction for correcting said phase differences with said corrections; and

(g) processing means for resolving angular ambiguities with said frequencies of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves and the corrected phase differences

whereby said angles-of-arrival and polarization of incoming electromagnetic waves are determined.

2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves are a plurality of incoming RF signals.

3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 further comprising an antenna array;

said antenna array comprising at least three RF sensing elements of differing and substantially known orientations of polarization for converting said plurality of incoming RF signals into voltages.

4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3 wherein each RF sensing element phase center of said antenna array is substantially coplanar in relation to all other phase centers of said RF sensing elements, substantially circular in positional planar relationship to all other phase centers of elements, and possesses a polarization orientation substantially radial from the geometric center of said antenna array.

5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3 wherein said antenna array comprises:

(a) a first sub-array;

said first sub-array comprising each element phase center of first approximately half of said plurality of RF sensing elements;

substantially coplanar, substantially circular in positional planar relationship to all other centers of elements, and possessing a polarization orientation substantially radial from the geometric center of said first sub-array; and

(b) a second sub-array;

said second sub-array comprising each element phase center of second approximately half of said plurality of RF sensing elements;

substantially coplanar, substantially circular in positional planar relationship to all other phase centers of elements, substantially parallel to said first sub-array and possessing a polarization orientation substantially radial from the geometric center of said second sub-array.

6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3 additionally wherein each RF sensing element phase center of said antenna array is substantially coplanar in relation to all other phase centers of said RF sensing elements, substantially circular in positional planar relationship to all other phase centers of said elements;

possessing a polarization orientation substantially radial from the geometric center of said antenna array;

each orientation of polarization skewed out of the plane of the center of said antenna array by a substantially equivalent angle;

each element selectable by said antenna element selection network for electrically and switchably conducting said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as voltages to said receiver comprising at least two additional channels for receiving said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as voltages;

said antenna element selection network providing at least two additional output signals.

7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for determining signal power of said voltages of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as produced by said receiver is at least three square law detectors wherein each channel for receiving transmits to a unique member of said at least three square law detectors.

8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7 wherein said square law detectors comprise synchronous detectors, whereby squares of in-phase and quadrature components of said voltages are summed.

9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7 wherein said square law detectors comprise square law diode detectors, amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters, whereby squares of in-phase and quadrature components of said voltages are summed.

10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said processing means for determining phase differences of said plurality of incoming RF signals as produced by said receiver comprises at least three channels for receiving includes a plurality of phase detectors;

said plurality of phase detectors comprising mixers and filters for each combination of pairs of said at least three channels for receiving.

11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 4 wherein said processing means for determining corrections to said phase differences of said plurality of incoming RF signals from said signal power of said voltages comprises:

(a) estimating means for determining from said signal power of said voltages a first coefficient, a, a second coefficient, b, and a third coefficient, c, for each of said voltages; and

(b) estimating means for determining said corrections from combining said first coefficient, a, said second coefficient, b, and said third coefficient, c, for each of said voltages.

12. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11 wherein said first coefficient, a, said second coefficient, b, and said third coefficient, c are determined for constant antenna position angles, α

_i, by solving at least three simultaneous linear equations where ##EQU4##

13. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11 wherein said phase correction, Δ

Ψ

_P, for a particular incoming RF signal is determined with

14. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11 wherein said estimating means for determining from said signal power of said voltages said first coefficient, said second coefficient, and said third coefficient comprises a least squares solution.

15. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein said processing means for determining corrections to said phase differences of said plurality of incoming RF signals from said signal power of said voltages comprises:

(a) estimating means for determining from said signal power of said voltages a first coefficient, a second coefficient, a third coefficient, a fourth coefficient and a fifth coefficient for each of said voltages; and

(b) estimating means for determining said corrections from combining said first coefficient, said second coefficient, said third coefficient, said fourth coefficient and said fifth coefficient for each of said voltages.

16. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11 wherein said estimating means for determining from said signal power of said voltages said first coefficient, said second coefficient, and said third coefficient comprises a maximum likelihood solution.

17. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said processing means for resolving angular ambiguities comprises selecting one or more baselines of said RF sensing elements separated by less than one-half wavelength of at least one of said incoming RF signals.

18. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said processing means for resolving angular ambiguities comprises pairs of parallel baselines for resolving in like manner as three or more collinear antennas with baselines greater than λ

/2;

collinear equivalent separations existing in compatibly specific ratios.

19. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein said means for determining frequencies of said plurality of incoming RF signals comprises a time-based differencing of said plurality of incoming RF signals circuit as conducted within at least one channel of said receiver.

20. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein each element center of said plurality of RF sensing elements is substantially coplanar and possesses a polarization orientation substantially coplanar to the substantially coplanar elements.

21. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said processing means for determining corrections to said phase differences of said plurality of incoming RF signals from said signal power of said voltages receives prior knowledge of at least one initial approximate angle-of-arrival value of at least one of said plurality of incoming RF signals.

22. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said processing means for determining corrections to said phase differences of said plurality of incoming RF signals from said signal power of said voltages receives prior knowledge of at least one initial approximate polarization state of at least one of said incoming RF signals.

23. A method for determining angles-of-arrival and polarization states of a plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves comprising the steps of:

(a) converting said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves into voltages with an antenna array comprising a plurality of RF sensing elements of differing substantially known polarization orientations;

(b) electrically and switchably conducting said voltages from a plurality of said RF sensing elements to a receiver comprising at least three channels for receiving said produced voltages with an antenna selection network means;

said antenna selection network means providing at least three output signals;

(c) determining signal power of said voltages of said plurality of incoming RF signals as produced by said receiver;

(d) determining frequencies of said sensed incoming RF signals;

(e) determining phase differences of said sensed incoming RF signals as produced by said receiver;

(f) determining corrections to said phase differences of said sensed incoming RF signals from said signal power of said voltages by first determining the coefficients a, b, and c as defined by;

##EQU5## and then determining said corrections directly as defined by;

##EQU6## (g) correcting said phase differences with said corrections with at least one summing junction; and

(h) resolving angular ambiguities with said frequencies of said sensed incoming RF signals and the corrected phase differences

whereby said angles-of-arrival and polarization of incoming RF signals are determined.

24. An improved method for determining angles-of-arrival and polarization states of a plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves of the type wherein said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves are converted into voltages with an antenna array of the type wherein a plurality of RF sensing elements of differing substantially known polarization orientations are arranged in conformal rings, said voltages are electrically and switchably conducted from a plurality of said RF sensing elements to a receiver comprising at least three channels for receiving said produced voltages with an antenna element selection network providing at least three output signals, signal power and frequency of said voltages of said plurality of incoming RF signals and relative phase are determined by differencing selected receiver channels within said receiver, and angular ambiguities are resolved, the improvement comprising:

(a) determining corrections to said phase differences of said sensed incoming RF signals from said signal power of said voltages and known antenna element orientations by first determining coefficients a, b and c according to;

##EQU7## and then determining the corrections according to;

##EQU8## (b) correcting said phase differences with said corrections with at least one summing junction prior to resolving angular ambiguities with said frequencies of said sensed incoming RF signals and the corrected phase differences

whereby said angles-of-arrival and polarization of incoming RF signals are determined.

25. An apparatus for determining angles-of-arrival and polarization states of a plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves comprising:

(a) an antenna element selection network for electrically and switchably conducting said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as voltages to a receiver comprising at least three channels for receiving said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as voltages;

said antenna element selection network providing at least three output signals;

(b) at least three square law detectors wherein each channel for receiving transmits to a unique member of said at least three square law detectors for determining signal power of said voltages of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as produced by said receiver;

(c) a circuit for time-based differencing of said plurality of incoming RF signals as conducted within at least one channel of said receiver for determining frequencies of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves;

(d) a plurality of differencing junctions for determining phase differences of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves as produced by at least three receiver channels within said receiver;

(e) processing means for determining corrections to said phase differences of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves from said signal power of said voltages by first determining coefficients a, b and c from said signal power and known antenna element orientations according to;

##EQU9## and then determining the corrections according to;

##EQU10## (f) at least one summing junction for correcting said phase differences with said corrections; and

processing means for resolving angular ambiguities with said frequencies of said plurality of incoming electromagnetic waves and the corrected phase differences

whereby said angles-of-arrival and polarization of incoming electromagnetic waves are determined.