RFID tags which are virtually activated and/or deactivated and apparatus and methods of using same in an electronic security system

• US 6,025,780 A
• Filed: 07/25/1997
• Issued: 02/15/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 07/25/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: CHECKPOINT SYSTEMS, INC. (CCL Industries Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: CHECKPOINT SYSTEMS, INC. (CCL Industries Incorporated)
• Inventors: Clare, Thomas J., Bowers, John H.
• Primary Examiner(s): Lee, Benjamin C.
• Application Number:
  US08/900,266
• Time in Patent Office: 935 Days
• Field of Search: 340/572, 340/825.32, 340/825.54, 340/572.1, 340/572.3, 364/478.03, 364/478.13, 364/478.15, 235/375, 235/382.5, 235/385, 705/28, 455/83
• US Class Current: 340/572.3
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/0701 at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/0715 the arrangement including means to regulate power transfer to the integrated circuit
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/0723 the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/07345 by activating or deactivating at least a part of the circuit on the record carrier, e.g. ON/OFF switches
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 10/087 Inventory or stock management, e.g. order filling, procurement or balancing against orders
• CPC Class Codes: G07G 1/009 the reader being an RFID reader
• CPC Class Codes: G07G 1/12 electronically operated digital data processing aspects G06Q20/00
• CPC Class Codes: G07G 3/00 Alarm indicators, e.g. bells
• CPC Class Codes: G07G 3/003 Anti-theft control theft alarms G08B13/00
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 13/2414 using inductive tags
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 13/2417 having a radio frequency identification chip
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 13/2457 Lending systems using EAS tags wherein the tags are reusable, e.g. they can be activated and deactivated more than once, e.g. for a library
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 13/246 Check out systems combined with EAS, e.g. price information stored on EAS tag anti-theft systems in point of sale systems G07G3/003

Abstract

An electronic security system uses a set of predefined RFID tags. Each tag is associated with, and attached to, an article or packaging for an article. Each tag includes unique tag information which is logged into a computerized database that contains a record for each of the tags in the set. A detection zone is monitored with an interrogator which detects RFID tags. When an RFID tag is detected, the database records are compared to the tag information and an appropriate database response is output. A deactivation event may be performed on the tag when legitimate access is obtained to the tagged article. The deactivation event may be electronic, physical or virtual. One type of RFID tag used in the system may physically deactivated by altering the state of a circuit element associated with the tag so that the tag cannot return a response signal. Another type of RFID tag used in the system has electronically alterable tag information. The interrogator includes circuitry for detecting the electronic alteration and causing an appropriate response therefrom without requiring any communication with a database of tags.

Claims

1. An electronic security system comprising:

(a) a predefined set of passive radio frequency identification tags, each tag being associated with, and attached to, an article or packaging for an article, each tag including;

(i) an antenna for detecting the presence of the article by receiving an interrogation signal and returning a response signal, and

(ii) an integrated circuit connected to the antenna for storing tag information and for outputting the tag information with the response signal upon interrogation of the tag, the tag being programmed with unique tag information so that no two tags within the predefined set of passive tags have exactly the same tag information;

(b) an interrogator for monitoring a detection zone for detecting disturbances in the form of a response signal caused by the presence of a tag within the zone, the interrogator outputting an interrogator output signal when a tag is detected in the zone, each interrogator output signal including the tag information stored in the integrated circuit;

(c) a computerized database containing a record for each of the tags in the set, each record including the tag information;

(d) a computer including a comparator for receiving the database records and the tag information from the interrogator and comparing the tag information to the database records, and outputting an appropriate response,

wherein a portion of the tag information in the database is variable information which is changed in the database without any physical or electronic altering of the tag or the tag information stored in the integrated circuit, the change in the database thereby causing a virtual deactivation of the tag.

2. A system according to claim 1 wherein the variable information is one or more status bits which indicate the status of the tagged article.

3. A system according to claim 1 wherein the tag information comprises a tag serial number and the variable information is a changeable portion of the serial number.

4. A system according to claim 1 wherein each database record includes article identification information.

5. A system according to claim 1 wherein the response output from the comparator includes the following responses:

(i) a response indicating that legitimate access to the article is permitted, or

(ii) a response indicating that legitimate access to the article is not permitted, or

(iii) a response that no article having the detected tag information exists in the database.

6. A system according to claim 1 wherein the tag information indicates that the article associated with the tag is either sold or unsold, or checked in or checked out.

7. A system according to claim 1 wherein the tag information indicates whether or not the article associated with the tag may be removed from a facility.

8. An electronic security system comprising:

(a) a predefined set of passive radio frequency identification tags, each tag being associated with, and attached to, an article or packaging for an article, each tag including;

(i) an antenna for detecting the presence of the article by receiving an interrogation signal and returning a response signal, and

(ii) an integrated circuit connected to the antenna for storing tag information and for outputting the tag information with the response signal upon interrogation of the tag, the tag being programmed with unique tag information so that no two tags within the predefined set of passive tags have exactly the same tag information;

(b) an interrogator for monitoring a detection zone for detecting disturbances in the form of a response signal caused by the presence of a tag within the zone, the interrogator outputting an interrogator output signal when a tag is detected in the zone, each interrogator output signal including the tag information stored in the integrated circuit;

(c) a computerized database containing a record for each of the tags in the set, each record including the tag information;

d) a computer including a comparator for receiving the database records and the tag information from the interrogator and comparing the tag information to the database records, and outputting an appropriate response,

wherein each record in the database further includes changeable article status information, and wherein virtual deactivation of a tag is performed by changing the article status in the database, but not physically or electronically altering the tag or the tag information stored in the integrated circuit.

9. A method of using a predefined set of passive radio frequency identification tags in an electronic security system, each tag being associated with, and attached to, an article or packaging for an article, each tag including (i) an antenna for detecting the presence of the article by receiving an interrogation signal and returning a response signal, and (ii) an integrated circuit connected to the antenna for storing tag information and for outputting the tag information with the response signal upon interrogation of the tag, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) programming each of the tags with unique tag information so that no two tags within the predefined set of passive tags have exactly the same tag information;

(b) establishing a computerized database containing a record for each of the tags in the set, each record including the tag information;

(c) monitoring a detection zone with an interrogator for detecting disturbances in the form of a response signal caused by the presence of a tag within the zone, the interrogator outputting an interrogator output signal when a tag is detected in the zone, each interrogator output signal including the tag information stored in the integrated circuit;

(d) comparing the database records to the tag information, and outputting an appropriate database response; and

(e) performing a deactivation event on a tag when obtaining legitimate access to the article having the tag associated therewith, wherein the step of performing a deactivation event includes virtually deactivating the tag by changing at least a portion of the tag information in the database, but not physically or electronically altering the tag or the tag information stored in the integrated circuit.

10. A method according to claim 9 further comprising the step of:

(f) virtually reactivating a tag which was previously virtually deactivated by changing the portion of the tag information in the database which was changed for virtual deactivation to recreate the original tag information stored in the database, but not physically or electronically altering the tag or the tag information stored in the integrated circuit.

11. A method according to claim 9 wherein step (b) includes providing each database record with article identification information.

12. A method according to claim 9 wherein the database response includes one of the following responses:

(i) a response indicating that legitimate access to the article is permitted, or

(ii) a response indicating that legitimate access to the article is not permitted, or

(iii) a response that no article having the detected tag information exists in the database.

13. A method according to claim 9 wherein the tag information indicates that the article associated with the tag is sold or unsold.

14. A method according to claim 9 wherein the tag information indicates that the article associated with the tag has been checked in or checked out.

15. A method according to claim 9 wherein the tag information indicates whether or not the article associated with the tag may be removed from a facility.

16. A method of using a predefined set of passive radio frequency identification tags in an electronic security system, each tag being associated with, and attached to, an article or packaging for an article, each tag including (i) an antenna for detecting the presence of the article by receiving an interrogation signal and returning a response signal, and (ii) an integrated circuit connected to the antenna for storing tag information and for outputting the tag information with the response signal upon interrogation of the tag, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) programming each of the tags with unique tag information so that no two tags within the predefined set of passive tags have exactly the same tag information;

(b) establishing a computerized database containing a record for each of the tags in the set, each record including the tag information;

(c) monitoring a detection zone with an interrogator for detecting disturbances in the form of a response signal caused by the presence of a tag within the zone, the interrogator outputting an interrogator output signal when a tag is detected in the zone, each interrogator output signal including the tag information stored in the integrated circuit;

(d) comparing the database records to the tag information, and outputting an appropriate database response; and

(e) performing a deactivation event on a tag when obtaining legitimate access to the article having the tag associated therewith, wherein each record in the database further includes article status information, and the step of performing a deactivation event includes virtually deactivating the tag by changing the article status in the database, but not physically or electronically altering the tag or the tag information stored in the integrated circuit.

17. A method according to claim 16 further comprising the step of:

(f) virtually reactivating a tag which was previously virtually deactivated by changing the article status information in the database which was changed for virtual deactivation to recreate the original article status information stored in the database, but not physically or electronically altering the tag or the tag information stored in the integrated circuit.

18. A method of using a predefined set of passive radio frequency identification tags in an electronic security system, each tag being associated with, and attached to, an article or packaging for an article, each tag including (i) an antenna for detecting the presence of the article by receiving an interrogation signal and returning a response signal, and (ii) an integrated circuit connected to the antenna for storing tag information and for outputting the tag information with the response signal upon interrogation of the tag, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) programming each of the tags with unique tag information so that no two tags within the predefined set of passive tags have exactly the same tag information, wherein the tags are programmed with unique tag information including a tag serial number having a changeable portion and a fixed portion;

(b) establishing a computerized database containing a record for each of the tags in the set, each record including the tag information;

(c) monitoring a detection zone with an interrogator for detecting disturbances in the form of a response signal caused by the presence of a tag within the zone, the interrogator outputting an interrogator output signal when a tag is detected in the zone, each interrogator output signal including the tag information stored in the integrated circuit;

(d) comparing the database records to the tag information, and outputting an appropriate database response; and

(e) virtually deactivating the tag when obtaining legitimate access to the article having the tag associated therewith by changing the changeable portion of the serial number in the database, but not physically or electronically altering the tag or the tag serial number stored in the integrated circuit.

19. A method of using a predefined set of passive radio frequency identification tags in an electronic security system, each tag being associated with, and attached to, an article or packaging for an article, each tag including (i) an antenna for detecting the presence of the article by receiving an interrogation signal and returning a response signal, and (ii) an integrated circuit connected to the antenna for storing tag information and for outputting the tag information with the response signal upon interrogation of the tag, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) programming each of the tags with unique tag information so that no two tags within the predefined set of passive tags have exactly the same tag information, wherein the tags are programmed with unique tag information including a tag serial number and one or more status bits representing the status of the article having the tag associated therewith;

(b) establishing a computerized database containing a record for each of the tags in the set, each record including the tag information;

(c) monitoring a detection zone with an interrogator for detecting disturbances in the form of a response signal caused by the presence of a tag within the zone, the interrogator outputting an interrogator output signal when a tag is detected in the zone, each interrogator output signal including the tag information stored in the integrated circuit;

(d) comparing the database records to the tag information, and outputting an appropriate database response; and

(e) virtually deactivating the tag when obtaining legitimate access to the article having the tag associated therewith by changing one or more of the status bits in the database, but not physically or electronically altering the tag, the tag serial number, or the status bits stored in the integrated circuit.

20. An electronic security system for a plurality of entities, each tag being associated with, and attached to, an article or packaging for an article associated with one of the entities, the system comprising:

(a) a predefined set of passive radio frequency identification tags, each tag including;

(i) an antenna for detecting the presence of the article by receiving an interrogation signal and returning a response signal, and

(ii) an integrated circuit connected to the antenna for storing tag information and for outputting the tag information with the response signal upon interrogation of the tag, each tag being programmed with unique tag information so that no two tags within the predefined set of passive tags have exactly the same tag information;

(b) a plurality of interrogators, each interrogator monitoring a detection zone of one of the entities for detecting disturbances in the form of a response signal caused by the presence of a tag within the zone, the interrogator outputting an interrogator output signal when a tag is detected in the zone, each interrogator output signal including the tag information stored in the integrated circuit;

(c) a computerized database containing a record for each of the tags in the set, each record including the tag information; and

(d) a computer including a comparator for receiving the database records and the tag information from the plurality of interrogators and comparing the tag information to the database records, and outputting an appropriate response, wherein a portion of the tag information in the database is variable information which is changed in the database without any physical or electronic altering of the tag or the tag information stored in the integrated circuit, the change in the database thereby causing a virtual deactivation of the tag.

21. A system according to claim 20, wherein the computerized database includes a plurality of individual databases, each database storing records for tags associated with articles for a respective entity.

22. A radio frequency identification tag comprising:

(a) an antenna for receiving an interrogation signal and returning a response signal; and

(b) an integrated circuit connected to the antenna for storing tag information and for outputting the tag information with the response signal upon interrogation of the tag, wherein the tag includes at least one circuit element that has a physically activated state which allows the tag to return a response signal, and a physically deactivated state which prevents the tag from returning a response signal, wherein the tag has a resonant circuit for receiving the interrogation signal and returning the response signal, wherein the integrated circuit is connected to the resonant circuit and the antenna is part of the resonant circuit, the resonant circuit of each tag including a capacitor connected in series with the antenna, the at least one circuit element being a reversible switch connected across either the capacitor or antenna, the activated and deactivated states depending upon the position of the reversible switch, the tag being physically deactivated by opening the reversible switch thereby preventing operation of the resonant circuit, and wherein the reversible switch is a field effect transistor having a charge storage mechanism associated with its gate electrode.

23. A radio frequency identification tag comprising:

(a) an antenna for receiving an interrogation signal and returning a response signal; and

(b) an integrated circuit connected to the antenna for storing tag information and for outputting the tag information with the response signal upon interrogation of the tag, wherein the tag includes at lease one circuit element that has a physically activated state which allows the tag to return a response signal, and a physically deactivated state which prevents the tag from returning a response signal, wherein the tag has a resonant circuit for receiving the interrogation signal and returning the response signal, wherein the tag has a resonant circuit for receiving the interrogation signal and returning the response signal, wherein the integrated circuit is connected to the resonant circuit and the antenna is part of the resonant circuit, the resonant circuit of each tag including a capacitor connected in series with the antenna, the at least one circuit element being a reversible switch connected between the integrated circuit and the antenna, the activated and deactivated states depending upon the position of the reversible switch, the tag being physically deactivated by opening the reversible switch, thereby disconnecting the antenna from the integrated circuit, and wherein the reversible switch is a field effect transistor having a charge storage mechanism associated with its gate electrode.

24. A radio frequency identification tag comprising:

(a) an antenna for receiving an interrogation signal and returning a response signal; and

(b) an integrated circuit connected to the antenna for storing tag information and for outputting the tag information with the response signal upon interrogation of the tag, wherein the tag includes at least one circuit element that has a physically activated state which allows the tag to return a response signal, and a physically deactivated state which prevents the tag from returning a response signal, wherein the tag has a resonant circuit for receiving the interrogation signal and returning the response signal, wherein the integrated circuit is connected to the resonant circuit and the antenna is part of the resonant circuit, the resonant circuit of each tag including a capacitor connected in series with the antenna, the at least one circuit element being a reversible switch connected in series with the capacitor and the antenna, the activated and deactivated states depending upon the position of the reversible switch, the tag being physically deactivated by opening the reversible switch, thereby disabling the resonant circuit, wherein the reversible switch is a field effect transistor having a charge storage mechanism associated with its gate electrode.